Permanent magnet synchronous motors using primarily reluctance torque

Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) are widely used in many applications as high‐performance variable‐speed drives. In traction drives, such as those used for electric vehicles or for the compressor drives of air conditioners, a wide constant‐power speed range and high‐efficiency operation are desired. The aim of this paper is to develop a high‐performance PMSM that offers high‐efficiency performance in the high‐speed region, including light‐load conditions, as well as a wide constant‐power speed range. Simulations show that the proposed interior PMSM, which produces chiefly reluctance torque and in which the permanent magnet flux assists torque production, is capable of meeting the above performance requirements. A prototype PMSM is designed in accordance with this new design concept and several drive tests are carried out. The saliency ratio of the prototype IPMSM is about 5, and, as a result, reluctance torque is the principal torque component, representing more than 70% of total torque. The prototype IPMSM can attain a constant‐power speed range of up to 5:1 with high‐efficiency drive in the high‐speed, constant‐power region. The proposed IPMSM is suitable for variable‐speed drives requiring high‐speed, constant‐power operation. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 134(3): 60–68, 2001     

改善恒流驱动电路性能的研究

分析和讨论了集成运放负反馈型恒流源的负载、温度特性以及稳定精度,得到了相当准确的解析表达式,为设计高稳定度、高可靠的恒流源电源提供了更多的信息,也为各种功率的恒流源性能优化设计提供参考.     

混合交直流电力系统的非线性调制策略

针对大扰动情形，文中提出了一种用于改善多机交直流混合电力系统（有多条直流线路落点于其中）暂态稳定性的非线性控制方法，该方法基于微分几何理论，地直流输电系统等效为两个分别连接在整流侧和逆变侧的变导纳支路，在推导出直流输电系统的等效变导纳与各发电机输出电磁功率间的解析关系后，传统的发电机动态方程可被表示成仿射非线性的形式，因而可应用全局线性化方法来求得其控制变量，本文方法的主要特点在于，所求得的调制功率是一个交流系统状态的自适应和非线性函数，它可通过局部的反馈信号和少量来自其它发电机的信号来实现，文中以一个双馈入直流输电系统为测试对象，给出了所提控制器的设计过程和基于测试系统的仿真结果。     

电力物联网环境下可实现VSG功率环鲁棒解耦的虚拟电感设计

智能配电是泛在电力物联网建设应用层的一个重要内容。虚拟同步发电机(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)是提高现行配电网间歇性能源与可变新型负荷接纳能力的一种智能配电装备。在弱电网应用场景下,VSG存在功率环耦合问题,且耦合程度与功角密切相关,会随着电网电压和频率而变化。为了在整个电网运行条件下准确实现功率支撑,需要实现VSG功率环的鲁棒解耦。虚拟电感法是主流的功率解耦方法。为此,文章提出了具有鲁棒解耦能力的虚拟电感设计方法,其可以确保VSG在电网电压和频率可变条件下始终满足解耦条件要求。首先,基于VSG的功率环小信号模型,推导出功率环之间的耦合系数解析表达式;然后,分析了耦合系数与电网电压和频率条件间的关系,提出了功率解耦设计准则,给出了虚拟电感详细设计过程;最后,通过10kVA原理样机对设计方法的正确性进行了Matlab仿真验证。     

IGBT功率模块加速老化方法综述

功率变流器的可靠性评估和寿命预测已经成为非常重要的研究课题。IGBT功率模块的大量使用在诸多领域里越来越广泛,它们的失效主要由热机械疲劳引起,而在正常工作运行时,这种疲劳老化过程很漫长。因此,为全面观察和探究功率模块的疲劳老化失效过程,需要设计加速老化试验以缩短研究周期。最普遍的老化试验方法是对器件施加热应力和电应力,对器件不断热冲击实现加速老化进程的目的。文中主要归纳分析了各种加速老化方法的目的和差别,并重点总结了功率循环加速老化方法在不同试验条件、失效方式、试验持续时间、试验电路设计、监测的电气参数和热参数等方面的不同,目的在于提出加速老化方法的一般步骤和需要考虑的问题。最后根据这些问题对加速老化方法的研究进行了展望,为IGBT功率模块乃至整个变流器系统的失效机理分析、可靠性分析、寿命预测、健康状态评估和状态监测的研究奠定了基础。     

