搅拌摩擦焊接技术的研究现状及其展望

搅拌摩擦焊是针对焊接性差的铝、铗合金而开发出的一种新型固相焊接工艺,由英国焊接研究所于1991年开发的专利技术.简要介绍了搅拌摩擦焊的应用现状,综述了近10年来国内外搅拌摩擦焊技术的发展概况和最新进展,比较详尽地总结了焊接接头形成机理、适用母材、接头微观组织、力学性能、焊接设备、焊接工艺及搅拌摩擦焊应用领域.     

厚板7022铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接实验研究

对10mm厚度的7022铝合金进行了搅拌摩擦焊接,获得表面光滑的焊接接头,并通过X射线检测焊缝无裂纹和气孔。研究该搅拌摩擦焊接头不同区域的显微组织特征,并通过拉伸、冲击和硬度试验分析了焊接接头的力学性能。结果表明,焊缝处组织为细小均匀的等轴晶粒;在搅拌头转速为400r/min,焊接速度为100mm/min时焊接接头的抗拉强度、屈服强度均比母材高;焊接接头的冲击韧性比母材高;焊接接头显微硬度比母材稍低,焊接接头具有良好的力学性能。     

铝合金超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊接接头组织性能研究

目的探究超声振动对铝合金搅拌摩擦焊的作用效果。方法分别采用普通搅拌摩擦焊和超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊方法,对7075铝合金进行焊接试验,并对焊接接头的微观组织、力学性能、断口形貌进行分析。结果普通搅拌摩擦焊焊缝中生成了隧道型缺陷,施加超声振动后,缺陷消失,形成了无缺陷的良好接头,且与普通搅拌摩擦焊相比,超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊焊缝热影响区晶粒长大程度较小,焊核晶粒细化。接头强度明显提高,达到铝合金母材强度的71.5%,接头断裂模式为韧窝和准解理的混合断裂形式。结论超声振动促进了塑性金属的流动,能有效抑制孔洞、隧道型缺陷等的形成,同时超声振动能在提升金属塑性的同时,降低焊缝的热输入。     

铝合金与镀锌钢板回填式搅拌摩擦点焊机制

目的 研究铝合金与镀锌钢板回填式搅拌摩擦点焊界面组织演变机制与焊接工艺参数对力学性能的影响规律。方法 采用连续焊接和改变焊接工艺参数的方法,分析了焊具自摩擦对焊接温度和接头力学性能的影响。采用电镜研究了铝合金与镀锌钢板连接界面的显微组织分布和焊接工艺参数对焊接温度及接头力学性能之间的内在关系。结果 焊具的自摩擦及重复性预热影响焊具温度和接头力学性能,其作用远大于焊接工艺参数的影响。镀锌层阻止了被焊材料的直接接触而避免了大量金属间化合物的形成,镀锌层和铝合金反应生成固溶体组织,从而提高了铝合金与钢的焊接性。此外,液态的锌被挤出搅拌区,形成钎焊的连接机制,增大了接头连接面积和强度。最佳焊接工艺参数为：旋转频率1800 r/min,套筒下压量1.0 mm,停留时间3 s。在此焊接规范下,接头最大接头剪切强度为6.23 kN,且76.2%的焊点力学性能满足工业使用标准。结论 回填式搅拌摩擦点焊是实现铝合金与镀锌钢板高质量连接的可靠方式。     

2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织和性能的不均匀性研究

目的 针对2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头受焊接热作用和机械搅拌作用的影响,极易产生组织和力学性能不均匀的情况,深入研究接头的局部力学性能,为焊接工艺优化提供理论指导.方法 采用显微组织分析与数字图像相关(DIC)技术测试相结合的方法,对2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的组织和局部力学性能进行表征,并建立搅拌摩擦焊接头各区域的局部力学性能模型.结果 2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的力学性能薄弱区为热机影响区.试样断裂前该区域局部应力达到345 MPa,局部应变为18.9％,而此时母材应变仅为1.91％.结论 热机影响区的组织在焊接热作用和机械搅拌的双重作用下发生了粗化和软化,导致该区的力学性能降低,是整个焊接接头的薄弱区域.     

