NARMAX modelling and robust control of internal combustion engines

Detailed in this paper is a SISO non-linear modelling and robust controller design methodology experimentally verified on an internal combustion engine. The methodology begins with the identification of a NARMAX model that captures the non-linear dynamics relating the input to the output of a system. This model is converted to a describing function representation for the purpose of robust feedback controller design. The ideology for the describing function recovery is developed in the form of an algorithm which can be extended to other NARMAX model structures not considered here. The controller design is executed in the frequency domain where the output performance specification is |y(t)|≤β?t>0 and the actuator saturation constraint is |u(t)|≤K?t>0. For the engine idle speed control application of this study, a SISO NARMAX model of the engine is developed between the by-pass idle air valve (BPAV) and engine speed. The performance objective for the controller design is the time domain tolerance of |Δ rpm| ≤ 100 rpm on idle speed perturbations despite a non-measurable 20 N m external torque disturbance. The controller is validated through numerical simulations as well as experimental verification.     

Multivariable PI tuning for disturbance rejection and application to engine idle speed control simulation

In this paper, a new multivariable proportional-integral (PI) tuning strategy is developed and the advantage of the new design is illustrated in simulation on an internal combustion engine model. The multivariable control design technique developed here has disturbance rejection as its main objective rather than set-point tracking, which is the focus of most of the multivariable PI tuning techniques so far in the literature. The benefit of the new design is that it does not try to minimize cross couplings in the multivariable plant; instead it uses the cross couplings to achieve better disturbance rejection. The application of the control design method is in multivariable speed and air/fuel ratio control of a lean-burn natural gas engine to achieve smooth and effective idle speed regulation. When applied to a simulation model of the engine, the new PI tuning strategy effectively reduces speed undershoot during the application of a transient torque load during idle.     

Nonlinear model predictive control of an internal combustion engine exposed to measured disturbances

This work presents the design procedure of a speed controller for a large, lean burn, natural gas engine in island mode operation. This is a disturbance rejection problem with a measured, large disturbance. The core element is a nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) algorithm that serves as outer loop controller in a cascaded control structure and generates set-points for low level control loops. The NMPC relies on a control oriented model that includes the physics based equations, assumptions on underlying control loops and constraints given by the control requirements. It is shown how to design the running cost such that the stability of the NMPC without terminal cost and constraints can be guaranteed for the nominal system and for the perturbed system exposed to parametric uncertainties and un-modeled dynamics. The functionality of the control strategy is demonstrated in simulation and by experimental results derived at the engine-testbed.     

无刷双馈电机自抗扰控制方法

针对无刷双馈电机非线性强耦合特性, 提出一种实现其高性能控制的自抗扰控制方法. 在控制电机同步坐标系下, 设计磁链自抗扰控制器和转速自抗扰控制器, 对系统内部的耦合影响和系统外部扰动进行观测和补偿, 实现非线性系统线性化控制. 该控制器具有较强的鲁棒性, 且不依赖电机模型. 仿真对比结果表明, 自抗扰控制器能够准确地估计和补偿系统的内外扰动, 控制精度高, 抗扰能力强, 能够实现磁链和电磁转矩的解耦, 进而实现磁链和转速相互独立控制, 是一种简单有效的高性能控制方法.

     

基于U模型的模糊免疫自抗扰控制方法研究

针对一类非线性系统在持续扰动下的控制问题,设计基于U模型的模糊免疫自抗扰控制方法。首先,引入U模型方法进行被控对象建模,提高处理非线性系统的能力,结合自抗扰控制方法,设计基于U模型的改进自抗扰控制器。在非线性反馈环节引入模糊免疫方法实现非线性智能反馈,设计基于U模型的模糊免疫自抗扰控制系统。最后仿真实验表明：基于U模型的模糊免疫自抗扰控制方法在保持了基于U模型的自抗扰控制的简洁性和良好抗扰性能的基础上,简化了控制器参数调节过程,在持续未知扰动下的跟踪速度、精度都更优。     

基于参数优化的永磁同步电动机直接转矩控制系统自抗扰控制器研究

针对基于PI控制器的永磁同步电动机直接转矩控制系统存在转矩波动大、易受负载变化影响的问题,设计了一种基于转速外环的自抗扰控制器,代替PI控制器以改善永磁同步电动机直接转矩控制系统的性能;采用粒子群优化算法对自抗扰控制器的相关参数进行了优化计算,改进了控制器的调节性能。仿真和实验结果表明,基于参数优化自抗扰控制器的永磁同步电动机直接转矩控制系统具有较高的抗负载扰动能力,更快的响应速度和良好的动、静态性能。     

A QFT-type design methodology for a parallel plant structure and its application in idle speed control

Developed in this paper is a frequency domain design methodology for disturbance rejection in a MISO plant which has a special parallel structure. Shown in this paper is that it is not necessary to close all the parallel loops in order to achieve the hard time domain constraints. The proposed methodology is applied to the idle speed control of a fuel-injected engine.     

