P2P搜索新技术：智能搜索技术

在P2P网络中正确高效地搜索信息十分重要,然而现有的搜索技术并不能很好地满足用户要求。文中提出了由历史记录、相似度和站点优先级3部分组成的新的信息搜索技术———智能搜索技术。在智能搜索技术中每个站点都各自记录以往搜索的历史记录,以此结合搜索要求计算出最可能拥有所需结果的站点,最后仅向这些站点发送搜索请求。通过在中间件上的测试,比较了不同信息搜索技术的性能,智能搜索技术能在使用较少搜索消息的情况下得到较高的搜索成功率。     

GrouPeer: Dynamic clustering of P2P databases

Sharing structured data in a P2P network is a challenging problem, especially in the absence of a mediated schema. The standard practice of answering a consecutively rewritten query along the propagation path often results in significant loss of information. On the opposite, the use of mediated schemas requires human interaction and global agreement, both during creation and maintenance. In this paper we present GrouPeer, an adaptive, automated approach to both issues in the context of unstructured P2P database overlays. By allowing peers to individually choose which rewritten version of a query to answer and evaluate the received answers, information-rich sources left hidden otherwise are discovered. Gradually, the overlay is restructured as semantically similar peers are clustered together. Experimental results show that our technique produces very accurate answers and builds clusters that are very close to the optimal ones by contacting a very small number of nodes in the overlay.     

面向拓扑一致性的层次化常数度P2P构建

常数度P2P模型成为近几年的研究热点,但对于拓扑一致性问题,将已有的方法简单地移植到常数度P2P均存在严重的不足。本文针对常数度P2P FissionE提出一种层次化解决方案CO-Fissio-nE:系统节点首先聚类成簇并组成低层overlay,然后由"下界重合"规则确定高层的簇间链接以保证高效的簇间通信。该规则同时限定了簇间邻居的最大值,因此选取常数度拓扑作为簇间overlay便能够保证各节点度数仍为常数量级;给出了CO-FissionE的路由、资源发布、查询及拓扑维护策略。实验表明该方法通过有限的开销有效地满足了拓扑一致性,降低了查询开销,是一种十分有效的FissionE改进方法,该方法的思想同时可以结合其他拓扑优化技术以及应用到其他常数度P2P。     

一种高效的P2P环境中的窗口查询算法

随着多媒体以及P2P网络的发展,针对高维数据基于属性的窗口查询已经成为一个重要研究课题.提出了一种在超级节点P2P网络中有效解决高维数据的窗口查询算法,在每个单独的网络节点上,数据通过一种降维算法映射到一维空间,在超级节点上,构造数据的统计信息表以及构造网络查询树,算法在每次查询时,按照查询树的规则来访问整个网络,并利用统计信息剪枝网络中的节点查询,避免网络的泛洪.实验中使用了不同的数据集来评测算法的查询效率,结果表明该算法具有很高的查询效率.     

P2P环境下数据管理系统上的Top-k查询

目前大多数P2P系统只提供文件的共享,缺乏数据管理能力.基于关系数据库上的关键搜索,本文提出了一种在P2P环境下共享数据库的新框架,其中每个节点上的数据库被看成是一个文档集,用户不用考虑数据库的模式结构信念,简化了不同节点数据库模式间的映射过程,能更好地适应P2P的分散和动态特性.将基于直方图的分层Top-k查询算法扩展到P2P环境下的数据库管理系统上,文档集和数据库的查询被统一起来,一致对待.在查询处理期间,直方图可以自动更新,同时根据查询结果,邻居节点可以自调整,具有自适应性.实验结果表明,基于关键词的数据库共享突破了传统的数据库共享模式,简化了数据访问方式,而基于直方图的Top-k查询算法提高了查询效率.     

