Application of Different Molecular Techniques for Characterization of Catalase‐Positive Cocci Isolated from Sucuk

This study was carried out for the characterization and discrimination of the indigenous Gram positive, catalase‐positive cocci (GCC) population in sucuk, a traditional Turkish dry‐fermented sausage. Sucuk samples, produced by the traditional method without starter culture were collected from 8 local producers in Kayseri/Turkey and a total of 116 GCC isolates were identified by using different molecular techniques. Two different molecular fingerprinting methods; namely, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA‐PCR (RAPD‐PCR) and repetitive extragenic palindrome‐PCR (rep‐PCR), were used for the clustering of isolates and identification at species level was carried out by full length sequencing of 16S rDNA. Combining the results obtained from molecular fingerprinting and 16S rDNA sequencing showed that the dominant GCC species isolated from the sucuk samples was Staphylococcus saprophyticus followed by Staphylococcus succinus and Staphylococcus equorum belonging to the Staphylococcus genus. Real‐time PCR DNA melting curve analysis and high‐resolution melting (HRM) analysis targeting the V1 + V3 regions of 16S rDNA were also applied for the discrimination of isolates belonging to different species. It was observed statistically different Tm values and species‐specific HRM profiles for all except 2 species (S. saprophyticus and Staphylococcus xylosus) that have high 16S rDNA sequence similarity. The combination of rep‐PCR and/or PCR‐RAPD with 16S rRNA gene sequencing was an efficient approach for the characterization and identification of the GCC population in spontaneously fermented sucuk. On the other hand, intercalating dye assays were found to be a simple and very promising technique for the differentiation of the GCC population at species level.     

Evaluation of genetic markers for identifying isolates of the species of the genus Fusarium

BACKGROUND: Members of the genus Fusarium are well known as one of the most important plant pathogens causing food spoilage and loss worldwide. Moreover, they are associated with human and animal diseases through contaminated foods because they produce mycotoxins. To control fungal hazards of plants, animals and humans, there is a need for a rapid, easy and accurate identification system of Fusarium isolates with molecular methods. RESULTS: To specify genes appropriate for identifying isolates of various Fusarium species, we sequenced the 18S rRNA gene (rDNA), internal transcribed spacer region 1, 5.8S rDNA, 28S rDNA, β‐tubulin gene (β‐tub), and aminoadipate reductase gene (lys2), and subsequently calculated the nucleotide sequence homology with pair‐wise comparison of all tested strains and inferred the ratio of the nucleotide substitution rates of each gene. Inter‐species nucleotide sequence homology of β‐tub and lys2 ranged from 83.5 to 99.4% and 56.5 to 99.0%, respectively. The result indicated that sequence homologies of these genes against reference sequences in a database have a high possibility of identifying unknown Fusarium isolates when it is more than 99.0%, because these genes had no inter‐species pair‐wise combinations that had 100% homologies. Other markers often showed 100% homology in inter‐species pair‐wise combinations. The nucleotide substitution rate of lys2 was the highest among the six genes. CONCLUSION: The lys2 is the most appropriate genetic marker with high resolution for identifying isolates of the genus Fusarium among the six genes we examined in this study. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Reliability of Listeria monocytogenes Identification by Specific PCR Assessed by Phenotypic and Genotypic Techniques

This study evaluates the possibility of using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for rapid identification of food-borne Listeria monocytogenes as an alternative to API Listeria system and estimates the incidence of API Listeria misidentifications in food-borne Listeria species. A total of 198 strains, 11 L. monocytogenes, 28 other Listeria species, and 159 food isolates were phenotypically and genotypically characterized by API Listeria profiles and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiles, respectively. They were also tested for PCR amplification using genus- and species-specific primers. Clustering analysis of phenotypic and genotypic data showed discrepancies in species identification of some isolates by API Listeria profiles. Their identities were confirmed by 16S rDNA sequencing, and thus, it was revealed that 33% of Listeria innocua and 19% of Listeria welshimeri were misidentified as L. monocytogenes by API Listeria profiles. Reliable identification of L. monocytogenes was obtained by LM1–LM2 specific primers which allowed PCR amplification only in reference strains and isolates previously identified as L. monocytogenes by RAPD and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. These results corroborate the suitability of specific PCR as a rapid and accurate test for the identification of L. monocytogenes, avoiding misidentification with other Listeria species commonly found in food products.     

