木质材料热解动力学及典型气体产物分析

采用热重分析法在不同升温速度(10～90K/min)和不同粒径(40～60目,100目)对两种家具加工剩余物(椴木和松木)进行热解实验研究,并通过质谱仪在线检测热解产生的部分气体产物.实验结果表明:木质材料的热解过程分为失水干燥、缓慢热解、快速热解及炭化4个阶段.进行热解动力学分析,得到相关的表观活化能及指前因子.快速热解阶段可由1.5级反应过程描述,根据1.5级反应由Coats-Redfern法计算椴木和松木的平均活化能E分别为77.3kJ/mol和67.8kJ/mol.利用质谱仪在线监测了CH4、H2O、CO2、H2等气体产物,其质谱曲线与对应的热重曲线相符合,也验证了各反应阶段的假设.     

基于热红联用分析的木质素热裂解动力学研究

利用热重红外联用系统对生物质的主要组分木质素进行了热裂解动力学研究.在用红外固体压片法研究木质素结构的基础上得到不同升温速率下木质素热裂解的热重曲线.实验结果表明,随着升温速率的增加,各个阶段的起始和终止温度向高温侧轻微移动,主反应区间增加;计算得到的木质素两阶段活化能分别为58.41 kJ/mol和119.98 kJ/mol.与纤维素热解气的联机红外分析谱图相比可知木质素热解过程中气体析出机理复杂,主要生成CO、CH4和呋喃等产物.     

纤维素和木质素含量对稻草、锯末热解及燃烧特性的影响

利用热重分析仪分析了生物质中纤维素和木质素含量对稻草、锯末热解及燃烧特性的影响。在热解过程中,生物质中纤维素含量较高的锯末,与纤维素含量较低的稻草相比,燃料失重要大。在燃烧过程中,通过实际生物质与纤维素和木质素混合物的对比,发现稻草和锯末的燃烧分为挥发分的脱除和焦的燃烧两个阶段,且燃烧特性与焦的形貌密切相关。     

生物质三组分混合热解耦合作用研究

利用热重分析仪,研究不同比例混合的生物质三组分(纤维素、半纤维素和木质素)的热解过程,并将计算热失重曲线与实验热失重曲线进行对比研究,探讨热解过程中三组分之间的相互作用。结果表明:纤维素对半纤维素的热解无明显作用,而足量的纤维素能减少木质素的固体残渣产率;半纤维素能增大纤维素的主要热解温度区间,使纤维素的失重峰向高温侧移动和降低纤维素的失重速率,但对木质素无明显作用;木质素能降低纤维素的失重速率,且较多的木质素能增大半纤维素的失重速率。生物质混合样品的动力学分析结果进一步验证了三组分之间的相互作用。     

松塔热解特性及热解过程气体产物分析

文章以废弃松塔为原料,采用热重分析的方法,研究了松塔热解失重规律,通过管式炉热解实验,研究了松塔热解过程中气体产物的变化规律.研究结果表明:松塔热解分为3个阶段,200～500℃是松塔热解的主反应区间,最大失重峰出现在338℃,热解反应过程存在两个较明显的DTG曲线肩峰,且这两个DTG曲线肩峰均与松塔抽提物有关;松塔热...     

玉米秸秆热解规律的试验研究

用热重分析法对玉米秸秆的热解规律进行了研究，分析了玉米秸秆样品在不同升温速率（5，10，20，30℃／min）、不同温度（250，300，350℃）恒温加热2h条件下热解的试验结果，发现样品的非等温失重过程由脱水、保持、剧烈失重和缓慢失重4个阶段组成，并且在相同条件下，样品的质量对玉米秸秆热解有一定的影响。在恒温热解过程中，在不同的恒温温度条件下，秸秆失重曲线形态基本相似，但在300℃条件下，恒温热解的热重曲线与250，350℃条件下恒温热解的热重曲线相比较为平缓。     

玉米秸秆在不同条件下热解规律实验研究

用热重分析法对玉米秸秆的热解规律进行了研究。分析了玉米秸秆样品在不同升温速率(5℃、10℃、20℃、30℃/min)和不同温度(200℃、250℃、300℃、350℃)条件下恒温2h热解的实验结果,发现样品的非等温失重过程由脱水、保持、剧烈失重和缓慢失重4个阶段组成,并且在相同条件下样品的质量对玉米秸秆热解有一定的影响。在恒温热解过程中,不同的恒温温度条件下其失重曲线形态基本相似,但在300℃条件下恒温热解的热重曲线与250℃、350℃条件下恒温热解的热重曲线相比较较为平缓。上述的研究结果为玉米秸秆的合理利用提供了一定的理论基础。     