Polymorphic queries for P2P systems

When a query is posed on a centralized database, if it refers to attributes that are not defined in the database, the user is warranted to get either an error or an empty set. In contrast, when a query is posed on a peer in a P2P system and refers to attributes not found in the local database, the query should not be simply rejected if the relevant information is available at other peers. This paper proposes a query model for unstructured P2P systems to answer such queries. (a) We introduce a class of polymorphic queries, a revision of conjunctive queries by incorporating type variables to accommodate attributes not defined in the local database. (b) We define the semantics of polymorphic queries in terms of horizontal and vertical object expansions, to find attributes and tuples, respectively, missing from the local database. We show that both expansions can be conducted in a uniform framework. (c) We develop a top-K algorithm to approximately answer polymorphic queries. (d) We also provide a method to merge tuples collected from various peers, based on matching keys specified in polymorphic queries. Our experimental study verifies that polymorphic queries are able to find more sensible information than traditional queries supported by P2P systems, and that these queries can be evaluated efficiently.     

P2P环境中不确定数据Top-k查询处理算法

近年来随着P2P技术的日益发展,P2P环境中的Top-k查询处理技术也越来越成熟.但是,自从不确定数据在数据库的各个领域受到广泛重视,这就引发了学术界和工业界对研发新型的不确定性数据管理技术的兴趣.所以在P2P环境中对不确定数据进行Top-k查询处理就成为了一个新的挑战.主要研究P2P环境下的不确定数据Top-k查询处理技术.首先给出了在不确定数据集上的Top-k查询的定义;然后,以Chord拓扑为例阐述了在P2P环境中对不确定数据的Top-k查询处理算法,并且在保序散列的基础上提出了基于upper-bound的剪枝策略及其改进的路由剪枝策略;最后,通过大量的实验来验证了所提出算法的性能.     

RNP2P——一种基于复本网络的非结构化P2P系统

根据非结构化P2P系统中资源分布的特点，提出一种基于复本网络的非结构化P2P系统，即RNP2P。通过查询反馈、主动探测和反向探测三种方式协调复本节点之间的相互感知，构建数据结构存储每种资源的其他复本节点信息，针对每种资源均构成一个复本网络。基于这种复本管理机制，RNP2P平均能够以命中3~5个复本的消息开销获得100%的命中率，其他查询方法均可以和RNP2P有效结合。模拟结果表明RNP2P的查询性能远远高于其他查询方案。当采用k-随机游走进行查询，RNP2P的消息开销为普通非结构化P2P中k-随机游走查询的5%,并且远远低于泛洪查询,RNP2P的查询时延也相应降低。     

基于结构化对等网的分布式资源发现方法

为了解决大型分布式系统由集中管理导致的扩展性和鲁棒性差的问题,利用改进的结构化对等网组织分布式计算资源,将逻辑空间中的节点分为主机节点和资源节点,分别采取相容性Hash和位置保留Hash与对等网逻辑空间匹配,以满足资源信息的范围查询。     

基于兴趣挖掘的纯P2P搜索机制研究与实现

在纯P2P环境下，搜索机制是影响信息检索的关键因素之一。本文提出一种基于兴趣索引表的搜索机制，并在此基础上实现纯P2P信息检索原型系统Isearch。该机制首先利用向量空间模型将文件内容向量化，然后对向量空间进行聚类，得到节点的兴趣度，再计算节点之间的兴趣相似度，在本地建立兴趣索引表。在搜索时，根据兴趣索引表直接将查询请求转发到有相似兴趣的节点。实验结果表明，该机制既不影响查询结果，又能减少访问节点的数量，提高查询效率。     

非结构化P2P网络的增量式查询

基于非结构化P2P网络的应用日益广泛,参与共享资源的节点越来越多,且呈海量增长趋势.如何在海量节点、海量资源的情况下,对同一查询语义进行增量式查询,是一个重要而颇具挑战性的问题.提出了一个通用的近似依相关性大小的非结构化P2P网络增量式查询算法模型,该算法模型使得针对同一查询语义的增量式查询尽力优先访问与语义最为相关的节点,从而在完全分布式的P2P网络中获得类似Google[1]的依据资源相关性排序显示及其"下一页"的功能.     

