Effect of group velocity mismatch on the measurement of ultrashort optical pulses via second harmonic generation

The use of second harmonic generation as a technique for optical pulse width measurements is analyzed to determine the effects of both phase velocity and group velocity mismatch between fundamental and second harmonic fields. An expression for the time average second harmonic energy, which except for special cases differs from the intensity autocorrelation function, is derived. For Type I phase matching, the measurement yields an apparent correlation width which can be either shorter or longer than the actual intensity correlation width, depending on the specific pulse shape. When the group velocity mismatch is nonzero, the measurement becomes sensitive to the phase matching condition. Two special pulse shapes for which the measurement is independent of group and phase velocity mismatch are the Gaussian and the single-sided exponential.     

强度相干成像中符合计数方法的优化与仿真

为提高强度相干成像中符合计数方法的探测信噪比,实现对中高轨卫星的清晰成像。根据HBT效应和光电转换半经典模型建立了强度相干的符合计数简化模型,分析了设备时间测量误差、符合窗函数和观测光谱形状对符合计数探测信噪比的影响,并根据观测条件对符合窗函数进行了优化。利用蒙特卡洛方法仿真了符合窗函数对探测信噪比的影响。仿真结果表明:利用最优符合窗测量目标的频谱模值时,其探测信噪比较传统方法提高了39.2倍。通过对符合窗的优化能够有效提高强度相干成像探测信噪比,提高对暗弱目标的强度相干成像质量。     

光电编码器输出脉冲的几种计数方法

光电编码器是高精度位置控制系统常用的一种位移检测传感器.在位置控制系统中,由于电机既可能正转,也可能反转,所以要对与其相连的编码器输出的脉冲进行计数,要求相应的计数器既能实现加计数,又能实现减计数,即进行可逆计数.其计数的方法有多种,包括纯粹的软件计数和硬件计数.文中分别对这两种常用的计数方法进行了分析,对其优缺点进行了对比,最后提出了一种新的计数方法,利用8051单片机内部的计数器实现对光电编码器输出脉冲的加减可逆计数,既节省了硬件资源,又能得到较高的计数频率.     

162字符型液晶显示模块在光电计数系统中的应用

用162字符型液晶显示模块替换传统的LED数码管,并应用到光电计数系统中,它可以使显示的内容更加丰富,人机界面更加美观。通过改进硬件或软件,还能使传统的光电计数系统功能得到进一步扩展,操作更加方便,有利于生产自动化。     

A flame sensor for high-temperature ambients

The flame sensor consists of a photoelectric counter tube which is triggered by ultraviolet photons emitted by flames in the spectral region beyond the solar cutoff. Tubes of this type have been made previously, but this new tube differs in being able to operate in ambient temperatures up to and in excess of 1000°F. The new tube has high sensitivity and a lower operating voltage than older tubes. The flame sensor is encapsulated in a titanium and forsterite ceramic envelope and uses a sapphire window to admit the ultraviolet photons. The photocathode consists of a molybdenum rod which has been cleaned by heating and sputtering. The anode is a molybdenum hemisphere, which also serves as a mirror to concentrate the light from the flame on the photocathode. The gas-fill is 100 torr of a helium-argon mixture, where the small amount of argon is used to help remove helium metastables following a count. The sensor operating voltage is about 150 V, and a dead time of 1 ms or more is used to avoid multiple counting. Typical counting rates obtained with a small methane flame at 12 ft are 60 per second. A sensor was life-tested at 1000°F in air for longer than 2000 hours.     

