氟表面活性剂的工业应用

介绍了氟表面活性剂的分类、结构及性质;主要综述了由于氟表面活性剂具有"三高"、"两憎"的独特性能,广泛应用于消防、皮革、石油、造纸、纺织印染及金属材料加工等工业领域,起到普通碳氢表面活性剂所不能的作用;指出了根据应用领域的不同,应从分子结构设计入手,有针对性地、有目的地研发氟表面活性剂新品种新工艺,拓展应用领域,注重氟表面活性剂与普通表面活性剂的复配研究。     

氟碳表面活性剂的应用研究进展

论述了氟碳表面活性剂的化学结构及性能,重点介绍了一般的碳氢表面活性剂难以胜任的应用领域,并分析了国内氟碳表面活性剂行业的现状及存在的问题,对其研究方向进行了展望.     

低碳醇对氟碳与碳氢表面活性剂复配体系泡沫性能的影响

普通碳氢表面活性剂与磺基甜菜碱氟碳表面活性剂(FS)相比,泡沫性能和耐油性不好。醇通常强烈地影响表面活性剂的自组织行为,醇的加入能提高表面活性剂的泡沫性能。本文采用Ross-Miles法探讨了低碳醇对FS与阴离子碳氢表面活性剂(AOS)复配体系FS/AOS泡沫性能的影响。结果表明,当甲醇、无水乙醇、异丙醇浓度分别为5%、3%、3%,复配体系FS/AOS的起泡性能和泡沫稳定性仍较好,在加入醇之后,煤油含量60%～80%时起泡性能和泡沫稳定性仍较好。不同碳数的低碳醇对复配体系泡沫性能的影响规律为:发泡性能甲醇最好、异丙醇次之、无水乙醇最差,异丙醇的稳泡性能较甲醇和无水乙醇差。     

FC/CH表面活性剂复配在电子布化学处理中的应用

论述了电子布化学处理采用氟碳表面活性剂（FC）、碳氢表面活性剂（CH）与硅烷偶联剂水解液复配的原因。并通过实例比较了采用不同的FC/CH表面活性剂进行复配对动态表面张力的影响。同时,作者研究了如何选择FC以及如何将FC/CH复配以达到动静态表面张力俱佳的效果。因此使用FC/CH表面活性剂复配能达到降低动态和静态表面张力的目的,提升电子布的处理品质。     

电子布化学处理、表面张力和助剂的应用

介绍了电子布化学处理追求高效、高质量和提高处理速度的趋势。提速后的处理工艺会使含有电介质的阳离子硅烷水乳液(即处理剂)处于一个"沸腾"的高动态的工况。得出:采用各种提高润湿性的手段,不能仅从静态表面张力上考虑,要兼顾动态表面张力。其工况与轻水泡沫灭火机的原理类同,选用氟素表面活性剂和碳氢表面活性剂的合理复配,从而获得最佳效果。对CCL生产企业,在半固化片生产中若也能实施氟素和碳氢表面活性剂的复配应用,应该可将PP(半固化片)的鱼目、白斑缺陷降低,大大提高PP的成品率。     

一种全氟辛基两性磷酸酯氟碳表面活性剂的复配研究

对一种全氟辛基两性磷酸酯氟碳表面活性剂协同作用进行了研究,考察了该表面活性剂与无机盐、阴离子碳氢表面活性剂、阴离子氟碳表面活性剂和非离子氟碳表面活性剂的复配性能,并对结果进行了讨论。研究表明:该两性磷酸酯氟碳表面活性剂自身表面张力为24.0 mN/m;电解质氯化钠对该两性磷酸酯氟碳表面活性剂影响显著,可使表面张力下降到22.4 mN/m;阴离子碳氢表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)可使表面张力降至21.4 mN/m;阴离子氟碳表面活性剂全氟丁基磺酸钾和四乙基全氟辛基磺酸铵分别使表面张力降至20.9 mN/m和20.2 mN/m;而非离子氟碳表面活性剂N-乙基-N-聚氧乙烯(9)醚-全氟辛基磺酰胺能使表面张力降至20.9 mN/m。     