2A12铝合金筋板件T型搅拌摩擦焊工艺及焊后热处理

为评价2A12铝合金筋板件搅拌摩擦焊工艺并探寻提高接头强度的途径,进行了2A12铝合金筋板件的T型搅拌摩擦焊焊接工艺试验,并对不同人工时效热处理下焊接接头的微观组织及性能进行了研究.研究表明:采用T型搅拌摩擦焊即可实现2A12铝合金筋板件的成形,当搅拌头旋转速度为750 r/min、焊接速度60mm/min时,接头的抗...     

搅拌摩擦焊接ZK60镁合金弯曲性能与断裂行为研究

搅拌摩擦焊接过程中被焊区材料发生剧烈塑性变形,进而导致焊缝微观组织及接头力学性能发生显著改变,但有关镁合金焊接接头弯曲性能的研究报道极少。本实验以铸造固溶态ZK60镁合金为研究对象,采用背弯和面弯两种弯曲试验方案,探索搅拌摩擦焊接ZK60镁合金的微观组织演变及对接头弯曲性能与断裂行为的影响规律。研究发现,焊接后焊缝区晶粒尺寸显著降低,平均晶粒尺寸从59μm左右降低至4μm左右。ZK60镁合金接头的弯曲性能远高于母材样品,且面弯样品的弯曲强度高于背弯样品。经过大挠度弯曲变形后ZK60母材及面弯试样都发生开裂,但背弯样品中未见裂纹的萌生及扩展。分析认为,接头过渡区/搅拌区界线处的织构突变对搅拌摩擦焊接ZK60镁合金的弯曲断裂行为影响不大。     

铝合金搅拌摩擦对接焊接头组织与性能研究

研究了5083铝合金搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)焊接接头组织与性能,采用金相显微镜观察焊接接头各区域的微观组织,并对接头显微硬度和力学性能进行了测定。结果表明,5083铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊核组织为动态再结晶生成的细小组织,强化相均匀分布;热机影响区由于动态再结晶和焊接热循环的双重作用,组织变化较大,晶粒有一定程度的长大,强化相有所细化;热影响区仅仅受到热循环作用,使得晶粒粗化和强化相出现聚集现象。搅拌摩擦焊接接头中心硬度与母材基本相当,热机影响区和热影响区由于焊接热输入的原因,使得硬度有所降低。搅拌摩擦焊室温拉伸性能和冲击性能不低于母材的,其中拉伸试样均断裂于母材,焊核室温冲击值达到母材的1.5倍以上,热影响区冲击值与母材的相当。     

铝 / 镁异种金属搅拌摩擦焊研究现状及发展趋势

为进一步优化焊接工艺,提高铝/镁异种金属搅拌摩擦焊接头的性能,促进铝/镁异种金属结构在航空航天、轨道交通、汽车工业等领域的广泛应用,综述了近5年来国内外铝/镁异种金属搅拌摩擦焊接的最新研究成果,对焊接工艺参数、接头的力学性能、微观组织以及异种金属搅拌摩擦焊的新工艺进行了总结和分析。国内外大量研究结果表明,通过选择合适的工艺参数、改变搅拌针的偏移,可以获得抗拉强度较高、焊缝成形良好的铝/镁异种金属搅拌摩擦焊接头,焊缝中存在的金属间化合物是导致焊接接头性能不能满足工程应用的主要因素,但目前对于搅拌摩擦焊接过程中金属间化合物的产生、分布规律缺乏深入研究。     

铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊研究

采用柱形带螺纹搅拌针搅拌摩擦焊接5 mm厚铝锂合金轧制板材,并对接头组织、力学性能及断裂特性进行了研究.接头形成差别明显的三个区域:焊核区、热机影响区和热影响区.拉伸实验表明,接头强度随着焊接速度的提高先增加,并于v=60mm/min处达到最大值340MPa;当v＞60mm/min时,接头强度迅速下降.铝锂合金搅拌摩擦接头断裂模式为韧脆混合型断裂,并以脆性断裂为主.     