一种有效的簇集主干点P2P网络结构模型

文中提出一种有效的簇集主干点P2P网络结构模型,克服了非结构化P2P系统中存在的扩展性不好和搜索效率不高的问题。该模型根据拓扑优先级把对等点聚类成簇形层级结构,从CN中选出GN充当簇的中心和服务提供者,实现定位查询和信息交互。为了衡量由主干点组成的骨干网的路由,文中设计了一种适用于应用级广播协议的路由算法。实验利用Java平台和仿真工具模拟实时网络环境,比较层级结构结合主干点骨干协议的系统模型和Gnuteua系统的代价。实验结果证明这种层级结构的簇集P2P模型,加上骨干网协议支持,在系统性能和可扩展性上带来了明显地提升,并可在大范围非结构化的P2P环境中得到应用推广。     

P2P网络中激励机制研究

由于P2P网络节点的匿名性和贡献资源的自愿性,绝大多数节点缺乏提供服务的积极性,从而引发了P2P网络中的搭便车问题。在分析搭便车问题的基础上,全面介绍了基于微支付、直接互惠和信誉模型等典型激励机制,指出了这些模型中分别存在的隐藏信息,信息不对称和共谋等问题。根据机制可靠性,扩展性和复杂度等衡量因素对各种激励机制进行了比较分析,讨论了代价与效用量化比较和通用激励框架等激励机制未来研究的趋势。     

P2P数据管理

P2P(peer-to-peer)技术是未来重构分布式体系结构的关键技术,拥有广阔的应用前景.P2P系统的大多数问题都可归结为数据放置和检索问题,因此,P2P数据管理成为数据库领域活跃的研究课题.当前,P2P数据管理主要有信息检索、数据库查询和连续查询3个子领域,取得了许多研究成果.在介绍P2P技术的优点后,指出了P2P数据管理研究的目标.然后针对上述3个方面,论述P2P数据管理研究的现状,着重讨论了P2P数据库查询的索引构造策略、语义异构的解决方法、查询语义、查询处理策略、查询类型和查询优化技术.通过比较,指出了现状与目标的差距,提出了需要进一步研究的问题.     

Peer-to-peer bichromatic reverse nearest neighbours in mobile ad-hoc networks

The increasing use of mobile communications has raised many issues of decision support and resource allocation. A crucial problem is how to solve queries of Reverse Nearest Neighbour (RNN). An RNN query returns all objects that consider the query object as their nearest neighbour. Existing methods mostly rely on a centralised base station. However, mobile P2P systems offer many benefits, including self-organisation, fault-tolerance and load-balancing. In this study, we propose and evaluate 3 distinct P2P algorithms focusing on bichromatic RNN queries, in which mobile query peers and static objects of interest are of two different categories, based on a time-out mechanism and a boundary polygon around the mobile query peers. The Brute-Force Search Algorithm provides a naive approach to exploit shared information among peers whereas two other Boundary Search Algorithms filter a number of peers involved in query processing. The algorithms are evaluated in the MiXiM simulation framework with both real and synthetic datasets. The results show the practical feasibility of the P2P approach for solving bichromatic RNN queries for mobile networks.     

Continually Answering Constraint k-NN Queries in Unstructured P2P Systems

We consider the problem of efficiently computing distributed geographical k-NN queries in an unstructured peer-to-peer (P2P) system,in which each peer is managed by an individual organization and can only communicate with its logical neighboring peers.Such queries are based on local filter query statistics,and require as less communication cost as possible,which makes it more difficult than the existing distributed k-NN queries.Especially,we hope to reduce candidate peers and degrade communication cost.In this paper,we propose an efficient pruning technique to minimize the number of candidate peers to be processed to answer the k-NN queries.Our approach is especially suitable for continuous k-NN queries when updating peers,including changing ranges of peers,dynamically leaving or joining peers,and updating data in a peer. In addition,simulation results show that the proposed approach outperforms the existing Minimum Bounding Rectangle (MBR.)-based query approaches,especially for continuous queries.     