颗粒稳定乳液和泡沫体系的原理和应用(Ⅳ)——颗粒与表面活性剂的协同作用对泡沫稳定性的影响

综述了颗粒和表面活性剂复配体系对气/水界面稳定性的影响。重点阐述了纳米颗粒与不同类型表面活性剂之间的协同效应及其对分散液发泡性和泡沫稳定性的影响,并且简要介绍了气/水界面上蛋白质和表面活性剂的竞争吸附效应,最后对颗粒和表面活性剂复配体系的优点进行了概括总结。     

辛硫磷微乳剂浊点的影响因素分析

配制了10％辛硫磷微乳剂,研究了体系中复配表面活性剂、助表面活性剂及电解质对微乳剂浊点的影响.结果表明:可用浊点法筛选出HLB值较高的表面活性剂,再结合微乳剂性能指标确定出适合体系的复配表面活性剂.微乳剂的浊点随复配表面活性剂中非离子表面活性剂含量的增多而升高,但制剂冷贮稳定性能下降.助表面活性剂的种类和含量对微乳剂浊...     

Gemini表面活性剂复配体系研究进展

Gemini表面活性剂的特殊结构使其具有独特的优越性能,在不同的表面活性剂复配体系中表现了潜在的应用价值。文章简要介绍了Gemini表面活性剂的结构与性质,综述了近几年各类Gemini表面活性剂复配体系的发展现状,发现Gemini表面活性剂的存在可使复配体系有更强的协同作用。最后概括了表面活性剂复配体系的应用并对表面活性剂复配体系的发展趋势做了展望。     

基于短碳链氟碳表面活性剂合成及复配性能测试

合成了一种以短碳链全氟丁基磺酰氟为基础的氟碳表面活性剂,并通过IR、19FNMR、1HNMR等对其进行结构表征,证明合成产物为目标产物,并选用称重法测得产物的表面张力为17.05mN/m,cmc为1.12%。通过氟碳-碳氢表面活性剂的复配,极大地降低了其复配体系的表面张力和cmc,为短碳链氟碳表面活性剂在水成膜灭火剂中的应用提供理论支持。     

Synergistic solubilization of decafluorobiphenyl by micelles of fluorocarbon surfactants

Solubilization of decafluorobiphenyl (FBIP) by surfactants in aqueous solution was examined to investigate the properties of micelles composed of surfactants having a per-fluorocarbon chain. Fluorocarbon surfactants solubilize FBIP better than hydrocarbon surfactants. Significant solubilization by fluorocarbon surfactants was observed upon addition of salt. Highly synergistic solubilization of FBIP using surfactant mixtures was also observed for fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon surfactants in the presence of salt. The high solubilization ability of surfactants can be attributed to micelle growth. A simple geometrical consideration of molecular packing in micelles revealed that the characteristic micelle is composed of bulky fluorocarbon chains. The solubilization behavior accompanied by micelle growth would be closely associated with a change in interfacial contact area between the micelle core and bulk water. The behavior of fluorescence intensity of micelle-solubilized FBIP also indicated a change in micropolarity of fluorocarbon micelles accompanied by micelle growth.     

Experimental Study on Foam Properties of Mixed Systems of Silicone and Hydrocarbon Surfactants

Silicone surfactants are inevitably involved in industrial applications in combination with hydrocarbon surfactants, but properties of the mixtures of silicone and hydrocarbon surfactants have received little attention, especially foam properties of the mixtures. In this study, aqueous solutions of respective binary mixtures of a nonionic silicone surfactant with anionic, cationic, and nonionic hydrocarbon surfactants were prepared for evaluation of their foam properties. Surface tension of aqueous solutions of the mixtures were measured with the maximum bubble pressure method. Foaming ability and foam stability of the mixtures were then evaluated with the standard Ross–Miles method. The findings show that the addition of the silicone surfactant results in a decrease in surface tension for aqueous solutions of the hydrocarbon surfactants. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the hydrocarbon surfactants is also changed by the additive silicone surfactant. Additionally, clear foam synergistic effects were observed in the mixtures of silicone and hydrocarbon surfactants, regardless of the ionic types of the hydrocarbon surfactant. The foam stability of the hydrocarbon surfactant was shown to generally improve with the increasing concentration of the silicone surfactant. Even so, aqueous solutions of different ionic hydrocarbon surfactants in the presence of the silicone surfactant will give different foam stabilities. The results of the present study are meant to provide guidance for the practical application of foams generated by the mixtures of the silicone and hydrocarbon surfactants.     

