"Testing for competence rather than for 'intelligence' ": Reply.

Replies to R. Tyson's (1974), R. C. Johnson's (1974), and E. F. Borgatta's (1974) criticisms of D. C. McClelland's (see record 1973-22126-001) article on intelligence tests. Issues discussed include the view that heredity and environment contribute to success and the idea that grades are improperly used to determine who should get into professional schools. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"A functional analysis of depression": Reply.

Responds to A. A. Lazarus's (1974) suggestion that C. B. Ferster (see record 1974-11260-001) failed to recognize some significant clinical subtleties in his functional analysis of depression. The need to pay attention to mentalistic concepts despite a behavioristic orientation is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Is the "design for a hopeful psychology" working?

In response to L. E. Tyler's (see record 1974-25495-001) article on a hopeful psychology, L. J. Briggs comments that the amount of deception in experiments has increased in some journals. Briggs questions whether editors should require discussion of ethical and technical aspects of experimental procedures, and whether articles in American Psychological Association (APA) journals should not model the standards of official APA statements of ethical principles. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The XYY chromosomal abnormality: Some "facts" and some "fantasies?"

Discusses several problems raised in the article on the extra Y chromosome by L. F. Jarvik et al (see record 1974-21318-001), particularly their assertion that aggression and the 47,XYY chromosomal constitution are linked. This question cannot be addressed in an "either/or" manner. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On "Learning theory."

Comments on the view of P. E. Freedman et al (see record 1974-24406-001) that the behavior of people in the laboratory depends on the expectancies people bring to the lab as well as on what happens to them thereafter. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Response to Rogers' "Challenges."

A radio broadcaster with a show on psychology responds to C. R. Rogers's (see record 1974-00033-001) article on challenges facing the field. Focus is on psychologists' dealings with the public. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reflections on "Reflections on introspection."

Comments on J. Radford's (see record 1974-26503-001) reflections on introspection as event and process and argues that they reflect prevalent misconceptions and distortions of the behaviorist view of the status of introspection in psychological inquiry. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"A functional analysis of depression": Comment.

Argues that C. B. Ferster (see record 1974-11260-001) failed to recognize some significant clinical subtleties in his functional analysis of depression. Therapists' failure to distinguish symptomatology in depression may be potentially dangerous. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On "Salvation and its vicissitudes."

Comments on an article on clinical psychology and political values in which B. Beit-Hallahmi (see record 1974-25754-001) challenges the assumptions of clinical psychology. Kahoe questions how the definition of the psychologist would be changed by a shift in focus to social systems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Fair employment, sound psychometric practice, and reality: A dilemma and a partial solution": Reply.

Responds to S. Gael's (1974) comments on L. R. O'Leary's (see record 1973-25947-001) article on the merits of using job simulation techniques to predict job success. Evidence of the validity of job simulation techniques is reiterated, and the various types of predictive instruments are reviewed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Readability and human interest scores of thirty-four current introductory texts": Reply.

In response to B. Gillen's (see record 1974-11898-001) scores and ratings of 34 texts, T. Landrigan and J. Palladino comment on the validity of Flesch ratings of reading ease and human interest of textbooks. The authors base their skepticism on a lack of established validity of the ratings for introductory textbooks and a lack of analysis of physical characteristics and variability across sampled passages. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Anticipating informed consent: An empirical approach": Comment.

Suggests that the study of informed consent by E. Berscheid et al (see record 1974-11173-001) violates 2 principles of the Ethical Standards for Research with Human Subjects. The debriefing by mail and the failure of the researchers to make sure that the Ss learned anything as a result of their participation in the study are criticized. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

In response to "Up with our foremothers."

Comments on M. D. Bernstein and N. F. Russo's (see record 1974-24228-001) reflection on the status of women's authorship in the field of psychology. Staats relates her personal experience, which differed significantly from the situation described by Bernstein and Russo in which women authors do not receive proper credit for their work. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Errata: "A Longitudinal Study of Who Seeks Counseling When"

Reports an error in the original article "A Longitudinal Study of Who Seeks Counseling When" by W. Harry Sharp and Barbara A. Kirk (Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1974[Jan], 21[1], 43-50). The sentence on page 50 should read as follows: "They appeared to be more intellectually oriented, less personally integrated, and altruistically inclined." (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1974-26400-001.) Determined at what time the members of a university freshman class who sought counseling initiated their contacts with counselors. Over the 4-yr period 401 males and 319 females sought counseling. In general, the rate of initiation declined steeply over time, both by years and by quarters within years. An occasional reversal occurred for females. Characteristics of the Ss as related to time of initiating counseling were also studied, utilizing scores on the School and College Ability Test, Omnibus Personality Inventory, and SVIB, administered in freshman orientation. Neither male nor female Ss differed significantly in test results when time of counseling initiation was considered by the 4 academic quarters. By year, quarter by quarter, and by parts of quarters, the Omnibus Personality Inventory yielded significant results on some scales. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Silk purses into sow's ears: The decline of psychological testing and a suggestion for its redemption": Comment.