石油储罐钢焊接热影响区模拟研究

采用焊接热模拟技术,研究不同焊接热输入条件下焊接热循环对石油储罐钢焊接热影响区粗晶区(CGHAZ)的组织和性能的影响.结果表明:实验钢在80～100kJ/cm的大热输入下,热影响区仍能够保持良好的低温韧性;随着焊接热输入的增加,实验钢CGHAZ组织变粗大,低温冲击功下降;钢中弥散分布着大量细小TiN粒子,在焊接热循环中...     

590 MPa级高强钢双面双弧立焊焊缝组织性能

为研究590 MPa级高强钢双面双弧工艺得到的焊接接头组织与性能的关系,采用钨极氩弧焊(TIG)与熔化极气体保护焊(MAG)方法获得成型良好的焊接接头,经过拉伸、冲击、弯曲试验及光学显微镜、扫描电镜、EBSD分析,对590 MPa级高强钢双面双弧立焊打底焊与盖面焊焊接接头的组织及性能进行了研究.结果表明:打底焊缝组织主要为贝氏体,盖面焊缝组织以贝氏体与针状铁素体为主;打底焊缝经历过一次热循环后组织得到一定程度的细化;打底焊缝硬度值与盖面焊缝相近,盖面焊缝热影响区最高硬度值高于打底焊缝热影响区最高硬度;2 mm坡口间隙性能较5 mm坡口间隙有较大提高,2 mm坡口间隙断口以韧窝断裂为主,5 mm坡口间隙断口以解理断裂为主.     

Effect of welding wire and groove angle on mechanical properties of high strength steel welded joints

Mechanical properties of high strength steel welded joints strictly depend on the welding process, the filler material composition and the welding geometry. This study investigates the effects of using cored and solid welding wires and implementing various groove angles on the mechanical performance of weld joints which were fabricated employing the gas metal arc welding process. It was found that weld joints of low alloy, high strength steels using low alloy steel cored welding wires exhibited higher tensile strength than that of low alloy steel solid wire and chromium‐nickel steel bare welding wire when the method of gas metal arc welding is employed. The effect of groove angle on the strength and toughness of V‐groove and double V‐groove butt‐joints was investigated. V‐groove joints, with higher tensile strength than double V‐groove joints in the whole range of groove angles, were superior in toughness for small groove angles, but impact toughness values of both joints were comparable for large angles. The effect of heat input and cooling rate on the weld microstructure and weld strength was also investigated by performing thermal analysis employing the commercial software ANSYS. It was concluded that cooling rate and solidification growth rate determined the microstructure of the weld zone which had great consequences in regard to mechanical properties.     

12CrNi5MoV锻钢焊接热影响区组织与性能研究

采用热模拟技术研究了12CrNi5MoV锻钢焊接热影响区粗晶区的组织与性能。结果表明,经历一次焊接热循环后,材料粗晶区的抗拉强度与原始态试样相比显著升高,而冲击韧性明显降低;冷却过程中冷却速度加快引起材料组织中孪晶马氏体与残余奥氏体含量的增加是其粗晶区力学性能变化的主要原因。     

Effect of simulated welding thermal cycle on microstructure and mechanical properties of X90 pipeline steel

The effect of welding thermal cycle simulation on the microstructure and mechanical properties of X90 pipeline steel was investigated by means of microstructure analysis, tensile- and Charpy impact-tests. At the heat input of 15 kJ/cm, the microstructure of coarse-grained heat affected zone is mainly composed of lath bainite and granular bainite, resulting in excellent strength and toughness. At 25 kJ/cm with two thermal cycles, however, strength and impact toughness decrease due to the formation of more polygonal ferrite with coarser grains.     