Application of magnetic polymethacrylate‐based microspheres for the isolation of DNA from raw vegetables and processed foods of plant origin

A method for the microextraction of DNA from raw vegetables and highly processed foods of plant origin suitable for PCR analysis was developed. It is based on non‐selective binding of DNA in the presence of PEG 6,000/NaCl to hydrophilic magnetic nonporous poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate‐co‐glycidyl methacrylate) ‐ P(HEMA‐co‐GMA) microspheres covered by carboxyl groups. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) by in‐house designed primers targeting a highly repetitive rDNA locus allowed for detection of plant DNAs in a wide range of concentrations (0.1 pg/μL to 10 ng/μL). The described procedure is fast and simple. We further demonstrate that relatively mild acidic treatment of vegetable at elevated temperatures resulted in a dramatic reduction of PCR efficiency indicating extensive degradation of DNA during pickling. The described method is suitable for the analysis of highly degraded DNA from pickled food products.

Practical applications

DNA‐based methods, such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), represent an important genetic approach for identification of plant species composition of foods. DNA from processed foods varies in both quality and quantity between the protocols used. Plant samples are generally characterised by a complex composition containing various inhibitors of PCR. Current methods have been tailored for specific samples while no universal protocol is available. Development of a simple universal procedure leading to PCR‐ready DNA would be beneficial. Isolation strategies based on solid phase systems have become popular for PCR‐ready DNA isolations from complex matrices. Here we applied magnetic hydrophilic P(HEMA‐co‐GMA) microspheres to extract DNA from raw vegetables and highly processed foods of plant origin. Proposed small scale PCR‐ready DNA extraction protocol was comparable with a silica‐based DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen) and classical CTAB extraction methods in quality and amplificability of DNA while it is less costly and time consuming.     

Culture‐Based and Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis Analysis of the Bacterial Community from Chungkookjang,a Traditional Korean Fermented Soybean Food

Abstract: The bacterial community of Chungkookjang and raw rice‐straw collected from various areas in South Korea was investigated using both culture‐dependent and culture‐independent methods. Pure cultures were isolated from Chungkookjang and raw rice‐straw on tryptic soy agar plates with 72 to 121 colonies and identified by 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis, respectively. The traditional culture‐based method and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of PCR‐amplified 16S rDNA confirmed that Pantoea agglomerans and B. subtilis were identified as predominant in the raw rice‐straw and Chungkookjang, respectively, from Iljuk district of Gyeonggi province, P. ananatis and B. licheniformis were identified as predominant in the raw rice‐straw and Chungkookjang from Wonju district of Gangwon province, and Microbacterium sp. and B. licheniformis were identified as predominant in the raw rice‐straw and Chungkookjang from Sunchang district of Jeolla province. Other strains, such as Bacillus, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, and uncultured bacteria were also present in raw rice‐straw and Chungkookjang. Practical Application: A comprehensive analysis of these microorganisms would provide a more detailed understanding of the biologically active components of Chungkookjang and help improve its quality. Polymerase chain reaction‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis can be successfully applied to a fermented food to detect unculturable or more species than the culture‐dependent method. This technique is an effective and convenient culture‐independent method for studying the bacterial community in Chungkookjang. In this study, the bacterial community of Chungkookjang collected from various areas in South Korea was investigated using both culture‐dependent and culture‐independent methods.     

Development of Molecular Typing Methods for Bacillus spp. and Paenibacillus spp. Isolated from Fluid Milk Products

