金属粉末体压制成形过程模型的研究

通过对“６．３ＭＮ粉末成形液压机”的研制，对金属粉末体压制过程的数学模型和有限元模型进行了研究，对其密度、应力、应变分布进行了分析。建立并推导了刚塑性有限元材料体积可压缩性法中参数ｇ与粉末体相对密度ρ之间的关系式，用来动态模拟粉末体压制过程。为粉末体压制过程的模拟提供了一种新思路。该方法也可用于烧结后粉末体压制模拟。     

金属粉末体压制成形过程模型的研究

通过对“６．３ＭＮ粉末成形液压机”的研制，对金属粉末体压制过程的数学模型和有限元模型了研究，对其密度，应力，应变分布进行了分析。建立了并推导出刚塑性有限元材料体积可压缩性法中参数ｇ与粉末体相对密度ρ之间的关系式，用来动态模拟粉末体压制过程。     

6061铝合金粉末冷压成形本构模型

在粉末压制过程中,材料的本构方程表征着粉体的变形机理,是用数值模拟方法研究、分析粉末压制过程的基础,因此,建立粉末压制本构方程对研究铝合金粉末压制成形规律、优化模具设计及工艺参数具有重要意义。通过对6061铝合金粉末进行单轴压缩、径向压缩(巴西圆盘实验)和模压实验,建立了相关材料参数随相对密度的变化规律,成功建立了Drucker-Prager Cap本构模型,并基于Abaqus仿真软件二次开发用户子程序USDFLD,添加了粉体材料密度场下6061铝合金粉末的模型参数,对铝合金粉末压制过程进行了数值模拟分析,通过压制力、位移曲线和相对密度分布结果验证了6061铝合金粉末冷压DPC本构模型的正确性。致密度在ρ=0.75～0.84范围内,仿真精度较高,即修正的DPC模型能更为准确地描述6061铝合金粉末的后期压制行为。     

超薄板料微弯曲成形过程中尺度效应的数值研究

近年来,大量的实验研究表明,金属材料在微观尺度下的力学行为不同于经典连续介质力学的预测.由于微米或亚微米量级金属构件在MEMS系统中的广泛应用,这对微构件加工成形过程中工艺参数选取的理论依据提出了迫切的要求.应变梯度塑性理论能够较好地反映材料的尺度效应,文章采用该理论,对超薄板料弯曲成形过程中的尺度效应现象进行了数值研究.计算结果表明,对于微米量级的薄板,其力学行为受板厚的影响很大.当板厚接近于材料特征长度时,其挠度曲线、应力应变分布与经典塑性理论预测有很大的区别;当板厚远大于材料特征长度时,梯度理论预测结果与经典塑性理论预测一致.因此,在超薄板料的塑性成形过程中,工艺参数的选取需要考虑其尺度效应才能达到设计要求.     

粉末低电压电磁压制实验研究

将低电压电磁成形方法用于粉末材料压制 ,采用间接加工方式对铝、铜、锡粉进行了压制实验 ,在成功压制出高密度粉末制品的基础上 ,分析了电压、电容、摩擦、压制次数、粉末粒度等因素对制品压实密度的影响。实验结果表明 ,对不同粉末材料 ,在保证一定加载速率和放电能量的前提下 ,降低电压和增加电容 ,有利于提高粉末制品压实密度及其均匀性 ;电压越高 ,摩擦能量消耗率越大 ;当设备放电能量有限时 ,多次压制是获得致密均匀、高密度粉末制品的有效途径     

环形粉末预制坯压制规律研究

研究了环形粉末预制坯压制过程中压力和密度变化规律。通过力学分析建立了环形粉末预制坯压制力学模型，导出了6种压制方式下压制力沿预制坯高度分布规律，建立了统一的压制力分布计算公式，并计算了环形粉末预制坯下端面的最小压制力。基于黄培云粉末压制理论，导出了环形粉末预制坯相对密度沿高度分布计算公式，以及环形粉末预制坯上下端面密度的比值。     

非理想材料塑性本构关系的研究现状及发展方向

介绍了金属材料塑性本构关系的研究与应用现状,阐述了塑性本构中屈服方程和塑性位势方程的物理含义及其相互关系,分析了现有塑性本构关系用于工程材料塑性变形分析时存在的主要问题,重点分析了实验数据应用导致的预测误差、屈服方程与塑性位势相关联假设条件所导致的不能同时反映屈服和流动的问题以及数学模型和本构关系基本结构方面存在的问题,讨论了发展非理想材料(各向异性材料、压力敏感材料等)塑性本构关系亟待解决的理论和实验难题,指出了非理想材料塑性本构关系的若干发展方向。突破经典塑性力学的理论体系、建立全新的"非关联"各向异性材料塑性本构关系理论体系,需要在理论模型、实验方法、数值仿真及工程应用等环节开展相关研究。     

MCrAlY熔覆粉末单向冷压成形过程的数值分析及验证

利用大型有限元软件MSC.MARC对MCrAlY熔覆粉末单向冷压成形过程进行了数值模拟分析.建立了粉末片压制成形过程的二维有限元模型,确定了MCrAlY熔覆粉末的材料模型、单向冷压成形过程的初始条件和边界条件,获得了粉末单向冷压过程中沿其高度和直径方向位移的变化规律.提出将粉末片最大相对密度作为其理论相对密度,获得了粉末片孔隙度、致密度、相对密度及其高度随压制力的变化关系.基于Matlab对压制后的粉末片进行图像处理,获得了粉末片的实际高度和粉末片上下表面的相对密度,验证了有限元仿真模型的合理性和可靠性.     

铝青铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料压制工艺研究

采用实验研究的方法分析不同工艺条件,包括粉末混和、压制压力、压制方法、复压、热复压等对铝青铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料压坯性能的影响.结果表明,压制压力和润滑条件是影响压坯密度的关键因素:双向压制所得压坯质量优于单向压制;提高压制温度有利于提高压坯密度;复压工艺可有效提高压坯的密度和烧结质量.     

精密粉末压制设备及其工艺辅助软件的研究

为了成形密度均匀无裂纹的多层金属粉末压坯,设计和制造了用于成形带有上二台面和下三台面复杂粉末冶金零件的精密粉末压制设备,作为精密粉末成形制造系统的组成部分,开发了粉末成形工艺辅助软件.此设备的多层模冲均能单独控制实现压制复杂的多台面压坯的动作要求,研发的辅助软件包括数据库和分析计算功能,数据库模块可帮助粉末冶金零件用户选择材料.分析计算模块则可以根据模拟获得的工艺参数计算设备调整参数,并对设备进行运动干涉校验.实验表明运用辅助工艺软件计算出来的运动参数在精密粉末压制设备上压制的零件达到精度要求且设备压制过程中各模冲组件顺利,验证了精密粉末压制设备和工艺辅助软件的工程实用性.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。