石墨化处理对碳素纤维红外发射率的影响

利用自动分光辐射测量仪系统测试了两种碳素纤维在石墨化处理前后的法向光谱发射率和法向总发射率,研究了石墨化处理对碳素纤维红外发射率性能的影响.研究表明：随着石墨化过程中非碳元素的大量脱除和石墨微晶规整程度的提高,T300石墨化碳素纤维和国产石墨碳素纤维毡在2500～5000 nm和5000～6500 nm波段内的光谱发射...     

排布特征对碳素纤维红外发射率性能的影响

利用自动分光辐射测量仪系统测试了3种典型碳素纤维预制体样品的法向光谱发射率和法向总发射率,研究了排布特征对碳素纤维红外发射率性能的影响。结果表明,股线型和短切毡型碳素纤维预制体的法向光谱发射率在整个测试波段内均大于编织布状样品,股线型和短切毡型碳素纤维预制体的法向总发射率分别为0.910和0.888,均高于编织布样品。根据SEM微观形貌测试及物体表面的电磁理论分析,松散的纤维排布结构有利于碳素纤维预制体红外发射率的提高。     

浸渍致密化对碳素复合材料热辐射性能的影响

测定了碳素复合材料的法向光谱发射率和法向总发射率,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)进行表面形貌分析,研究了浸渍致密化工艺以及表面形貌与碳素复合材料法向光谱发射率和法向总发射率的变化.结果表明,炭布和短纤维增强碳素复合材料的法向光谱发射率和总发射率均在最终浸渍致密化之后有所增加,在多次致密化后两组样品总发射率间的差距减小,增...     

碳纤维微结构与热辐射性能的相关性研究

利用自动分光辐射测量仪测试了T300和T700两种碳纤维及通电除胶前后T300碳纤维的法向光谱发射率和法向总发射率,研究了碳纤维微结构与热辐射性能的相互关系.结果表明:T700碳纤维和经过表面除胶后的T300碳纤维样品,其法向总发射率有所降低,光谱发射率基本在三个波段范围内变化,这与碳纤维的微结构有关.在2500～5000nm范围内的光谱发射率主要受自由载流子的跃迁机制作用,在5000～6500nm和6500～13000nm波段内的光谱发射率主要与乱层微晶结构中碳网平面内碳碳键的振动以及微结构中无定型碳的物相比例有关.     

测量光谱发射率的数学模型的建立

作者建立了一套测量300～500 ℃温度区间物体表面法向红外光谱发射率测量装置.在全面了解光电器件、电测设备原理基础上,从发射率定义出发,建立了与装置相对应的测量物体表面光谱发射率的数学(物理)模型,为实验数据的整理和不确定度评估打下了理论基础.     

碳素纤维发热元件电热性能的研究

为了提高碳素发热元件的电热性能,测试了不同工艺碳素纤维发热元件的电热温升和热惯性,针对碳素纤维发热元件的结构特性,建立了其传热方程并进行求解.结果表明:无芯碳素纤维发热元件在相同表面负荷范围内的电热温升约高出支撑芯元件20℃以上,而股线无芯元件的瞬时温升约高出支撑元件60℃以上;惰性气氛下对碳素纤维进行瞬时高温除杂,所得元件电热温升和120s时瞬时温升约高出其他元件10℃以上;采用5%和30%两种定型胶质量浓度所得元件的电热温升差约40℃左右、140s时瞬时温升差约60℃左右,较高质量浓度的定型胶可提高元件电热温升、减小热惯性.碳素纤维的发射率是影响元件电热性能的重要指标,提高发射率可获得电热温升高、热惯性小的碳素发热元件.     

