SnO2/高岭土复合材料作为锂离子负极材料的研究

以氯化亚锡和高岭土为原料,通过醇解,氨解反应,制备了纳米SnO2/高岭土复合材料.利用XRD、TEM测试技术对复合材料进行了表征.结果表明,550℃焙烧后复合材料中的SnO2粒子平均粒径在20nm左右,较纯材料中的SnO2粒子团聚现象减少.将复合材料作为锂离子负极材料进行了研究,与纯氧化锡相比这种复合材料具有较高可逆容量(达741mAh/g),同时循环性能也得到了提高.     

锂离子电池硫化聚并苯电极材料的结构与性能

用苯酚和甲醛在碱性条件下合成了可溶性酚醛树脂,加入一定质量比的单质硫,在氮气气氛下进行热裂解,制备了硫化聚并苯导电材料(SPAS);用FTIR、XRD、TG、SEM、BET等方法对所制备材料进行了结构表征,用标准四探针方法对裂解产物的室温电导率进行了测定.研究结果表明:掺杂硫的酚醛树脂经裂解后,产物呈现无定形结构且材料的层间距增大,裂解产物的比表面积比未硫化的裂解产物的比表面积增大,当硫的掺杂量为10%时,裂解产物的比表面积达140m2/g,电导率可达2～4S/cm;电化学性能测试结果表明,硫化后的裂解产物的首次放电容量和首次充放电效率都明显提高,当硫的掺杂量为10%时,首次放电容量达1410mAh/g,首次充放电效率达85.5%,比未硫化的聚并苯电池的首次充放电效率提高10%.     

Electrochemical lithium ion storage property of C60 encapsulated single-walled carbon nanotubes

This is the first study to investigate the electrochemical Li ion insertion/deinsertion property of C₆₀ encapsulated single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) (C₆₀-peapods). It was found that the reversible Li ion storage capacity of the C₆₀-peapod per unit weight is about 1.2 times greater than that of the empty tubes. This suggests that one peapod tube can store almost 1.7 times more reversible Li ions compared to one empty SWCNT tube.     

SnO2-reduced graphene oxide nanoribbons as anodes for lithium ion batteries with enhanced cycling stability

A nanocomposite material of SnO2-reduced graphene oxide nanoribbons has been developed. In this composite, the reduced graphene oxide nanoribbons are uniformly coated by nanosized SnO2 that formed a thin layer of SnO2 on the surface. When used as anodes in lithium ion batteries, the composite shows outstanding electrochemical performance with the high reversible discharge capacity of 1,027 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g after 165 cycles and 640 mAh/g at 3.0 A/g after 160 cycles with current rates varying from 0.1 to 3.0 A/g and no capacity decay after 600 cycles compared to the second cycle at a current density of 1.0 A/g. The high reversible capacity, good rate performance and excellent cycling stability of the composite are due to the synergistic combination of electrically conductive reduced graphene oxide nanoribbons and SnO2, The method developed here is practical for the large-scale development of anode materials for lithium ion batteries.     

Electrochemical performances of NiO/Ni2N nanocomposite thin film as anode material for lithium ion batteries

Despite the high specific capacities, the practical application of transition metal oxides as the lithium ion battery (LIB) anode is hindered by their low cycling stability, severe polarization, low initial coulombic efficiency, etc. Here, we report the synthesis of the NiO/Ni₂N nanocomposite thin film by reactive magnetron sputtering with a Ni metal target in an atmosphere of 1 vol.% O₂ and 99 vol.% N₂. The existence of homogeneously dispersed nano Ni₂N phase not only improves charge transfer kinetics, but also contributes to the one-off formation of a stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). In comparison with the NiO electrode, the NiO/Ni₂N electrode exhibits significantly enhanced cycling stability with retention rate of 98.8% (85.6% for the NiO electrode) after 50 cycles, initial coulombic efficiency of 76.6% (65.0% for the NiO electrode) and rate capability with 515.3 mA·h·g⁻¹ (340.1 mA·h·g⁻¹ for the NiO electrode) at 1.6 A·g⁻¹.     

Polycrystalline SnO2 nanowires coated with amorphous carbon nanotube as anode material for lithium ion batteries

One-dimensional (1D) SnO₂ nanowires, coated by in situ formed amorphous carbon nanotubes (a-CNTs) with a mean diameter of ca. 60 nm, were synthesized by annealing the anodic alumina oxide (AAO) filled with a sol of SnO₂. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns revealed that the prepared SnO₂ nanowires exist in polycrystalline rutile structure. The coating of carbon nanotubes has some defects on the wall after the internal SnO₂ nanoparticles were removed. The 1D SnO₂ nanowires present a reversible capacity of 441 mAh/g and an excellent cycling performance as an anode material for lithium ion batteries. This suggests that 1D nanostructured materials have great promise for practical application.     

Recent breakthroughs and perspectives of high-energy layered oxide cathode materials for lithium ion batteries

Ni-rich layered oxides (NRLOs) and Li-rich layered oxides (LRLOs) have been considered as promising next-generation cathode materials for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) due to their high energy density, low cost, and environmental friendliness. However, these two layered oxides suffer from similar problems like capacity fading and different obstacles such as thermal runaway for NRLOs and voltage decay for LRLOs. Understanding the similarities and differences of their challenges and strategies at multiple scales plays a paramount role in the cathode development of advanced LIBs. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art progress made in NRLOs and LRLOs based on multi-scale insights into electrons/ions, crystals, particles, electrodes and cells. For NRLOs, issues like structure disorder, cracks, interfacial degradation and thermal runaway are elaborately discussed. Superexchange interaction and magnetic frustration are blamed for structure disorder while strains induced by universal structural collapse result in issues like cracks. For LRLOs, we present an overview of the origin of high capacity followed by local crystal structure, and the root of voltage hysteresis/decay, which are ascribed to reduced valence of transition metal ions, phase transformation, strains, and microstructure degradation. We then discuss failure mechanism in full cells with NRLO cathode and commercial challenges of LRLOs. Moreover, strategies to improve the performance of NRLOs and LRLOs from different scales such as ion-doping, microstructure designs, particle modifications, and electrode/electrolyte interface engineering are summarized. Dopants like Na, Mg and Zr, delicate gradient concentration design, coatings like spinel LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ or Li₃PO₄ and novel electrolyte formulas are highly desired. Developing single crystals for NRLOs and new crystallographic structure or heterostructure for LRLOs are also emphasized. Finally, remaining challenges and perspectives are outlined for the development of NRLOs and LRLOs. This review offers fundamental understanding and future perspectives towards high-performance cathodes for next-generation LIBs.