高斯多峰拟合用于生物质热解三组分模型的研究

对稻壳、稻秆、芒属和芦苇的热解过程进行热重分析(TG)。基于生物质热解三组分模型理论,运用高斯多峰拟合法对上述4种生物质的失重速率曲线进行解析。结果表明:4种生物质的热解失重速率曲线均可以分解成4个相互叠加的拟合峰,分别对应水分析出、半纤维素分解、纤维素分解和木质素分解。利用Coats-Redfern法计算了三组分的动力学参数。计算结果表明:半纤维素、纤维素和木质素热解的反应级数分别为2、1和2,活化能分别为152～180kJ/mol、206～248kJ/mol和32～42kJ/mol。最后采用重量加权平均法得到了4种生物质热解主要阶段的活化能。     

油棕废弃物及生物质三组分的热解动力学研究

主要利用热重分析仪(TG)对油棕废弃物和生物质的三组分(半纤维素,纤维素和木质素)的热解特性进行了系统研究,对比分析了热解特性,计算了其热解动力学参数,并研究了升温速率对生物质热解特性的影响。研究发现半纤维素和纤维素易于热降解而木质素难于热解;油棕废弃物的热解可以化分为:干燥、半纤维素热解、纤维素热解和木质素热解4个阶段;生物质的热解反应主要是一级反应,油棕废弃物的活化能很低,约为60kJ/kg;升温速率对生物质影响很大,随升温速率加快,生物质热解温度升高,热解速率降低。     

城市污水污泥热解特性及动力学研究

采用热重分析仪与傅里叶红外光谱仪对城市污水污泥进行实验,考察了反应过程及逸出气体产物,求解了热解表观动力学参数。研究表明,污泥样品在N2、CO2和N2+O2气氛中分别发生的热解、气化和燃烧反应,反应过程的特征参数不同;在N2中主要热解温度范围为200~560℃,反应过程在600℃基本完成;随着升温速率增加,热解最大失重速率提高;污泥样品在N2中的热解过程依次析出H2O、CO2、CH4和CO等气体;污泥样品热解不同反应阶段具有不同反应机理和动力学参数,表观活化能在60~100 kJ/mol范围内。     

小型锅炉烟尘测试时锅炉出力的计算

锅炉烟尘测试时,必须对锅炉出力进行测试。但监测中,许多小型锅炉往往不具备相关的计量装置和仪表,为解决这一问题,文章提出了用烟气量和空气过剩系数来计算锅炉的出力的公式,在实际使用中,该方法简单易行,其结果和实测值具有很好的一致怀。     

Unerroric of control of mutual compliance of the efficiency of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles in the conditions of mass production

The issues related to the reliability of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles and increasing the efficiency of using hydrogen as fuel when using the method of its production during the decomposition of hydrogen-containing molecules of liquid-phase organic compounds in a plasma discharge under the action of intense ultrasonic exposure are considered. Experiments have shown that as a result of decomposition in the acoustoplasma discharge of liquid hydrocarbons, solid-phase carbon-containing products are formed, chemical transformations occur in the liquid phase and hydrogen-containing combustible gas is formed. Hydrogen-containing gas can be used as fuel immediately after synthesis, i.e. it does not require separation, since in addition to hydrogen it contains only impurities of CO₂ and water vapor. The purpose of the study is to formalize the basic conditions for tightening the control of mutual compliance with the efficiency of hydrogen engines of the same series in the conditions of their mass production. Methods of mathematical statistics and hardware-software modeling were used in the study. The term “unerroric of quality mutual compliance control” is introduced to describe a set of hardware and software tools for such control. The principle of in-depth testing of the technical condition of such engines of one series is described in a multidimensional formulation of the quality control problem for three of their operating parameters at once. The conditions for increasing the mutual correspondence of the measured values of such parameters in the conditions of serial production of hydrogen engines are formalized.     