光电编码器在汽车音响系统中的应用

光电编码器是一种精度高的数字化检测装置,外部有一个可以左右旋转同时又可按下的旋钮,被广泛用于车载电子设备的菜单选择和调节等。主要以日本阿尔卑斯EC11J微型光电编码器为例,分析了增量式光电编码器的构造和原理,阐述其在汽车音响音量调节中的应用,并设计了编码器输出控制电路对脉冲的辨向和计数的软件编程方法,进一步总结出程序测试的要点,以检测程序的正确性。     

高斯拉普拉斯算子在联合相关变换器中的应用

提出将高斯拉普拉斯算子应用在光电联合相关变换器中进行谱面图像的增强处理.光电混合联合变换器可实现对目标的实时探测、识别及自动定位,但由于实际中采集到的图像的对比度较低,且存在大量背景噪音,影响了目标的识别率.根据高斯拉普拉斯变换对高斯噪声不敏感的特性,结合了自适应阈值、边界跟踪和细化技术,对图像噪声进行滤波的同时,对图像进行了增强处理,这样最大限度地保留了光谱图像的细节信息,提高了光电联合相关系统的目标识别率.     

Ensuring the reliability of alpha counting

Measuring the alpha flux at the surface of materials from integrated circuits and their packages has been established as a method for more than 2 decades. Largearea low-background counting systems from two vendors were used; these systems operate as proportional counters.^1,2 The results gained from these measurements were used to categorize possible causes of counting errors into groups. Some of these causes are focused on in more detail by the use of examples. It is demonstrated how the cumulative density function (CDF) of a distribution of measured counting rates can be tested graphically for Poisson distribution using two methods. A systematic error is demonstrated and the influence of the duration of the measurements on the detection limit is explained. It is also shown how a suitable bias point can be found for counting tubes. Finally, a schematic of results from alpha counting is presented, and time-dependent changes of these counting rates are stated.     

Minimum-phase calibration of sampling oscilloscopes

We describe an algorithm for determining the minimum phase of a linear time-invariant response function from its magnitude. The procedure is based on Kramers-Kronig relations in combination with auxiliary direct measurements of the desired phase response. We demonstrate that truncation of the Hilbert transform gives rise to large errors in estimated phase, but that these errors may be approximated using a small number of basis functions. As an example, we obtain a minimum-phase calibration of a sampling oscilloscope in the frequency domain. This result rests on data obtained by an electrooptic sampling (EOS) technique in combination with a swept-sine calibration procedure. The EOS technique yields magnitude and phase information over a broad bandwidth, yet has degraded uncertainty estimates from dc to approximately 1 GHz. The swept-sine procedure returns only the magnitude of the oscilloscope response function, yet may be performed on a fine frequency grid from about 1 MHz to several gigahertz. The resulting minimum-phase calibration spans frequencies from dc to 110 GHz, and is traceable to fundamental units. The validity of the minimum-phase character of the oscilloscope response function at frequencies common to both measurements is determined as part of our analysis. A full uncertainty analysis is provided.     

Design Considerations for a Real-Time Ocular Counterroll Instrument

A video-based technique for measuring the torsional movement of the eye (counterroll) by processing video images of the eyeball is presented. Spectral estimates show that most of the variance of the iris image is in the angular direction. It will be demonstrated that cross correlation between sequences that are obtained by circular sampling of the digitized image of the iris is sufficient to extract the counterroll information. Computation time for angular correlation is thus significantly reduced and real-time hardware implementation becomes feasible. As the result of a preprocessing step, we obtain the information about the horizontal and vertical movement of the eye and also the diameter of the pupil. To improve the measurement resolution, a fast second degree local least square interpolation of the cross-correlation function is used. Possible sources of error and the limitations of the algorithm will be studied. The results of the computer simulations made using the algorithm serve to experimentally confirm the error estimates. Application of the algorithm to photographically obtained image data from human subjects demonstrates its practicality on normal eyes. The system design for a device for measuring 3D movement of the eye will be discussed.     