Bacillus spp. and related sporeformers are important food spoilage organisms. While use of molecular subtyping methods has provided important information on the ecology and transmission of foodborne pathogens, the lack of rapid, reliable, and affordable subtyping methods for Bacillus spp. has limited our ability to understand and control their transmission throughout the food chain. We used a previously described collection of Bacillus spp. and Paenibacillus spp. isolated from dairy products to develop a DNA sequencing‐based subtyping approach for these spoilage microorganisms. After optimization of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) parameters, primers targeting the rpoB housekeeping gene allowed for successful amplification in all isolates. rpoB sequencing allowed differentiation of 29 subtypes (that is, sequence types) among the 57 isolates characterized. Phylogenetic analyses of rpoB sequences revealed distinct monophyletic lineages that correlated with bacterial genera (Bacillus and Paenibacillus) as well as with species or species‐like assemblages within each genus. rpoB sequencing provided improved subtype discrimination over 16S rDNA sequencing; therefore, rpoB sequencing allows for both sensitive subtype discrimination as well as for species and genus identification. Analysis of subtypes isolated over time in dairy products revealed the presence of both persistent and transient bacterial subtypes, indicating that application of these methods can improve our understanding of the ecology of these spoilage organisms and can help in identification of bacterial niches that may contribute to the persistence of these spoilage organisms in food systems.     

Distribution of Candida in the oral cavity and its differentiation based on the internally transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of rDNA

This study aimed to determine the distribution of Candida species in the oral cavity and differentiate the species based on PCR amplification, including HinfI and MspI digestion, in order to assess the effectiveness of using the rDNA region for species identification. Samples from saliva as well as palate, tongue and cheek mucosa surfaces were collected from 45 individuals, consisting of three groups: periodontal disease patients; denture‐wearers; and the control group. The samples were serially diluted, spread on BHI and YPD agar plates and scored for colony‐forming units (CFUs). Fifteen random candidal colonies were isolated and subjected to genomic DNA extraction, based on glass beads disruption. Four primers were used to amplify regions in the rDNA, and the ITSI‐5.8S‐ITSII PCR product was digested by HinfI and MspI restriction enzymes. The microbial loads on all sites of the denture‐wearers were found to be significantly higher than control, while in the periodontal disease group only the microbial loads on the tongue were significantly higher than control. Meanwhile, there was no significant difference at other sites. The restriction fragment lengths of the clinical samples were compared to those of seven control species, allowing the differentiation of all seven species and the identification of 14 species from the clinical samples. The MspI restriction digest was not able to distinguish between C. albicans and C. dubliniensis, whereas the HinfI digest could not distinguish between C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis. It was concluded that PCR–RFLP of the candidal rDNA region has potential for species identification. This study demonstrates the potential use of candidal rDNA as a means for identifying Candida species, based on genotype. The results also indicate the possibility of constructing genetic probes that target specific restriction fragments in the ITSI‐5.8S‐ITSII region, enabling swift and precise identification of Candida species. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种快速鉴定细菌的方法

16S rDNA基因同源性分析是一种常用的细菌分子鉴定方法,16S rDNA基因的扩增需要细菌染色体DNA作为模板。传统的细菌染色体DNA提取方法费时费力,限制了细菌分子鉴定的规模化。文中建立了1种新的快速高效的细菌染色体DNA提取方法,整个提取过程仅耗时20min,从而使得细菌的快速鉴定成为可能。用该方法制备的染色体DNA无需任何处理即可作为模板用于PCR扩增细菌的16S rDNA基因,并获得了良好的扩增结果以及扩增产物的测序结果。     

Identification of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in bakery products by PCR amplification of the ITS region of ribosomal DNA

 A non-conventional sensitive and specific method for the detection of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in food is proposed. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) led to the identification of this yeast in some commercial bakery products. The comparative use of two methods of clean-up of DNA from Triticum spp., S. cerevisiae and some foods shows an improvement in extraction yield for the phenol-free method. Analysis of some sequences of ribosomal genes shows different amplified products for Triticum and S. cerevisiae. Internal transcribed spacer amplification (ITS₁/ITS₄) produced a single band of about 650 and 800 bp for Triticum and S. cerevisiae, respectively. ITS₁/ITS₂ universal fungal primers gave a single band of about 300 and 450 bp for Triticum and S. cerevisiae, respectively. Both amplification products are able to distinguish between the yeast and the DNA from T. aestivum and T. durum, showing polymorphism in the ITS₁ region. Amplification on two primers designed using the sequence of the ITS₁ region of S. cerevisiae rDNA (SC₁/SC₂) led to a single band of 300 bp, species-specific for the yeast. These primers enabled an unambiguous distinction between fermented foods containing S. cerevisiae and those leavened by baking powders to be made. We suggest that this PCR assay could be used for quality control and for the trace detection of S. cerevisiae as a potential food allergen. Received: 7 January 1999     