Properties and applications of amphoteric surfactant: A concise review

Amphoteric surfactants have long hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain and hydrophilic positive as well as negative charged center connected with each other by a spacer group. Thus, this type of surfactant maintains overall charged neutrality. The properties of amphoteric surfactants depend primarily on the length of the hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain, the number of methylene segments in the spacer, the positive and negative charged groups, and their relative position. The ionic activity of amphoteric surfactants is influenced according to the pH value of the solvent. They display cationic behavior below the isoelectric points and anionic behavior at a higher pH. They take the shape of zwitterions in the area of the isoelectric point. In fact, amphoteric surfactants can be parted into pH-sensitive and pH-insensitive surfactants. The pH-insensitive surfactants stay as zwitterionic form irrespective of the pH of the solution. This surfactant has some unique features because of its precise molecular structure as follows: high water solubility, high surface activities, a wide isoelectric range, low critical micelle concentration (CMC), high foam stability, low toxicity, low irritating, excellent biodegradability, bioactivity, interface change, and so on. Because of these special characteristics, amphoteric surfactants have been immensely interested in many applications in the scientific community, including cosmetics, chromatography, enhanced oil recovery, electrochemistry, nanoscience, polymer chemistry, and waste water treatment. This review aims to study about amphoteric surfactants, which have only one hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail and two oppositely charged hydrophilic headgroups connected with each other by a spacer group and its properties, applications in various academics and industrial fields.     

Bitumen–solids attachment induced by cation activation

Interactions between negatively charged bitumen and fine solids under oil sands extraction conditions were simulated using mature fine tailings (MFT) and hydrocarbon oil with dissolved carboxylic acids. Their attachment induced by cation activation was evaluated with different types of cations by simple dynamic attachment tests. The results revealed that solid hydrophobization by adsorbing surfactants was key for oil–solid attachment. Activation by multivalent metal cations was due to surface precipitation of metal hydroxides, followed by chemisorbing anionic surfactants on metal-activated solids to form metal carboxylate complexes/precipitates, thereby hydrophobizing the solids. Activation by cationic surfactants depended on their hydrocarbon chain lengths. For short hydrocarbon chains, where hydrophobic interaction is weaker than electrostatic interaction between the added cationic and anionic surfactants, the added cations promote the adsorption of anionic surfactants by electrostatic interaction to render the solids hydrophobic. For long hydrocarbon chains where hydrophobic interaction is stronger than electrostatic interaction between the added cationic and anionic surfactants, the adsorption of anionic surfactants occurs through the hydrophobic association of the hydrocarbon chains, posing the head group towards water, thereby making the solids less hydrophobic. Activation by cationic flocculants was purely physical (hydrogen bonding and electrostatic): when the solids were turned positive by the added cationic flocculants, the added anionic surfactants then adsorbed onto the solids to render them hydrophobic. It appeared that soluble multivalent metal species (e.g., Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺) were much less harmful to bitumen extraction than those heavy metals coated on the solids, either in the form of surface precipitates or hydrolyzed ionic species.     

树枝状聚醚表面活性剂的合成与性质

以1.0G乙二胺为核的树状大分子聚酰胺-胺为起始剂,氢氧化钾为催化剂,分别与环氧丙烷(PO)、环氧乙烷(EO)反应合成了一系列二嵌段树枝状聚醚表面活性剂(DPE)。采用端基滴定法测定了产品的羟值,并根据理论结构计算出聚醚的相对分子质量;通过吊环法测定聚醚的表面张力,并探讨了化学结构对其性能的影响。结果表明这类具有新型化学结构的聚醚具有良好的表面活性,树枝状聚醚的表面活性随PO比率的提高而增强,而当聚醚的结构(EO/PO)相同时,相对分子质量对其表面活性的影响不大。     