非平衡负载下轮式移动机器人的抗扰PID控制

在非平衡负载条件下,轮式移动机器人(WMR)的前进、转向速度耦合,影响着轨迹跟踪和避障等运动控制性能.为此,本文提出了一种基于抗扰PID(DR–PID)控制器的WMR速度调节主动抗扰(ADR)控制策略.首先,建立WMR的速度耦合模型,引入解耦矩阵减小静态耦合作用;然后,基于一类改进干扰观测器(DOB)控制方法,设计一种具有ADR能力的PID控制器,即DR–PID,用于WMR的速度分散调节.进一步,考虑高频增益不匹配/不确定性,分析闭环系统稳定性条件.所得结论揭示了PID控制器的抗扰机理;最后,在不平衡负载条件下开展WMR运动控制实验研究,实验结果验证了所提方法的有效性.     

缸内直喷汽油机的自抗扰轨压跟踪控制器设计

获得期望的共轨压力是保证缸内直喷发动机(GDI)稳定工作和喷油量精确控制的一个重要前提. 本文针对缸内直喷汽油发动机轨压控制问题, 首先通过动力学分析建立了共轨燃油喷射系统的数学模型; 由于系统中存在有较强的非线性和不确定性, 采用基于模型但对模型的精确形式依赖较小的自抗扰控制技术设计轨压跟踪控制器,其中线性扩张状态观测器(ESO) 对系统存在的总扰动和不确定性进行了估计, 非线性误差反馈控制(NLSEF) 则采用反馈补偿实现扰动的抑制. 最后, 通过给定不同的参考轨压对控制器的有效性进行验证, 仿真结果表明控制性能是满意的.     

Modeling and speed control design of an ethanol engine for variable speed gensets

This paper presents the development of a discrete dynamic mean value engine model (MVEM) suitable for the design of speed controllers of ethanol fueled internal combustion engines (ICE), to be used in variable speed gensets. Two MVEMs are developed for the ICE: the Time Based model and the Crank Based model. The speed controller design is held through the discretization and linearization of the Crank Based MVEM. This model is used due to the advantages over the time based MVEM especially with respect to the transport delay which becomes constant. Two approaches for the ICE speed control are investigated: (i) a single loop gain-scheduled proportional integral (PI) controller and (ii) a dual loop control based on an internal gain-scheduled Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) feedback loop and an outer loop composed of a gain-scheduled PI controller. The control design is developed in the frequency domain and its stability is ensured by the phase and gain margins. In addition, an integral anti-windup and a feed forward action are also proposed to improve the behavior during control law saturation, improve transient responses and disturbance rejection capability. Experimental results on a 50 kW generator set are provided to validate the controllers and to demonstrate the performance of the system.     

基于定量反馈理论的时滞系统自抗扰控制参数整定

工业过程对象普遍存在时滞、模型参数不确定性和外部扰动多等特点,传统Smith预估控制方法难以设计出满足期望性能的鲁棒控制器.针对模型参数不确定性和外部扰动,本文采用自抗扰控制技术进行估计和补偿.针对系统存在时滞的特点,本文提出改进Smith预估器结构,提升扩张状态观测器对于扰动估计的实时性.在此基础上,本文以一阶时滞系统为例提出了控制器参数整定方法.首先根据最优参数选取准则确定预估器模型,然后在等效模型框架下采用定量反馈理论整定自抗扰控制器参数,确保控制系统达到预期性能指标.在仿真实验中,将所提出方法与几种常见时滞系统控制方法进行比较,通过设定值跟踪、抗扰及蒙特卡罗实验验证了所提出方法具有良好抗扰能力与鲁棒性.     

基于功能性电刺激的上肢康复系统条件反馈控制

功能性电刺激是脑卒中患者有效的康复方法,然而上肢肌肉的动态模型存在着强非线性、多源扰动、模型不精确和参数变化大等控制难点.为提高基于功能性电刺激的上肢康复系统的跟踪速度和扰动抑制能力,本文提出了一种基于条件反馈的比例–积分控制策略,条件反馈的设计用于提高系统的跟踪性能,通过比例–积分控制器抑制外部扰动与模型不确定性.通过单一变量法分析了控制器参数对控制效果的影响,提出了一种简单、实用的参数整定规则.基于Hammerstein肌骨系统模型,通过仿真验证了所提方法在保证闭环系统鲁棒性的前提下,与常规的比例–积分控制器相比在跟踪和扰动抑制性能方面的优势.最后,基于搭建的上肢康复系统控制平台,对不同实验者在不同目标输出力下进行对比实验,实验结果表明本文所提基于条件反馈的比例–积分控制策略的平均峰值量占比为9.22%,而对比控制策略的平均峰值量占比为17.80%,所提控制策略的平均单位误差绝对值积分指标是对比控制策略平均单位误差绝对值积分指标的70.43%,验证了本文所设计的控制策略在保证闭环系统鲁棒性的前提下具有更好的跟踪效果.     