Recent advances in heterocyclic aromatic amines: An update on food safety and hazardous control from food processing to dietary intake

Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) as probable carcinogenic substances are mainly generated in meat products during thermal processing. Numerous studies have contributed to the analysis, formation, and mitigation of HAAs during food processing. However, few articles have comprehensively reviewed food safety aspects from both food processing and dietary intake regarding the formation, mitigation, metabolism, biomarkers for exposure, hazard control, and risk assessment of HAAs, and related food safety researches. Several factors may influence the generation of HAAs, including processing temperature, processing time, and chemical composition of the meat. Nonetheless, these mutagenic compounds are attenuated to different levels by the addition of natural or synthetic flavorings and antioxidant‐rich marinades, as well as pretreatments using technique such as microwave heating. After dietary intake, different types of HAAs are metabolized in humans by several enzymes, including cytochrome P450s, peroxidases, N‐acetyltransferases, sulfotransferases, uridine diphosphate‐glucuronosyltransferases, and glutathione S‐transferases. Their primary metabolites are further conjugated with DNA or ultimately excreted in urine and feces. The 2‐amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine in hair as well as DNA, hemoglobin, and serum albumin adducts has been considered as biomarkers for exposure assessment. Dietary intake information obtained from questionnaires and the results of epidemiological investigations have shown a positive relationship between the intakes of red meat and processed meat and high risk of cancer incidence. As several cancers have been reported to be associated with HAAs, HAAs should be both effectively reduced during food processing and controlled from dietary intake to facilitate human health.     

Determination of fruit origin by using 26S rDNA fingerprinting of yeast communities by PCR–DGGE: preliminary application to Physalis fruits from Egypt

The determination of geographical origin is a demand of the traceability system of import–export food products. One hypothesis for tracing the source of a product is by global analysis of the microbial communities of the food and statistical linkage of this analysis to the geographical origin of the food. For this purpose, a molecular technique employing 26S rDNA profiles generated by PCR–DGGE was used to detect the variation in yeast community structures of three species of Physalis fruit (Physalis ixocarpa Brat, Physalis pubescens L, Physalis pruinosa L) from four Egyptian regions (Qalyoubia, Minufiya, Beheira and Alexandria Governments). When the 26S rDNA profiles were analysed by multivariate analysis, distinct microbial communities were detected. The band profiles of Physalis yeasts from different Governments were specific for each location and could be used as a bar code to discriminate the origin of the fruits. This method is a new traceability tool which provides fruit products with a unique biological bar code and makes it possible to trace back the fruits to their original location. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A novel real-time polymerase chain reaction method for the qualitative detection of pistachio in food

In order to provide an appropriate method for the detection of pistachio (Pistacia vera) in food products, a novel real-time PCR was developed. The pistachio-specific primers and the TaqMan fluorogenic probe were designed to target the internal transcribed spacer between 18S ribosomal RNA and 5.8S ribosomal RNA genes. Using dilutions of the pistachio DNA, the intrinsic detection limit of the method was determined to be 0.012 pg. At specificity testing, the method was positive for 11 pistachio varieties and negative for 26 plant and animal species used in food industry. A detection limit of 0.0004% (w/w) was determined for pistachio nuts in model pastry. Practical applicability of the elaborated method was tested by the analysis of 44 food samples, out of which 7 food products were identified as containing undeclared pistachio. The developed real-time PCR may be utilized for sensitive and selective detection of pistachio in food products.     