Mixed Micelles of Trisiloxane Based Silicone and Hydrocarbon Surfactants Systems in Aqueous Media: Dilute Aqueous Solution Phase Diagrams, Surface Tension Isotherms, Dilute Solution Viscosities, Critical Micelle Concentrations and Application of Regular Solution Theory

Mixtures of trisiloxane type nonionic silicone surfactant (SS) with sodium dodecylsulfate, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide or tert-octylphenol ethoxylated with 9.5 ethylene oxide groups were studied in water at 30 °C by dilute aqueous solution phase diagrams, surface tension and dilute solution viscosity methods. The cloud points for the silicone surfactant aqueous solutions increased upon addition of hydrocarbon surfactants indicating the formation of hydrophilic complexes in mixture solutions. The scrutiny of the surface tension isotherms plotted as a function of SS concentration revealed that competitive adsorption effects are the characteristic features in these mixtures depending upon the SS concentration. Otherwise the isotherms exhibited two break points and the difference of concentration between the two break points increased with the increase in SS concentration indicating the cooperative nature of interactions. The micellar mole fractions of individual surfactants were determined by Rublingh's regular solution theory; interaction parameters and activity coefficients were evaluated and interpreted in terms of synergistic type interactions in these mixtures. The surface active parameters in mixture solutions were estimated and their analysis shows that the molecular species in the mixture solutions have a preferential tendency for adsorption at the air/water interface than in association form in the bulk solution. The effect of hydrocarbon surfactants on the intrinsic viscosity of SS micelles was monitored and related to the enhanced hydration in mixed micelles.     

Synthesis and Properties of pH-Dependent Gemini Surfactants Containing Multiple Carboxyl Groups

A series of Gemini surfactants N,N″-dialkyl-N,N′,N″-tripropionate diethylenetriamine (referred as DTPDT-n, where n is the length of the hydrocarbon chain, n = 10, 12, 14) were synthesized, which have three carboxylic head-groups and two hydrophobic alkane chains. The products were characterized by means of nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. The physicochemical properties of DTPDT-n surfactants with different hydrocarbon chain lengths were studied such as isoelectric point, surface activities, emulsifying properties, and foam properties. It is showed that these compounds exhibit pH-dependent protonation-deprotonation behavior. The isoelectric points of DTPDT-n surfactants are between 3.40 and 10.90. The critical micellar concentration (cmc) of all three surfactants are lower than the corresponding monomeric surfactants (single head group, single-chain), especially DTPDT-14, whose cmc can reach 2.29 × 10⁻⁵ mol/L. With an increase in the length of the alkyl chain, the solubility of the surfactants decreases and the surface tension of the three surfactants at cmc increases. In consideration of pH, all of three surfactants appear better emulsifying capacity and foaming property under weak alkaline conditions. DTPDT-14 has the best performance of emulsifying capacity among the three surfactants. DTPDT-10 has excellent foaming ability and foam stability.     

Synthesis and Characterization of A-B-A-Type Nonionic Dimeric Dispersants for Pigment Dispersion

An acid-catalyzed esterification method was employed to synthesize five A-B-A-type nonionic dimeric surfactants (XOP-3, XOP-4, XOP-6, XOP-9, and XOP-10) comprising of octyl phenyl ether (OP-10) and a homologous series of α, ω-dicarboxylic acids (C_3, C_4, C_6, C_9, and C₁₀) as the spacer molecules. The various surfactants produced were characterized based on Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, mass spectra (MS), and ¹H NMR spectra. The newly synthesized series of surfactants were used for the dispersion of Hostaperm Pink E (Pigment Red 122) in an ultrasonic disruptor. Based on the selected pigment, the interfacial, colloidal, and rheological properties of the pigment dispersion were examined. The dispersion performances and properties of the surfactants produced differed based on the number of carbon atoms in hydrocarbon chains of the various spacer molecules. Due to this, surfactants created with short to moderate hydrocarbon chain spacer molecules exhibited a better dispersion performance than that of surfactants created with long hydrocarbon chain spacer molecules. The calculated cross-sectional area values of the various surfactants synthesized confirmed their differences in dispersion performance and properties.