3D C/SiC复合材料的热辐射性能

利用稳态量热计法和傅里叶红外光谱仪分别测定了3D C/SiC复合材料在90℃时的半球向总发射率和室温法向光谱反射率,研究了表面形貌、涂层厚度及高温氧化对3D C/SiC热辐射性能的影响。结果表明:3D C/SiC具有优异的热辐射性能,其总发射率可达0.83;随着SiC涂层厚度的增加,3D C/SiC总发射率先降低后上升;高温氧化后,3D C/SiC的热辐射性能有所提高。      

等离子喷涂法制备黑铬太阳能选择性吸收涂层

采用等离子喷涂法制备了黑铬太阳能选择性吸收涂层,采用XRD、SEM等测试方法对涂层的物相、微观结构、太阳能吸收性能进行了表征。对涂层进行了打磨,并在涂层表面制备SnO2选择性透过薄膜。研究表明,采用等离子喷涂方法制备的黑铬涂层吸收率为0.93,发射率为0.88,经打磨处理后,发射率降至0.76。添加SnO2薄膜后,涂层吸收率变化小,发射率降至0.50。热震实验表明该涂层具备良好的抗热震性能。     

不锈钢表面处理对Cr2O3薄膜太阳能选择吸收性能的影响

采用Sol-gel法以及浸渍提拉法在不锈钢表面制备了Cr2O3选择性吸收薄膜。分别采用喷砂处理和氧化液腐蚀两种方式对不锈钢进行表面处理,考察不同表面处理方式对Cr2O3太阳能选择吸收薄膜性能的影响。用Lambda 750型UV-Vis-NIR分光光度计和Tensor 27型BRUKER红外光谱仪分别测试薄膜在可见-近红外光谱区和红外光谱区的反射光谱。结果表明,氧化液处理的不锈钢基体,其表面所涂覆薄膜的红外发射率明显降低,发射率由喷砂基体的0.465降低到0.186,具有良好的选择吸收性。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备ZnO:Al(ZAO)薄膜的红外发射率研究

用溶胶-凝胶法在石英玻璃基底上制备了ZnO:Al(ZAO)薄膜,研究了热处理温度和Al掺杂含量对薄膜红外发射率的影响.通过XRD和SEM分析了薄膜的微观结构和表面形貌,用光谱辐射计测量了薄膜在8～14μm波段的光谱发射率.结果表明,制备的ZAO薄膜都具有ZnO六角形纤锌矿结构,没有生成杂质相.热处理温度是影响薄膜在8～14μm波段平均红外发射率(ε)的主要因素.随热处理温度的升高和Al掺杂含量的增加,薄膜的ε值有降低的趋势.     

Application of High-Speed Laser Polarimetry to Noncontact Detection of Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys at High Temperatures

A high-speed laser polarimetry technique, developed recently for the measurement of normal spectral emissivity of materials at high temperatures, was used to detect solid–solid and solid–liquid phase transformations in metals and alloys in millisecond-resolution pulse-heating experiments. Experiments were performed where normal spectral emissivity at 633 nm was measured simultaneously with surface radiance temperature, resistance, and/or voltage drop across the specimen. It was observed that a phase transformation, as indicated either by an arrest in the specimen radiance temperature or changes in the resistance and/or voltage drop, generally caused a change in normal spectral emissivity. Experiments were conducted on cobalt, iron, hafnium, titanium, and zirconium to detect solid–solid phase transformations. Similar experiments were also performed on niobium, titanium, and the alloy 85titanium–15molybdenum (mass%) to detect solid–liquid phase transformations (melting).     

Normal Spectral Emissivity at a Wavelength of 684.5 nm and Thermophysical Properties of Solid and Liquid Molybdenum

Polarimetric emissivity measurements adapted for a rapid pulse heating setup and recent results of normal spectral emissivity at 684.5 nm for molybdenum at melting and in the liquid phase are presented. Also reported is a complete set of thermophysical data (specific enthalpy, isobaric heat capacity, electrical resistivity, thermal conductivity, and thermal diffusivity) for molybdenum for both solid and liquid states. The results for all mentioned thermophysical properties are discussed and furthermore compared to literature values. The normal spectral emissivity and the electrical resistivity of molybdenum show opposite trends in the liquid phase, leading to the conclusion that a prediction of normal spectral emissivity at the given wavelength of 684.5 nm based on the Hagen–Rubens-relation and electrical resistivity measurements is not applicable.     

Thermophysical Properties by a Pulse-Heating Reflectometric Technique: Niobium, 1100 to 2700 K

Pulse-heating experiments were performed on niobium strips, taking the specimens from room temperature to the melting point is less than one second. The normal spectral emissivity of the strips was measured by integrating sphere reflectometry, and, simultaneously, experimental data (radiance temperature, current, voltage drop) for thermophysical properties were collected with sub-millisecond time resolution. The normal spectral emissivity results were used to compute the true temperature of the niobium strips; the heat capacity, electrical resistivity, and hemispherical total emissivity were evaluated in the temperature range 1100 to 2700 K. The results are compared with literature data obtained in pulse-heating experiments. It is concluded that combined measurements of normal spectral emissivity and of thermophysical properties on strip specimens provide results of the same quality as obtained using tubular specimens with a blackbody. The thermophysical property results on niobium also validate the normal spectral emissivity measurements by integrating sphere reflectometry.     

