纳米流体的稳定性研究

从分散体系的稳定因素、纳米颗粒间的相互作用力、分散体系的沉降-扩散平衡、表面活性剂的作用等方面对纳米流体的稳定性进行了理论分析,结果表明,降低纳米颗粒的表面自由能、减小纳米颗粒与基液间的密度差、减小基液的黏度等都可提高纳米流体的稳定性。通过静置对比试验和TEM表征,研究了表面活性剂对提高纳米流体稳定性的作用。     

表面活性剂对Cu-H_2O和ZrO_2-H_2O纳米流体稳定性的影响

通过添加表面活性剂制备了Cu-H2O和Zr O2-H2O纳米流体,研究了十二烷基苯磺酸钠、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵和辛基苯基聚氧乙烯醚等表面活性剂对Cu-H2O和Zr O2-H2O纳米流体分散稳定性的影响;并利用分子动力学方法计算出不同表面活性剂分子与Cu/Zr O2颗粒表面的相互作用能。结果发现添加表面活性剂可较大程度地提升纳米流体的稳定性,而尤以添加十二烷基苯磺酸钠的效果最为明显,计算结果也显示十二烷基苯磺酸钠分子与Cu/Zr O2间的吸附作用最强。此外,还模拟了SDBS与Cu-H2O纳米流体中Cu颗粒的吸附行为。     

纳米TiO_2-Ni基镀层的电刷镀沉积行为研究

为了使纳米颗粒均匀地悬浮在镀液中从而获得纳米颗粒均匀分布的复合镀层,研究了不同表面活性剂对纳米TiO2在镀液中的分散行为的影响,采用电刷镀方法制备纳米TiO2-Ni基复合镀层,并运用SEM、EDS和XRD研究了纳米TiO2-Ni基镀层的表面形貌和成分特点。结果表明,阳离子型表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(CTAB)对纳米TiO2颗粒的分散效果最好,沉降时间超过40min;CTAB分散的纳米TiO2-Ni基镀层显微硬度比不加表面活性剂的提高50%左右,镀层结合性较好,孔隙率显著降低;CTAB分散的纳米TiO2-Ni基镀层均匀细致、晶粒细小,纳米TiO2被生长着的镍晶粒夹持嵌埋,分布于镍基间隙中,镀层由纳米TiO2颗粒和镍基组成。纳米粉末与镍共沉积符合迁移、吸附、嵌埋的过程。     

二元混合表面活性剂对纳米流体热物性影响

采用两步法制备了添加二元混合表面活性剂的氧化锌纳米流体，纳米颗粒的体积浓度为0.398%～2.292%。XRD、TEM对氧化锌纳米粒子进行表征，吸光度法和沉降法分析了纳米流体稳定性，之后研究15～55℃时，制备流体的导热与黏度，并与添加单一表面活性剂的纳米流体进行对比。实验结果显示，添加SDS/CTAB纳米流体稳定性更优。纳米流体导热系数随温度及纳米粒子体积浓度的增加而增大，55℃,2.292%的纳米流体热导率增强最大，提高了38%,且热导率增强作用明显优于单一表面活性剂的添加。纳米流体黏度随温度及纳米粒子体积浓度的增加而逐渐降低，在55℃,2.292%时拥有最小黏度0.645 mPa·s。与单一表面活性剂相比，SDS/CTAB的添加能有效降低纳米流体黏度，对减小纳米流体黏度有积极作用。     

纳米铝粉颗粒分散稳定性的研究

以六偏磷酸钠作分散剂,采用吸光度实验来考察分散介质、六偏磷酸钠的用量及超声时间对铝基纳米流体稳定性的影响,并对其分散机理进行初步的探讨。结果表明:当乙二醇和去离子水按照体积比为1∶1时混合液作为分散介质得到的纳米流体的分散稳定性最好。六偏磷酸钠能够有效地分散纳米铝粉颗粒,得到均匀、稳定的铝基纳米流体;当加入六偏磷酸钠的质量浓度为0.5 g/L、超声分散时间为50 min时,分散效果最佳;六偏磷酸钠对纳米铝粉颗粒的稳定分散作用主要是通过颗粒间的静电作用来实现的。     