含有时滞的怠速控制与输出扭矩估计器设计

发动机由怠速工况向启动工况转换时的输出扭矩信息直接影响离合器接合过程的平顺特性。针对发动机自身和控制环节带来的时间滞后对系统性能的影响,研究了含有时滞信息的鲁棒H_∞状态反馈控制规律,使干扰信息作用下的发动机怠速工况的转速恒定且满足H_∞性能要求。进一步设计了H_∞滤波器在线估计发动机怠速时输出扭矩,为离合器的接合控制提供力矩信息。基于Simulink搭建发动机怠速系统仿真验证估计器的有效性,结果表明在扰动量出现和消失瞬间,提出的算法能保证电子节气门开度切换小,控制转速能快速稳定,且有效估计了发动机怠速时的输出扭矩,克服了时间滞后带来的性能下降的问题。     

电动汽车IPMSM滑模观测器速度控制方法

增程式电动汽车在实际运行中容易产生驱动电机内部参数不确定性和外部扰动的问题,制约了控制系统性能的进一步提升,针对此问题开展电动汽车内置式永磁同步电机速度跟踪控制的研究。为电动汽车驱动电机设计了常规的基于扰动上下界的滑模速度控制器。为了抑制抖振,采用滑模观测器对扰动进行观测,将观测结果前馈至控制器内部,对驱动电机中扰动进行补偿,以降低滑模控制器中的抖振。在ECE工况下对基于上下界的滑模控制和基于观测器的控制方案进行了仿真和实验,对速度的跟踪性能和抖振的削弱性能进行了对比,结果显示负载不发生变化时速度跟踪误差由±0.08 km/h缩小到±0.01 km/h,负载发生变化时,速度跟踪误差由11.3 km/h缩小到1.6 km/h。     

永磁同步电机自抗扰反步控制

为实现永磁同步电机的高性能控制,提出一种复合控制策略。在永磁同步电机矢量控制基础上,设计反步控制器用于电流环控制,得到同步旋转坐标系下定子电压,并能保证系统全局稳定。设计结构优化的线性自抗扰控制器用于速度环控制,提高系统抗干扰能力。采用二阶环节平滑速度指令,实现转速无超调。仿真结果表明该控制策略较传统PI控制具有转速适应范围广、无超调、抗扰动性能强等优点。     

有源电力滤波器的自抗扰控制研究

针对采用PI控制器控制有源电力滤波器时存在谐波或基波电流指令而无法实现无静差调节,且数字化后会进一步增大稳态误差,使有源电力滤波器的补偿性能降低的问题,提出一种有源电力滤波器的自抗扰控制策略。该策略利用自抗扰控制器的非线性跟踪-微分器和扩张状态观测器分别处理参考输入和输出,并选择适当的状态误差,实现了对滤波的自动、精确补偿。仿真和实验结果表明,有源电力滤波器采用自抗扰控制策略后具有很强的鲁棒性、稳定性和适应性,控制性能有较大改善。     

ROBUST CONTROLLER DESIGN AND EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF I.C. ENGINE SPEED CONTROL

Presented in this paper is the robust idle speed control of a Ford 4⋅6 L V-8 fuel injected engine. The goal of this investigation is to design a robust feedback controller that maintains the idle speed within a 150 rpm tolerance about 600 rpm despite a 20 Nm step torque disturbance delivered by the power steering pump. The controlled input is the by-pass air valve which is subjected to an output saturation constraint. Issues complicating the controller design include the nonlinear nature of the engine dynamics, the induction-to-power delay of the manifold filling dynamics, and the saturation constraint of the by-pass air valve. An experimental verification of the proposed controller is included. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

增程器用天然气发动机转速双闭环自适应控制

针对增程器用天然气发动机参数不确定,输出扭矩难以精确计算,存在未知干扰,且需要大范围调速等问题,设计发动机转速的双闭环自适应控制策略,并分析系统的稳定性.所提策略的外环为发动机转速环,控制器输出为目标进气压力,内环为进气歧管压力环,控制器输出为节气门开度.该策略结构简单,不需要知道发动机各个参数的具体值,抗干扰性能强,能够满足增程器发动机大范围调速的特点.分别在Matlab/Simulink平台和增程器台架上验证了所提策略的有效性和实用性.     

典型二阶积分对象的新型控制策略

针对工业控制中常见的一类具有时滞的二阶积分对象,根据内模控制原理,提出一种新型控制策略。在该结构中,由参考模型来实现系统期望的设定值跟随响应特性,利用内模控制鲁棒性强的特点来抑制参数变化和干扰对系统的影响,从而使系统获得良好的干扰抑制特性和鲁棒性。调节参考模型参数和内模控制器参数,可使系统同时具有良好的设定值跟随特性和干扰抑制特性。仿真结果表明了方法的优越性。     

感应电动机效率优化的自抗扰控制研究

针对现有电动机效率优化控制方法存在控制算法复杂的问题,提出了一种基于改进自抗扰控制器的动态解耦控制策略。自抗扰控制器省去了微分跟踪器,采用线性的扩张状态观测器和线性状态误差反馈控制律,使控制算法得以简化。仿真和实验结果表明,该控制策略在保证电动机轻载运行时效率优化的同时,具有较强的抗干扰能力和鲁棒性,提高了效率优化过程中电动机转速的动态响应速度。