中国煤炭地下气化技术的发展

本文综述了煤炭地下汽化技术的国内外发展现状,对我国“长通道、大断面”煤炭地下气化新工艺给予了技术经济评述,并提出了发展煤炭地下汽化技术的政策建议。     

Review of theory of distortion and disintegration of liquid streams

Linear and nonlinear analyses of the instabilities and distortion of liquid streams injected into a gaseous media are discussed. The various fundamental mechanisms and the predictive capabilities for the distortions are emphasized. Round jets, planar sheets, annular sheets, and conical sheets are discussed in detail. The balance between capillary and inertial forces is primarily examined. The method for simplifying the analyses in the case of thin liquid sheets is discussed. The capabilities for representing the droplet size distribution that follows the stream disintegration are outlined.     

MgO膨胀剂细度对MgO水化和水泥浆体膨胀的影响

基于《水工混凝土掺用氧化镁技术规范》中的Ⅰ型氧化镁（MgO）,研究了该型MgO膨胀剂（MEA）细度对掺粉煤灰水泥浆体膨胀性能的影响。即采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)及同步热分析（TG DSC）分析了掺MEA水泥浆体中MgO的水化性。结果表明,养护温度相同时,MEA的细度对水泥浆体内MEA中MgO的水化和水泥浆体的膨胀无显著影响,产生的膨胀均能补偿水泥浆体的收缩;MEA的细度可从试验设计采用的45 μm筛筛余15%左右增加到30%左右,这将有利于MEA生产企业的节能降耗。     

机车车轮多轴疲劳强度安全评定的研究

使用ANSYS8.0软件对高速列车车轮进行了三维有限元分析,计算出车轮在直线、曲线和道岔条件下牵引、制动共6种工况时孔边薄弱部位的应力,分别通过Mises等效平均应力方法、Sines平均主应力方法和应力分量中考虑平均应力方法计算出应力在极值位置时的等效应力幅、等效平均应力,从而进一步算出车轮的安全系数,对其疲劳强度进行评定,并对3种方法进行了比较研究。     

Constructal optimization of the geometry of an array of micro-channels

This paper documents the geometric optimization of an array of circular and non-circular ducts. The optimization was carried out numerically using finite volume method. As optimal dimensions were independent of the array configuration, the numerical simulation was performed on a unit cell. Numerical optimization for circular, square and isosceles right triangle cross-sections of channels was performed. Based on the results of this investigation, some correlations were proposed to predict the optimal hydraulic diameter and dimensionless heat transfer per unit volume. In addition to examining the effect of pressure drop on these parameters, it was showed that among the different geometries of this study, square cross-section has the most efficiency for a given volume. The numerical results of the present study were compared with approximate results reported in the literature which a good agreement was observed.     

固体热辐射Yong性能分析

本文对漫灰均温物体在常物性条件下对外辐射传热的Ｙｏｎｇ值计算建立了数学模型。通过与物体内能Ｙｏｎｇ公式的数值计算比较,得出了辐射能量的Ｙｏｎｇ值不大于内能Ｙｏｎｇ值的结论。从初步的热射Ｙｏｎｇ值计算公式发现。Ｙｏｎｇ与物体表面辐射率有关。     

Measurements of concentration distribution of hydrogen jet using deflection of center of the laser spot

The main purpose of this work is to propose a new method to evaluate the concentration distribution of the hydrogen jet by using a He–Ne laser through the jet. This research attempts to apply the expression of concentration Gaussian distribution, the refraction formula of inhomogeneous refractive index medium, and the concentration inversion function to disclose the displacement of the center of the laser spot at different heights in the gas jet. The spot images of the laser beam passing through the gas jet at three vertical heights z = 10d, 20d, 30d, and different radial positions are obtained. The radial spatial asymmetry of the gas jet is also found in the experiment. Finally, the calculated concentration distribution curve and the fluent simulation curve, it is found that the two results are very similar. Our findings show that the error between the concentration distribution of this method and the simulated concentration distribution reaches 2.43%.     

Heat of vaporization of mixtures

General expressions for the heat of vaporization of mixtures at constant pressure; at constant temperature; and at constant pressure, temperature, and composition are proposed. The last one is related to the liquid-vapor interface where steady vaporization or condensation is taking place. Numerical examples by the proposed expressions are shown for binary mixtures of HCFC22(R22) and (HCFC123(R123) © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Heat Trans Jpn Res, 25(1): 12–24, 1996