不同HLB值的表面活性剂对磁流变液沉降稳定性能的影响

主要研究表面活性剂对磁流变液的的沉降稳定性能的影响。通过实验分析了不同种类和质量分数表面活性剂条件下的磁流变液样品性能上的差异,探究表面活性剂HLB值对磁流变液抗沉降稳定性的影响,发现随着HLB值的减小,磁流变液的沉降稳定性有所提高。此外,还引入了接触角概念,分析在磁流变液的制备过程中测量分散颗粒对基液的润湿性的影响,探究基于磁流变液的抗沉降稳定性的新的评价方法。     

纳米流体黏度与温度的关系研究

温度变化对纳米流体粘度的影响是很明显的。结果表明:含有表面活性剂的纳米流体的黏度在温度低于60℃时,黏度随温度的升高而降低,超过此温度后,纳米流体的黏度随温度的升高而升高。只含有纳米粒子的纳米流体黏度随温度的升高而降低,高温时黏度随温度升高而减小的幅度减小,而使用表面活性剂后黏度与温度的关系出现异常,高温时黏度随温度的增加而增加。随着温度的升高,纳米粒子的布朗运动加强,粒子的无序运动增加流体流动的阻力,虽然表面活性剂的使用提高了纳米流体的稳定性,但大分子结构的表面活性剂吸附在粒子周围,致使粒子作布朗运动时大大增加液体的粘性,以至高温时纳米流体黏度随温度的升高而升高。本研究还对Cu-water、ZrO2-water纳米流体的黏度与温度的关系式进行拟合,拟合公式与实验数据吻合,误差小于0.5%,拟合公式中纳米流体的黏度与温度、粒子体积分数和基液有关。     

层流状态下纳米流体的对流传热特性

通过数值模拟的方法研究了层流状态下雷诺数、体积分数、颗粒和基液种类以及颗粒粒径对纳米流体对流传热特性的影响。研究结果表明,纳米流体的对流传热系数明显高于基液,并且与基液和颗粒的性质、颗粒的体积分数及颗粒粒径密切相关。纳米流体的对流传热系数随着颗粒和基液热导率的增加、颗粒体积分数的增加以及颗粒粒径的减小而增大。研究发现,对于一定体积分数的Cu-水纳米流体,在层流状态下对流传热系数的提高程度基本保持一致,与雷诺数大小无关。     

水基纳米碳化钛流体稳定性分析

通过两步法制备出分散稳定性能好的水基碳化钛流体,采用分散稳定性分析、纳米颗粒表征来分析其状态。分散稳定性分析探讨了分散剂质量分数及pH值对水基流体稳定性的影响,纳米颗粒表征探讨了制备后流体中碳化钛晶相成分变化、颗粒表面分散剂吸附情况及颗粒存在形式。     

用于太阳能集热介质的纳米铜制备技术与铜纳米流体性能综述

纳米流体技术的不断发展为直接吸收式太阳能集热介质的研究提供了强有力的支持。铜价格低廉、储量丰富且导热性能良好,将纳米尺度的铜粒子稳定分散于传统集热介质中制得的纳米流体悬浮液对可见光波段表现出强吸收性能。本文首先对纳米流体中常见的球形、立方体、棒状和线状铜纳米粒子添加物的水热还原制备方法进行了综述,重点讨论了表面活性剂在产物形貌控制中的作用及其对纳米粒子在基液中分散稳定性的影响。进而分别对铜纳米流体的导热系数、粘度、比热及光能辐射特性的研究现状进行了归纳总结,给出了铜纳米流体在直接吸收式太阳能集热系统中的应用现状。最后,提出了铜纳米流体应用于太阳集热器循环工质尚需解决的问题及进一步的研究方向。     

An experimental and theoretical study of the influence of surfactant on the preparation and stability of ammonia-water nanofluids

Two types of nanofluids are obtained by adding the mixture of carbon black nanoparticles with emulsifier OP-10, and Al₂O₃ nanoparticles with sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) in the ammonia-water solution, respectively. The dispersion stability of the prepared nanofluids in different mass fractions of surfactants is investigated by the light absorbency ratio index methods. The results show that with the increase of mass fraction of surfactant, the stability of carbon black nanofluid is improved firstly and then is exacerbated, while the stability of Al₂O₃ nanofluid is exacerbated firstly, then is improved, and then is exacerbated again. The influences of surfactant on the stability of ammonia-water nanofluids abide by the monolayer adsorption theory or electric double layer adsorption theory. Finally, the theoretical surfactant mass fractions required in the preparation of ammonia-water nanofluids are calculated by simplifying the dispersion models and the results are in accordance with experimental results.     