Species identification of red and brown seaweeds using ITS ribosomal DNA amplification and RFLP patterns

The identity of five macroalgae used as sea vegetables or food ingredients has been determined by amplification of the ribosomal DNA ITS region and RFLP analysis. This allows the detection of specificity patterns for each species and provides an alternative method, when morphological or biochemical methods fail, for control of their use as food ingredients. Alga‐specific PCR primers have been used to determine the ITS rDNA sequences of DNAs extracted from dried and ground algae up to 5 years old. The seaweeds studied were the red algae Palmaria palmata (dulse), Porphyra umbilicalis (nori), and Chondrus crispus (pioca) and the brown algae Himanthalia elongata (sea spaghetti) and Laminaria sp (konbu). Total genomic DNA suitable for amplification was extracted from the alga powder following the CTAB method. This methodology allowed the sequencing of the amplified product and the drawing of theoretical restriction maps useful in the choice of restriction enzymes for RFLP analysis. Enzymes that appeared useful included Mbo I and Alu I. Cutting with a single enzyme was sufficient to obtain characteristic patterns for the red algae P palmata, P umbilicalis and C crispus. For the two brown algae H elongata and Laminaria sp the ITS rDNA sequence showed a lack of suitable restriction site, contrary to other species for which characteristic patterns were obtained. © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

Species identification of Wickerhamomyces anomalus and related taxa using β‐tubulin (β‐tub) DNA barcode marker

Wickerhamomyces anomalus is used in food and feed processing, although the species has been reported as an opportunistic human pathogen, predominantly in neonates. Neither phenotypic nor the most frequently applied genotypic marker (D1/D2 LSU ribosomal DNA) provide sufficient resolution for accurate identification of this yeast. In this study, the β‐tubulin gene was used for species identification by direct DNA sequencing and as marker in a species‐specific PCR assay. The results showed that all examined W. anomalus strains were clearly distinguished from the closely related species by comparative sequence analysis of the β‐tubulin gene. In addition, the species‐specific primers were also developed based on the β‐tubulin gene, which was employed for polymerase chain reaction with the template DNA of Wickerhamomyces strains. A single 218 bp species‐specific band was found only in W. anomalus. Our data indicate that the phylogenetic relationships between these strains are easily resolved by sequencing of the β‐tubulin gene and combined with species‐specific PCR assay. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Differentiation of Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium botulinum from non‐toxigenic clostridia,isolated from prepared and frozen foods by PCR‐DAN based methods

During the elaboration process of prepared and frozen foods, Clostridium sp. have been reported. From those microorganisms, C. perfringensand C. botulinum may pose a high risk for the consumers. To avoid these pathogenic organisms an HACCP program should be implemented, but in addition sensitive and moderately time consuming microbiological methods for monitoring C. perfringens and C. boulinum should be established. In this work, an RFLP analysis of the 16S rDNA will be developed to differentiate C. perfringens from other Clostridium sp. In addition, a PCR protocol, will be assayed to detect C. botulinum. Both two methods will be compared with biochemical characterization by API system. The restriction analysis of the 16S rDNA with Taq I and RsaI showed at least the same sensitivity to differentiate C. perfringensfrom clostridial isolates as biochemical identification. However, the former method takes only 8–10 h of analysis as compared with 24–48 h required for biochemical characterization. With the specific PCR protocol to detect C. botulinum a band of 1.1 kbp was obtained derived from the specific amplification of BoNT genes, taking 6–8 h for analysis. Both two molecular DNA based methods should be considered as verification techniques of pathogenic clostridia in the HACCP program.     

PCR‐Based Differentiation and Homology of Brewing and Type Strains of the Genus Saccharomyces

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns of PCR‐amplified ribosomal RNA gene fragments (rDNA) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) were applied for the analysis of 15 brewing and 6 related yeast strains of the genus Saccharomyces. One five‐base (ScrFI) and two four‐base cutting (HaeIII, MspI) restriction enzymes were used. The primers 21 and M13 core sequence were selected for RAPD analysis. PCR‐RFLP rDNA analysis with HaeIII, ScrFI and MspI differentiated the strains tested into four, five and four types of patterns, respectively and the analyses of the profiles showed 100% homology, between the yeast strains. One strain was an exception. Homological groups were observed for strains used in breweries globally, from a local production strain and from the isolates identified as S. cerevisiae. Using RAPD analysis, and according to discrete differences in the profiles, it was possible to divide twenty one strains into 15 and 20 groups with primer 21 and M13 respectively. RFLP‐PCR rDNA analysis was used to show similarities in closely related brewing strains, while RAPD analysis was used for differentiation of strains.     