Relation of User-Perceived Response Time to Error Measurements on ISDN Data Links

The LAPD link-level protocol was used to interchange messages on a computer-simulated link. The link was subjected to random errors generated with the Gilbert error-producing model. Tabulations were made of the delays encountered in sending and acknowledging messages, and of facility statistics such as error-free seconds. Objectives are 1) provide quantitative relationships between facility measurements and user-perceived performance on a data circuit, and 2) determine which measurements correlate best with observed performance. Major conclusions include: an interval of one second is recommended for facility measurements, as shorter interval measurements such as bit-error ratio are strongly distorted by certain types of errors; error-free seconds (EFS) correlates poorly with link response time performance; a new measure, the sum of squares of errored-second sequences (SQUESS), yields better correlation,     

以分数相关为基础的微小差异图样的识别

光学图样识别(OPR)由光学相关来实现，传统的光学相关通过两物体相关峰的尖锐度来判断两物体的相似程度。分数傅里叶变换同时包含了空间域和空间频率域信息，分数相关也可以用于光学图样识别。针对传统相关难以识别微小差异图样的缺点，将分数傅里叶变换和分数相关引入差异相关系统，提出了一种基于分数相关的识别方法。给出了实现这一方法的光电混合系统。计算机模拟处理的结果表明，通过调节分数傅里叶变换的级次，该方法不仅能有效地识别与参考图样有微小差异的图样，而且能提供差异的位置信息。随着分数相关的级次渐变为0，得到的分数差异相关峰逐渐退化为两信号之间的差异；随着分数相关级次渐变为1，分数差异相关渐变为差异相关的结果。     

Passive remote sensing at microwave wavelengths

Passive remote sensing at microwave frequencies has applications which range from meteorology to oceanography and geology. The meteorological applications are the most fully developed and include measurements of the temperature profile of the atmosphere and of the atmospheric distribution of H2O and O3. Such measurements can he made from space or from the ground by utilizing the microwave resonances of O2, H2O, and O3which occur near 1-cm wavelength. Although infrared observations permit similar meteorological measurements, such optical devices are much more sensitive to aerosols and clouds. The small but finite nonresonant attenuation of most moderate clouds at microwave frequencies also permits their liquid water content to be estimated. At wavelengths longer than 2 cm the microwave properties of the terrestrial surface dominate observations from space, and measurements as a function of polarization and viewing angle yield information about surface temperature and emissivity. Such measurements of the ocean should also permit the sea state to he inferred. The review has two major parts. The first part reviews the physics of the interactions, the mathematics of data interpretation, and the instrumentation currently available. The second part is applications-oriented and emphasizes the types, accuracy, and relevance of possible meteorological measurements.     

光电轴角编码器莫尔条纹误差信号补偿

为保证光电轴角编码器在恶劣工作环境下的细分精度,提出一种基于Hilbert-Huang变换的误差补偿方法。针对编码器系统受正弦振动引起的测角故障,提出一种莫尔条纹误差信号的数学模型;采用经验模态分解算法,获取误差信号的本征模态函数,分别对本征模态函数进行希尔伯特变换解调分析,提取包含干扰特征的莫尔条纹信号;同时,基于光电轴角编码器的精码信号方波信息,获取精码信号的基波时域频率;提取与基波时域频率匹配的本征模态函数包络分量。以24位光电轴角编码器为实验对象,实验结果表明:编码器莫尔条纹信号动态细分误差峰值由约200降低到1.54左右,细分精度明显提高。     

全光纤转动拉曼激光雷达光电探测系统设计

针对全光纤转动拉曼激光雷达系统的极微弱光探 测问题,以光电倍增管(PMT)为核心,设计了 一款光子计数的光电探测系统。通过阻抗匹配技术对单光子脉冲进行整形以提高单光子脉冲 稳 定性和甄别计数可靠性,微分法测试脉冲高度分布以优化选择PMT工作高压、甄 别阈 值电平等工作参数,改善光电探测系统信噪比(SNR);以泊 松点过程的脉冲堆积非线性分析模型为 基础,搭建可精确改变相对光强的实验测试系统,测试脉冲堆积效应的作用类型和有效死时 间并进行合理非线性校正以提高其线性度。实验结果表明,设计的光电探测系统可有效探 测光子计 数率低于140MHz的微弱光信号且线性度优于1.0%,提出的优化和实验方案对此类光电探测系统具有重要的借鉴意义。     