Comments on D. Bersoff's (see record 1974-10145-001) article on psychological testing, noting that Bersoff appears to exhibit a significant lack of familiarity with the fundamental principles of psychodynamic psychological testing. Bersoff's views about contextual factors in testing, what IQ tests reveal, and what it is about people that psychologists wish to measure are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The prediction of the conformation of membrane proteins from the sequence of amino acids

The methods of Chou & Fasman [Biochemistry (1974) 13, 211-222, 222-245] and of Lim [J. Mol. Biol. (1974)88, 857-872, 873-894] for predicting secondary structure from amino acid sequence have been applied to five predominantly helical membrane-associated peptides. The predictions from the method of Lim (1974a,b) are consistent with the experimental observations, whereas those from Chou & Fasman (1974a,b), although not inconsistent with alpha-helix, favour a beta-structure for several very hydrophobic regions. The results may be rationalized in terms of the effect of the solvent on the conformation of a polypeptide.     

"Fetal monitoring" within the framework of actual obstetric monitoring]

The introduction of fetal monitoring and its use in high-risk patients was followed in the period 1971-1973 by the first-ever drop in perinatal mortality below 2%. Total monitoring brought about a further reduction in perinatal mortality to 0.95% (1974-1975). This decrease is statistically highly significant. It suggests that among all intensive care methods continuous fetal heart-rate monitoring plays the main contributory role in the early detection of fetal distress. We found that selection of high-risk patients was not sufficient to achieve a drastic reduction in the incidence of acidosis. Only with total fetal monitoring was it possible to effect a significant decrease (from 2.41% to 0.51%) in the number of infants with acidosis (pH less than 7.10).     

Errata: "Effects of Client Preference and Expectancy upon the Initial Interview".

Reports an error in the original article "Effects of Client Preference and Expectancy upon the Initial Interview" by Andris Ziemelis (Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1974[Jan], 21[1], 23-30). On page 27, an error occurred in Table 1. The F value in the Expectancy column for the Client Satisfaction variable should read 1.19. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1974-26107-001.) Used a 2×3 design with 10 Ss per cell to show how initial counseling interview process and outcome are affected by (a) assigning clients to either more preferred or less preferred counselors; (b) giving clients either positive, nonexistent, or negative expectancy inductions regarding their counselor assignments; and (c) congruence and incongruence between clients' expectations and experiences. Process and outcome were assessed using client and counselor self-report measures and audiotape segment ratings. More preferred assignment conditions received more favorable tape ratings than did less preferred assignment conditions. Positive or no-expectancy conditions revealed a more favorable counseling outcome than did negative expectancy conditions. Most Ss showed increased preferences for counselors seen despite congruence or incongruence between their expectations and experiences. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"A General Behavioral Syndrome Associated with Persistent Failure to Mate in the Male Laboratory Rat": Erratum.

Reports an error in the original article by Jessica J. G. Pottier and Dan Baran (Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology) 1973[Jun], 88[3], 499-509). The values given in Table 1 on p. 501 for "Chamber exploration" under "Test 4" and "Test 5" should have been shown as significant at the p 1974-00676-001.) Tested 31 male hooded rats in 7 experiments to determine if those rats which persistently fail to mate (noncopulators) suffer from a specific deficit in sexual behavior or if they show a general behavioral syndrome which distinguishes them from males which mate readily (copulators). Relative to copulators, noncopulators were less active and less responsive to novel stimuli and displayed slower habituation to novelty. Behavioral differences were not correlated with indices of emotionality, state of health, or early rearing conditions. Results are interpreted in terms of a difference in general arousability between copulators and noncopulators. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On Roger Brown's "Schizophrenia, language, and reality."

Discusses R. Brown's (see record 1974-01221-001) observation that schizophrenia might not be characterized by disordered language and extends the observation to schizophrenics' (SCZs) reality testing. SCZs' interpretation of reality might be logical and empirically related to external evidence, yet be different from that of normal people due to factors such as emotional-motivational biases or different value systems in SCZs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)