Design considerations for the switched reluctance motor

Analytical design equations are developed to predict the performance and to guide the design of the switched reluctance motor (SRM). The use of these analytical equations to trade-off different SRM attributes is discussed. The various approximations and simplifications used in the development of the analytical design equations are justified using results obtained from a detailed computer model of the SRM and by using experimental results from a high power density SRM designed for an aircraft engine fuel pumping application. Comparisons of predicted and measured machine performance parameters for this 90 kW 25000 r/min machine, such as flux linkage curves, back EMF, electromechanical power converted, and inverter voltampere requirements are presented. It is also shown that there exists a fundamental maximum torque density that is attainable with the SRM and an estimate of this maximum torque density limit is given. The power factor for an SRM is defined and the machine parameters that determine its value are presented. This power factor is compared to the similarly defined power factor for an AC machine and found to be smaller     

发电企业智能决策支持系统

概述了电力企业资源计划ERP(Enterprise Resource Planning)存在的信息孤岛、外部约束变量设计不健全、预测的不确定性、供应链管理不协调等问题,提出利用数据仓库将发电企业中的管理信息系统MIS(Management Information System)、ERP、分散控制系统DCS(Distributed Control System)、监控信息系统SIS(Supervisory Information System)与实时数据仓库中的业务数据集成．建立发电企业智能决策支持系统1DSS(Intelligent Decision Support System)。电力IDSS是以数据仓库、联机分析处理、数据挖掘技术为基础的知识发现系统,对电力IDSS在发电企业信息化中的推广应用．将有利于提高发电企业的科学管理和决策水平。     

MODELING AND SIMULATION OF PIEZOELECTRIC MEMS ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICE

ABSTRACT

Piezoelectric MEMS power generator is used to harvest energy from the ambient vibrations in the environment. This paper proposes a structure design of MEMS power generator for low-frequency applications, which is based on bulk MEMS technology and (110) Si wafer. The structure consists of a silicon cantilever with a piezoelectric layer attached. The cantilever is modeled as an Euler-Bernoulli beam with a lumped mass beneath the tip of the cantilever, and then analytical modeling and simulations are carried out using MATLAB. Simulation results show that a tradeoff between the geometric parameters and the proof mass should be made for a high output power of the device. To increase the output power, the length of piezoelectric layer can be optimized, which is not necessarily equal to that of cantilever. Simulation results point out ways to perform the optimization of MEMS power generator. The analytical modeling and simulations are also helpful for the design of macro-scale power generator.     

混合型模块化多电平换流器解析建模与功率运行区间分析

混合型模块化多电平换流器(MMC)在远距离大容量架空线输电领域具有十分广阔的应用前景。为定量研究混合型换流器的运行特性,文中提出了混合型MMC动态解析模型和稳态解析模型的建模方法。通过稳态解析模型求解与换流器内部电气量和控制量有关的非线性方程组,实现了在任意直流电压和功率运行点下换流器运行特性的完全解析求解。对比了不同直流电压水平下,电磁暂态模型仿真结果和稳态解析模型的计算结果,验证了稳态解析模型的精确性。研究了考虑多种运行约束条件时混合型MMC的功率运行区间计算方法,尤其考虑了半桥子模块的均压约束。计算了不同直流电压水平下的功率运行区间,分析了各约束条件以及子模块电容、桥臂电抗器、桥臂子模块比例等参数对功率运行区间的影响。     

双定子混合励磁同步发电机电磁设计分析及实验研究

针对风力发电用永磁同步电机具有转速随机性较强导致端电压不稳定的特点,设计了一种双定子混合励磁同步发电机,并给出其电磁设计方法.利用三维有限元方法分析励磁电流变化时的电机空载磁场分布,并计算绕组磁链、感应电动势及电感等参数.研制了一台8极27槽样机,测试了发电机内外定子相电动势波形及空载特性.实验结果验证了理论分析的正确...     