The application of fluorescence decay measurements in studies of biological systems

Synchronously pumped, cavity dumped dye lasers provide moderately intense stable pulses of circa 10 ps duration, at a high repetition rate. Such a laser system is an ideal excitation source for the measurement of energy-resolved fluorescence decay profiles. When used in conjunction with photon counting electronics and well tested deconvolution procedures the system is capable of measuring complex (multi-component) fluorescence decays in the time range of < 100 ps- >100 ns. Different fluorophores, when incorporated into membranes or proteins (i.e., extrinsic probing), exhibit different types of interactions with each system. Many simple aromatics are relatively insensitive to the medium, thus the fluorescence decay contains little information of interest. However, in these cases the decay of the anisotropy, which may be extracted from the fluorescence decays, will yield information about the environment. Many heteroaromatic systems are more polar in the first excited singlet state than in the ground state. Consequently there is a strong interaction between the excited state and the surrounding field, this results in a relaxation of the environment about the excited state, resulting in a shift in the fluorescence spectrum to lower energy. When the relaxation is slow, the spectral shift can be time resolved, which can give further information about the structure of the probed system, usually a biological membrane. These types of measurements are discussed, as are some of the problems involved in extrinsic probing, such as multiple siting of the probe.     

基于区域候选孪生网络的红外目标跟踪算法

目标跟踪是光电设备的基本功能。为了应对跟踪任务中目标快速运动、复杂背景干扰以及遮挡的影响,不同于传统生成式方法与核相关滤波方法,本文提出一种使用深度学习的红外目标跟踪算法,使用双分支孪生特征提取网络对输入进行空间映射,经锚框划分图像区块后,分流为区域候选网络的“分类”与“回归”分支并进行特征模板匹配,对每个锚框进行分数评价后取“分类”分支中的最佳锚框,经“回归”分支进行预测边界回归后确定目标跟踪预测框,得到一种可以达到实时要求的红外单光宏观单目标跟踪算法。这种方法能够通过完全离线端到端训练整体系统参数获得,其制作过程简单,只要方法得当地进行参数精调,其性能有充分潜力可供挖掘。     

Multidimensional ultrasonic imaging for cardiology

Previous extensions of two-dimensional ultrasonic imaging to three dimensions used lattice diagrams which give measurement information, but no anatomic detail. The authors conducted three sets of experiments to test the hypothesis that complete acoustic backscatter data should be retained to produce useful information about heart structure and function. First, in vitro compound B-scans were taken under ideal conditions; second, in vitro rotating conventional sector scans were taken to test clinically applicable methods; and third, clinical in vivo rotating conventional sector scans were taken of a human volunteer. It is concluded that the resulting images show details of cardiac anatomy and have great clinical promise. Interactive analysis and surface and volume displays give context and perspective information which should improve diagnostic accuracy, communication with noncardiologists and yield more precise measurements of anatomical structure and function     

基于74LS162数字钟设计及时间校准研究

数字钟电路一般设有校时功能。本文基于不截断正常的计数通路和加入校时脉冲信号对数字钟进行校时。采用了将所有计数器芯片74LS162的计数时钟输入端CP端均接同一个CP信号、将所有计数器芯片的置数端连在一起的方法。所设计的电路仅通过开关的接通或断开便可调整数字钟的时间值,而且时、分、秒的校时操作是任意的和互不干扰的。电路的...     

Error rate measurements of a Josephson single flux quantum binaryripple counter

Single-flux quantum devices are used in superconductive analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), shift registers, and memory cells. They have been proposed for logic applications. The authors report the performance of high-speed superconducting, single-flux quantum (SFQ) ripple counters. Both memory and logic functions of the counter are investigated. Errors in logic operation produce bit error rates (BERs) as low as 0.22 errors per million binary operations, measured while counting 100-MHz pseudorandom input pulses. Errors in memory function do not occur on the time scale of the measurements. The BER is shown to be nearly independent of input bit rate and pattern, but strongly dependent on the counter cell operating point