基于组件的P2P分布实时数据交换体系结构

提出并实现了一种基于组件／XML的P2P分布实时数据交换系统PeXChange,系统使用XML实现面向多接口的通用数据交换,通过多事件通道和主动发现失效结点实现系统负载均衡和容错处理,采用基于角色的访问控制机制以加强系统的安全性和可管理性。PeXChange在设计和实现上采用组件的大粒度对象化没计范型,具有较好的可扩展性、安全性和容错性。广域网络环境下系统运行表明,PeXChange能够以对等模式提供高质量实时数据交换和共享,各Peer结点在异种数据模式映射、系统负载均衡与容错处理等方面能够满足企业级应用需求。     

自组织P2P网络的语义聚类查询算法

P2P网络中参与资源共享的节点日益增多,且呈海量趋势。如何在海量用户海量资源的情况下,查询整个P2P网络中的资源语义分布,计算网络中的所有语义聚类,是一个颇具挑战性的问题。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种面向自组织P2P网络的语义聚类查询算法SCQASPNSR。该算法可高效计算整个P2P网络中的语义聚类,为研究网络中资源语义分布、进行有效的知识发现,提供了有力支持。     

Web search results caching service for structured P2P networks

This paper proposes a two-level P2P caching strategy for Web search queries. The design is suitable for a fully distributed service platform based on managed peer boxes (set-top-box or DSL/cable modem) located at the edge of the network, where both boxes and access bandwidth to those boxes are controlled and managed by an ISP provider. Our solution significantly reduces user query traffic going outside of the ISP provider to get query results from the respective Web search engine. Web users are usually very reactive to worldwide events which cause highly dynamic query traffic patterns leading to load imbalance across peers. Our solution contains a strategy to quickly ease imbalance on peers and spread communication flow among participating peers. Each peer maintains a local result cache used to keep the answers for queries originated in the peer itself and queries for which the peer is responsible for by contacting the Web search engine on-demand. When query traffic is predominantly routed to a few responsible peers our strategy replicates the role of “being responsible for” to neighboring peers so that they can absorb query traffic. This is a fairly slow and adaptive process that we call mid-term load balancing. To achieve a short-term fair distribution of queries we introduce a location cache in each peer which keeps pointers to peers that have already requested the same queries in the recent past. This lets these peers share their query answers with newly requesting peers. This process is fast as these popular queries are usually cached in the first DHT hop of a requesting peer which quickly tends to redistribute load among more and more peers.     

基于拥塞控制的非结构化P2P网络的路由负载均衡策略

非结构化P2P(unstructured peer-to-peer network)对等网络中的节点资源定位的路由查询是对等网络研究中的一个主要难题,特别是当网络中客户端节点由于其频繁加入、离开导致网络结构动态变化所带来的资源查询难题.提出了一种新的基于拥塞控制的路由查询方法来实现动态网络下的资源查询.该方法分两部分实现:首先是网络资源的分组与节点重连策略.该策略使得具有同等资源的节点相互连接,并周期性地调整节点上的节点连接数量以减少同组资源节点上的负载.通过以上策略,使得网络的拓扑结构自动地从随机网络结构进化到以资源组为单位的聚类网络,从而使得网络中形成网络资源组间的查询负载均衡.另一方面,组内的节点之间的路由负载均衡是通过节点间协同学习实现的.采用协同Q-学习方法,所研究的方法不仅从节点上学习其处理能力、连接数和资源的个数等参数,还将节点的拥塞状态作为协同Q-学习的重要参数,并建立模型.通过这种技术,同一组节点上的资源查询被有目的地引导,以避开那些组内拥塞的节点,从而最终实现资源组内节点之间的查询均衡.仿真实验结果表明,相比常用的random walk资源查找方法,该研究所实现的资源定位方法能够更迅速地实现网络的资源查询.仿真结果还表明,相比random walk方法,所提出的方法在网络高强度查询和网络节点动态加入和退出的情况下进行查询具有更高的鲁棒性和适应性.