非工频电源供电时硅钢片特性曲线测试方法

设计变频电机时,由于非工频电源供电时硅钢片的特性曲线未知,会使电机设计值与实验值之间出现误差。针对这种情况,本文提出一种实验的方法,测取不同频率下硅钢片的特性曲线,以供变频电机设计时参考。     

基于博弈论的电动汽车轮毂电机热源损耗优化

为降低具有高功率、高转矩密度等特点的电动汽车轮毂电机热源损耗,提出了基于博弈论的外转子式永磁同步轮毂电机的多目标优化设计方法。首先应用磁路法推导了电机各项损耗的解析表达式;其次以定子槽形的尺寸为设计变量,以定子铁耗、绕组铜耗、永磁体涡流损耗和电机效率为优化目标,建立电机优化设计数学模型;最后应用基于博弈论的多目标优化算法(Game Theory Optimization Algorithm,GTO),同时结合改进粒子群算法(Advanced Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm,APSO)对电机定子槽型进行优化设计,并借助有限元仿真软件进行了辅助计算。研究结果表明：相较于原设计方案,优化后电机功率损耗减少32.6%,效率提高6.12%。     

考虑高压直流输电系统无功特性的低压限流参数设置

高压直流控制系统中的低压限流(VDCOL)环节能够限制低电压下的直流电流,减少故障和恢复期间的无功需求,有助于系统恢复稳定。VDCOL控制参数的合理设置,对系统恢复性能的改善至关重要。从高压直流输电系统无功特性的角度对VDCOL参数的设置方法进行了深入研究。首先,基于VDCOL电压-电流特性,对包含VDCOL的直流输电系统运行特性进行了详细分析。在此基础上,再以VDCOL参数和交流母线电压为自变量,以直流换流站无功交换量为因变量,对VDCOL各参数范围的设置进行了解析。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC软件中的GIGRE直流模型上进行了仿真验证,仿真结果与解析结果相吻合,证明了上述解析方法的正确性和有效性。研究成果对提高高压直流输电系统稳态和动态性能均有参考意义。      

智能芯片SA866AE在变频电源中应用

介绍智能功率芯片SA866AE三相PWM波形发生器的功能、特点、工作原理及其在变频电源上的应用,提出高功率的变频电源设计方案,有效解决大功率IGBT的控制问题,并简化电路设计.     

计及需求侧管理的多电-气互联综合能源系统分散协调调度

针对电、气、热相耦合的多电-气互联综合能源系统(IEGES),将高渗透率区域和低渗透率区域作为不同的利益主体,提出一种考虑日前联络线调度计划的多IEGES分散协调调度模型。在对各区域内热电解耦热电联产机组(CHP)等元件建模的基础上,引入考虑用户满意度的需求侧管理,以经济环境效益为目标,采用目标级联分析法——将单个全局变量联络线功率分解为2个局部变量,再代入各自区域内优化元件出力计划,进行求解。在一个含3个IEGES的综合系统中对所提模型进行仿真实验,验证了所建模型和求解方法的合理性与有效性。结果表明:联络线电量交互、需求侧管理和热电解耦CHP的协调配合增强了整个系统时空源荷匹配,在经济、环境和风电消纳等方面也更具优势;基于目标级联分析法的分散协调调度更适合于未来电力市场开放环境下的多IEGES分区自治优化。     

向无源网络供电的VSC-HVDC系统的控制器设计

建立了在同步旋转坐标系下新型直流输电系统的暂态数学模型,对向无源交流网络供电的直流输电系统的控制器进行了设计。整流侧控制器由基于输入输出反馈线性化的解耦控制器和电网电压矢量定向策略构成,实现电流的解耦控制和有功功率与无功功率的独立调节。逆变侧控制器则基于换流器稳态数学模型设计了定交流电压控制器,对无源交流网络的母线电压实现控制。基于PSCAD/EMTDC的数字仿真对不同功率因数的负荷和各被控量设定值的不同阶跃变化等各种工况进行了仿真验证。研究表明,所设计的控制器结构简单,具有良好的控制性能,并便于工程应用。     