Radiative properties characterization of ZrB2–SiC-based ultrahigh temperature ceramic at high temperature

Experimental investigations of radiative property on pre-oxidized ZrB₂–SiC–15 vol.%–C ultrahigh temperature ceramic (ZSC UHTC) at high temperature range of 1100–1800 °C were performed. By Fourier transform infrared radiant (FT-IR) spectrometer, spectral emissivity was measured in the wavelength region between 3 and 18 μm. Total normal emissivity was calculated using spectral emissivity data via theoretical formula. It has been found that high emissivity for all the testing specimens was presented, and the total normal emissivity is between 0.65 and 0.92 with temperature range from 1100 to 1800 °C. Moreover, the total normal emissivity of pre-oxidized ZSC ceramic decreased non-monotonously as the temperature increased. The total normal emissivity decreased as the testing temperature increased from 1100 to 1800 °C, whereas the total normal emissivity at the testing temperature of 1600 °C was higher than that of 1400 and 1800 °C. Macroscopical surface morphology and microstructure were carried out before and after the testing.     

Simultaneous measurements of normal spectral emissivity by spectral radiometry and laser polarimetry at high temperatures in millisecond-resolution pulse-heating experiments: Application to molybdenum and tungsten

Spectral radiometry and laser polarimetry are two independent techniques for the measurement of spectral emissivity of materials. In this paper, a high-speed system is described for the rapid measurement of normal spectral emissivity of a specimen based on the simultaneous utilization of the two techniques. One of the goals of this work to ascertain the accuracy of the laser polarimetry technique in measurement of normal spectral emissivity at high temperatures. To accomplish this goal, the normal spectral emissivities, in the vicinity of 0.633m, of molybdenum and tungsten were measured by the two techniques over the temperature range 2000 to 2600 K. The results obtained by the two techniques are in agreement within 1%. The total uncertainty (two-standard deviation level) in measurement of emissivity by either spectral radiometry or laser polarimetry technique is estimated to be not more than + 2%.     

A Fast Laser Polarimeter Improving a Microsecond Pulse Heating System

The microsecond pulse heating system has been used for more than 15 years to investigate thermophysical properties of solid and liquid metals and alloys. The only way to measure temperature in the time and temperature range of these experiments (duration of a few tens of microseconds, temperatures up to 7000 K) is optical pyrometry. The radiance temperature can be measured very accurately. However, to obtain true temperature from radiance temperature the normal spectral emissivity at the wavelength of interest of the material under investigation has to be known. Because normal spectral emissivity measurements on pulse heated liquid metals were not possible in the past, an assumption about the behavior of the emissivity in the liquid phase had to be made, which increased the uncertainty of the temperature determination. To overcome this limitation in temperature measurement, a microsecond division of amplitude polarimeter (µ-DOAP) was added to the pulse heating system. The normal spectral emissivity at 684.5 nm is derived from the measured change in the state of polarization of laser light that is reflected off the sample surface. The working principle of this polarimeter system is presented, and experimental results of the normal spectral emissivity at 684.5 nm as a function of radiance temperature at 650 nm are discussed.     

基于激光积分球反射计的集成黑体发射率测量研究

集成黑体发射率是评价其有效光谱辐射亮度不确定度的关键贡献项。建立了激光积分球反射计测量系统,对中国计量科学研究院制备的集成空腔的法向光谱发射率进行了实验研究和模拟验证。在633nm的波长下测量了集成黑体法向光谱发射率,测量结果的标准不确定度优于0.043%。结果表明:集成黑体辐射源在室温条件下的有效发射率高于0.998,与STEEP3蒙特卡罗模拟计算结果偏差在0.04%之内。实验结果与数值模拟的一致性在测量结果不确定度内吻合良好,验证了激光积分球发射计法用于评价集成黑体发射率的可行性。