几何参数对2219铝合金拉拔式摩擦塞补焊接头微观组织及力学性能的影响EI北大核心CSCD

拉拔式摩擦塞补焊是火箭贮箱制造过程的重要技术之一。研究8 mm厚2219-T87铝合金拉拔式摩擦塞补焊接头的几何形状及其对接头微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:塞孔及成形环几何形状对接头界面结合质量有重要影响。当焊接工艺参数为7000 r·min^(-1)主轴转速,35 kN轴向拉力以及16 mm轴向进给量时,使用锥直孔塞孔可有效防止塞棒在焊接过程中发生颈缩,从而消除接头未焊合缺陷;使用阶梯孔形成形环可以改善接头界面受力状态,防止弱结合缺陷产生。微观组织分析表明,毗邻结合界面的母材侧组织发生动态再结晶,热机械影响区组织发生明显塑性变形。接头附近组织受焊接热循环和塞棒旋转挤压作用发生明显软化,硬度最低值出现在热机械影响区,约为90HV。当接头存在焊接缺陷时,接头抗拉强度及伸长率较母材大幅降低,而无缺陷焊接接头的抗拉强度及伸长率分别为360.1 MPa和6.45%,接头系数为0.828,断裂方式为韧性断裂。     

6009铝合金光纤激光-MIG电弧复合焊和光纤激光焊工艺对比研究

采用光纤激光-MIG 复合焊和光纤激光焊分别对6009铝合金进行焊接,研究两种焊接方式下焊接接头的成型性、显微组织、拉伸性能、显微硬度、断口形貌的不同。研究表明：激光电弧复合焊的焊接速度是激光焊接的3倍;相比于激光焊,激光电弧复合焊焊缝中心显微组织更加细小;接头的抗拉强度达到母材的63%以上,而激光焊接的抗拉强度仅仅只有母材的38%;显微硬度试验表明：复合焊存在软化区,而激光焊接几乎没有软化区;断口分析表明：复合焊和激光焊的拉伸断口都是典型的韧窝状态,但是复合焊接的韧窝更加均匀。     

Electromagnetic impact welding of copper-to-copper sheets

Copper (Cu) has some properties, similar to aluminium (Al), like high thermal conductivity, high thermal expansion coefficient, relatively low melting point, brittleness at elevated temperatures and less viscosity of molten metal. These properties make the welding of Cu and Cu alloys difficult as compared to welding of carbon steels. The present study investigates the feasibility of electromagnetic impact welding of Cu-to-Cu sheets by using Al as the driver sheet. A study has been carried out to characterize the electromagnetic impact welding of 0.5 mm thick Cu sheets. The results of the microstructure and tensile shear strength tests are reported.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of spray formed 7055 aluminum alloy by underwater friction stir welding

Ultra-high strength spray formed 7055 aluminum alloy in which Zn is supersaturated solid solution requires strict control of heat input in welding process. In this paper, underwater friction stir welding is carried out in order to reduce heat input comparing with traditional friction stir welding and further improve the joint performances by varying welding temperature history. Through comparing the thermal cycle curves and distribution of residual stress of the plate welded in different media, the reason why the joint welded underwater shows a better performance is figured out. The result shows that tensile strength, hardness and plasticity of underwater welded joint are better than that welded in air. The underwater joint has a fine grained microstructure without “S line” defect, a typically distinct boundary between the weld nugget zone and the thermal mechanically affected zone and a narrow heat affected zone. The main strengthening phase in underwater joint is MgZn₂ .     

Dissimilar Resistance Spot Welding of Q&P and TWIP Steel Sheets

Dissimilar resistance spot welding of twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) and quenching and partitioning (Q&P) steel grades has been investigated by evaluating the effects of clamping force, welding current, and welding time on the microstructure, shear tension strength, and fracture of welded samples. The spot welding of TWIP and Q&P steels promotes the occurrence of an asymmetrical weld nugget with a greater dilution of TWIP steel because of its lower melting temperature and thermal conductivity. As a result, weld nuggets exhibit an austenitic microstructure. TWIP steel undergoes a grain coarsening in the HAZ, whereas Q&P steel undergoes some phase transformations. Welded samples tend to exhibit higher shear tension strength as they are joined at the highest welding current, even though an improper clamping force can promote excessive metal expulsion, thereby reducing the mechanical strength of the welded joints. Shear tension welded samples failed through interfacial fracture with partial thickness fracture mode for a low welding current, while partial thickness with button pull fractures were observed when a high welding current was used. The weld spots predominantly failed at the TWIP side. However, as TWIP steel can work harden significantly in the more resistant welded joints, the failures occur, instead, at the Q&P side.