Application of polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and lab‐on‐a‐chip capillary electrophoresis for the specific identification of game and domestic meats

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to adapt and improve previously published polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) methods aimed at the identification of game and domestic meats, by replacing the gel electrophoretic steps for DNA fragment analysis by a chip‐based capillary electrophoresis system. RESULTS: PCR amplification of a mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene fragment and subsequent digestion of the amplicons with either MseI or a combination of MboII, BslI, and ApoI endonucleases generated characteristic PCR‐RFLP profiles that allowed discrimination among ten relevant game and domestic meat species. The Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer utilises capillary electrophoresis on a microchip device that is capable of rapidly sizing DNA fragments, offering a valuable recent development for the analysis of complex DNA banding patterns. CONCLUSION: Results obtained in this work indicated that banding resolution on the system was sensitive, with detection of some small DNA fragments that were not observed with the published conventional PCR‐RFLP gel‐based method. Therefore, the new faster and easy handling procedure provides an additional powerful tool that can be employed for meat speciation. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Use of PCR‐DHPLC (Polymerase Chain Reaction—Denaturing High Performance Liquid Chromatography) for the Rapid Differentiation of Industrial Saccharomyces pastorianus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strains

Strain specific detection and control of Saccharomyces pastorianus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae starter cultures is of great importance for the fermentation industry. The preconditions of strain specific fermentation characteristics can be ensured by periodic analysis and confirmation of the strain identity. With regard to industrial S. pastorianus and S. cerevisiae strains and a focus on brewing strains, the differentiation methods most available are time‐consuming and not very discriminative. In this work PCR‐DHPLC analysis was investigated as a novel approach for the differentiation of industrially used S. pastorianus and S. cerevisiae strains. The PCR‐DHPLC‐system was specific for S. cerevisiae strains and S. pastorianus hybrid strains that contain IGS2 rDNA, which originates from the S. cerevisiae ancestor. For the DNA of 177 strains of 41 non‐target species, which are typical for beverage and fermentation surroundings, the absence of PCR‐amplificates could be confirmed by DHPLC analysis. It was shown that single strains of S. cerevisiae and S. pastorianus could be differentiated. A strain specific differentiation within the group of top‐fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains could also be performed. For the group of bottom fermenting S. pastorianus brewing strains, strain‐to‐strain specific differences in the DHPLC chromatograms could be observed which can be used to differentiate and to compare two single strains with each other, although the comparison of chromatograms of an unknown S. pastorianus strain with a set of known S. pastorianus chromatograms could only reveal tendencies towards grouping into types. The differential DHPLC chromatogram characteristics (fluorescence intensities, number of peaks/side‐peaks/peak‐shoulders) within S. pastorianus are present, but not as distinctive as for S. cerevisiae. Additionally PCR‐DHPLC has advantages compared to other differentiation methods, such as species specificity, speed (2.5 h for one sample) and precision with the described limits.     

食源亚历山大藻核糖体DNA分子特征及其产毒特性的遗传差异

亚历山大藻可代谢产生麻痹性贝毒素,对人类健康和食品安全造成严重威胁。以核糖体DNA为研究对象,利用生物信息学及计算机分析软件对食源亚历山大藻核糖体DNA的分子特征进行分析,并且对亚历山大藻的产毒特性进行遗传差异研究。聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）扩增亚历山大藻核糖体18S rDNA-28S rDNA区域,利用DNAdist计算5.8S rDNA-ITS区域序列间距离值序数,同时,利用PCR-限制性片段长度多态性（restricted fragment length polymorphisms,RFLP）技术,对核糖体18S rDNA-28S rDNA进行测序分析,选择限制性内切酶MboⅡ绘制内切酶图谱。结果表明：亚历山大藻无毒株L35与产毒株在5.8S rDNA-ITS区域序列间核苷酸的差异值可达到0.201～0.488,与同属无毒亚历山大藻的核苷酸差异值＜0.004;通过酶切图谱特征条带可以准确地将不同亚历山大藻种产毒类型分3 类,酶切图谱相似的藻种产生的毒素组分相同。因此,食源亚历山大藻产毒与否以及产毒类型体现为核糖体DNA遗传信息中存在显著差异。