Electro-optical characteristics of ZrO2 nanoparticle doped liquid crystal on ion-beam irradiated polyimide layer

It is well known that doping liquid crystals (LCs) with nanoparticles can readily change the physical and electro-optical properties of LC mixture. In this paper, we report on how the electro-optical properties and thermal stability of an LC system were enhanced by dispersing zirconia (ZrO2) nanoparticles in nematic LCs on ion-beam irradiated polyimide layers. Homogeneous LC alignment was achieved and ZrO2/LC mixture was applied in twisted-nematic (TN) mode. The addition of ZrO2 nanoparticles contributed to improvement of electro-optical properties in the TN LC cell by lowering voltage operation and decreasing response time. The TN LC cells with a ZrO2 nanoparticle concentration of 2.0 wt% showed the lowest threshold voltage of 2.0 V and the fastest response time of 15.3 ms. This enhanced electro-optical performance was likely due to van-der waals interactions and the screening effect of the ZrO2 nanoparticles in the LC medium. The thermal stability of the ZrO2/LC mixture was also improved compared to a pristine LC system.     

Experimental evaluation of thermophysical properties of oil-based titania nanofluids for medium temperature solar collectors

Thermal oils are widely used as working fluids in the medium temperature heat transfer applications including concentrating solar thermal collectors. However, the weak thermal characteristics of these oils are major drawbacks in their successful application in the medium-high temperature solar collectors. Fortunately, the emergence of nanotechnology has provided the opportunity to alter thermo-physical properties of base fluids by adding small amount of sub-micron size solid particles possessing better properties. This paper presents an experimental investigation of thermophysical properties of an oil-based nanofluid to be used in the medium temperature solar collector for enhanced thermal energy transport. The colloidal suspensions were prepared by dispersing different weight fractions (0.25 wt.%, 0.5 wt.%, 0.75 wt.% and 1.0 wt.%) of Titania nanoparticles in Therminol-55 oil using two-step method. Shear mixing and high energy ultrasonication was employed to achieve uniform mixing and de-agglomeration of the nanoparticles in order to enhance the stability of the colloidal suspensions. Thermophysical properties of the nanofluids were determined as a function of nanoparticles concentrations in the temperature range of 25 °C–130 °C. The experimental results demonstrated substantial improvement in thermal conductivity of the nano-oils with an increase in nanoparticles loading which further enhanced at higher temperatures. Dynamic viscosity and effective density displayed a decreasing trend against rising temperature which indicate the effectiveness of these nanofluids for medium temperature heat supply. Nano-oils with superior thermal properties can improve the performance of medium temperature solar thermal collectors.     

镍 -纳米氧化铝复合电镀液的制备及影响因素研究

性质均匀稳定的镍/纳米颗粒复合镀液是制备镍/纳米复合镀层的物质和工艺基础.在瓦特镀镍溶液中加入纳米Al2O3粉末,混合液静置10 h后,因颗粒沉淀而产生不同程度的分层,通过比色法研究了分散剂、分散形式、镀液pH值对纳米Al2O3粉末在镀液中均匀稳定分散的影响.结果表明,在镀液中加入适量的聚羧酸铵、柠檬酸三铵或十六烷基三甲基溴化铵分散剂,并通过超声分散,可得到稳定分散10 h以上的复合电镀液.原子力显微镜分析表明,复合镀液中纳米颗粒的平均尺寸为63 nm,略大于其原料颗粒的尺寸(40 nm),大部分的纳米颗粒在复合镀液中能实现高度分散.     

Spreading characteristics of nanofluid droplets impacting onto a solid surface

This paper reports an experimental investigation on the spreading characteristics of nanofluid droplets impinging on aluminum substrate under the influence of several key factors such as nanoparticle volume fraction, substrate temperature, and the Weber number. Sample nanofluid used is prepared by dispersing several volumetric concentrations (1 to 5%) of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in ethylene glycol. The entire dynamic process of each droplet collision with the substrate surface and the spreading phenomena is captured by using a high speed camera and then the transient spreading diameter and height of droplet are determined. It is found that the higher the concentration of nanoparticles the larger the spreading diameter of nanofluid droplet. As the surface temperature increases, the overall spreading diameter and height of nanofluid droplet significantly decreases and increases, respectively. At larger Weber number, the final spreading of the nanofluid droplet is also found to be larger than that of lower Weber number. Present results demonstrate that spreading characteristics of nanofluid droplets impacting onto solid surface are greatly influenced by each of the aforementioned factors.     