含双馈风电机的电力系统电压稳定性分岔分析

风电并网改变系统潮流,为研究风电并网对电压稳定的影响,建立含双馈异步发电机组（DFIG）风电系统的动态模型,提出一种新的处理DFIG转子控制电压值的方法.该电压控制方法将DFIG稳态转子控制电压值作为动态DFIG模型的转子控制电压值,随着系统运行状态变化而改变控制电压值.应用延拓法追踪动态负荷参数变化时系统的平衡解流形,并采用分岔理论分析动态负荷参数变化对风电系统电压稳定的影响.仿真结果表明,不同的风力机模型会使电压稳定性分析结果产生差异,且上述新的DFIG转子控制电压方法更加精确、可行.     

三相电压型整流器的LCL型滤波器分析与设计

提出了一种LCL型滤波器的新型设计方法,利用电流的纹波限制,求出了滤波器的总电感值.滤波电容使电感分为两个不对称的电感,利用电容吸收的无功功率得到了滤波电容器的值.以谐振频率这个重要参数作为中间变量,得出了关于两个不对称电感比例的二次方程,通过对方程的求解,可很容易得到滤波器的电感参数.对样例滤波器的设计过程进行了详细介绍,系统的仿真结果也证明了文中提出的设计方法是可行的.     

Development of numerical linear algebra algorithms in dynamic fixed‐point format: a case study of Lanczos tridiagonalization

Proper range and precision analysis play an important role in the development of fixed‐point algorithms for embedded system applications. Numerical linear algebra algorithms used to find singular value decomposition of symmetric matrices are suitable for signal and image‐processing applications. These algorithms have not been attempted much in fixed‐point arithmetic. The reason is wide dynamic range of data and vulnerability of the algorithms to round‐off errors. For any real‐time application, the range of the input matrix may change frequently. This poses difficulty for constant and variable fixed‐point formats to decide on integer wordlengths during float‐to‐fixed conversion process because these formats involve determination of integer wordlengths before the compilation of the program. Thus, these formats may not guarantee to avoid overflow for all ranges of input matrices. To circumvent this problem, a novel dynamic fixed‐point format has been proposed to compute integer wordlengths adaptively during runtime. Lanczos algorithm with partial orthogonalization, which is a tridiagonalization step in computation of singular value decomposition of symmetric matrices, has been taken up as a case study. The fixed‐point Lanczos algorithm is tested for matrices with different dimensions and condition numbers along with image covariance matrix. The accuracy of fixed‐point Lanczos algorithm in three different formats has been compared on the basis of signal‐to‐quantization‐noise‐ratio, number of accurate fractional bits, orthogonality and factorization errors. Results show that dynamic fixed‐point format either outperforms or performs on par with constant and variable formats. Determination of fractional wordlengths requires minimization of hardware cost subject to accuracy constraint. In this context, we propose an analytical framework for deriving mean‐square‐error or quantization noise power among Lanczos vectors, which can serve as an accuracy constraint for wordlength optimization. Error is found to propagate through different arithmetic operations and finally accumulate in the last Lanczos vector. It is observed that variable and dynamic fixed‐point formats produce vectors with lesser round‐off error than constant format. All the three fixed‐point formats of Lanczos algorithm have been synthesized on Virtex 7 field‐programmable gate array using Vivado high‐level synthesis design tool. A comparative study of resource usage and power consumption is carried out. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

ADSS光缆的机械特性

与输电线路同杆架设的ADSS光缆同传统意义上的架空光缆完全不同，ADSS光缆的机械特性参数与输电线路的适用规范基本一致，与ADSS光缆线路的设计，安装，运行密切有关。