Extreme pressure properties of multi-component oil-based nanofluids

Multi-component oil-based nanofluids were prepared by dispersing two different carbons and silver nanoparticles in lubricating oil; then, their tribological properties were investigated using a four-ball tribotester and FZG machine. Each nanofluid demonstrated excellent wear resistance or extreme pressure (EP) properties, but not both properties simultaneously. Therefore, a new concept of a mixed nanofluid was developed to satisfy the wear and EP properties. The multi-component mixed nanofluids containing graphite and Ag nanoparticles not only demonstrated enhanced load carrying and anti-wear properties, but also reduced the electric power consumption by more than 4.8% compared with the base oil in the FZG test.     

Influence of different parameters and their coupled effects on the stability of alumina nanofluids by a fractional factorial design approach

Nanofluids have been introduced as new-generation fluids able to improve energy efficiency in heat exchangers. However, stability problems related to both agglomeration and sedimentation of nanoparticles have limited industrial-level scaling. A fractional factorial experimental 2^k?1 design was applied in order to evaluate the effects of nanoparticle concentration, surfactant type and concentration, ultrasonic amplitude as well as ultrasonic time on the stability of alumina (Al₂O₃) nanofluids. Commercial alumina nanoparticles (particle diameter <50 nm) were dispersed in deionized water using ultrasonic probe dispersion equipment. Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) were used as surfactants. The stability of the nanofluids in static mode was monitored by visual inspection and UV visible spectroscopy. The results of the experimental design showed that the coupled effects between surfactant type and surfactant concentration and between ultrasonication tip amplitude and ultrasonication time had the most pronounced effects on nanofluid stability. The experimental conditions providing the best stability were 0.5 wt% of Al₂O₃, CTAB, critical micelle surfactant concentration, 30% ultrasonic amplitude and 30 min of ultrasonication.     

Tribological properties of lubricating oil-based nanofluids with metal/carbon nanoparticles

Oil-based nanofluids were prepared by dispersing several metal and/or carbon nanoparticles in lubricating oil, and their tribological properties were investigated using a four-ball tribotester and an FZG machine. Each nanofluid can possess excellent wear resistance or extreme pressure capacity, but not both. Therefore, a new concept of mixed nanofluids was developed to satisfy both properties at the same time. The mixed nanofluids containing graphite and Ag nanoparticles not only showed enhanced load-carrying and anti-wear properties in the FZG gear rig test but also reduced the electric-power consumption by more than 3% compared to the base oil.     

Enhanced thermal conductivity of nano-SiC dispersed water based nanofluid

Silicon carbide (SiC) nanoparticle dispersed water based nanofluids were prepared using up to 0·1?vol% of nanoparticles. Use of suitable stirring routine ensured uniformity and stability of dispersion. Thermal conductivity ratio of nanofluid measured using transient hot wire device shows a significant increase of up to 12% with only 0·1?vol% nanoparticles and inverse dependence of conductivity on particle size. Use of ceramic nanoparticles appears more appropriate to ensure stability of dispersion in nanofluid in closed loop single-phase heat transfer applications.     

Free convection of hybrid Al2O3-Cu water nanofluid in a differentially heated porous cavity

Hybrid nanofluids are a new type of enhanced working fluids, engineered with enhanced thermo-physical properties. The hybrid nanofluids profit from the thermo-physical properties of more than one type of nanoparticles. The present study aims to address the free convective heat transfer of the Al₂O₃-Cu water hybrid nanofluid in a cavity filled with a porous medium. Two types of important porous media, glass ball and aluminum metal foam, are considered for the porous matrix. The experimental data show dramatic enhancement in the thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity of the synthesized hybrid nanofluids, and hence, these thermophysical properties could not be modeled using available models of nanofluids. Thus, the actual available experimental data for the thermal conductivity and the dynamic viscosity of hybrid nanofluids are directly utilized in the present theoretical study. Various comparison with results published previously in the literature are performed and the results are found to be in excellent agreement. In most cases, the average Nusselt number Nu_l is decreasing function of the volume fraction of nanoparticles. The results show the reduction of heat transfer using nanoparticles in porous media. The observed reduction of the heat transfer rate is much higher for hybrid nanofluid compared to the single nanofluid.