Total internal reflection for precision small-angle measurement

A method for precision small-angle measurement is proposed. This method is based on the total-internal-reflection effect of a light beam at a pair of glass prisms. Angular displacement of the light beam is measured when the intensity change of the reflected beam is detected as a result of the relative phase shift between the s- and the p-polarized beams. An initial phase shift between the s- and the p-polarized components is introduced to increase measurement sensitivity. For increased measurement linearity and reduced effect of laser power fluctuation on the output, a differential method is used in which the light beam is split equally into two beams, each reflected at a prism and detected by a photodiode. The output is obtained as the difference of the two detected intensities divided by their sum. A prototype device was built, which demonstrated a nonlinearity error of 1.3% in a measurement range of ?0.6 degrees or 0.4% in ?0.3 degrees . The peak-to-peak noise level was found to be at approximately 0.5 arc sec. This noise level can be reduced further and resolution increased by a reduction of the measurement range.     

沙质沉积物反射系数的宽带测量方法

海底作为海洋波导的重要边界,其反射系数对声传播起着至关重要的作用。为了快速而准确地获取海底反射系数,提出了一种基于脉冲压缩技术的测量方法,对接收信号进行压缩来提取反射波。该方法不仅可以克服实验过程中经常遇到的多途干扰,而且测量过程简单,可以同时获得测量频带内所有频点的反射系数,即实现了对反射系数的宽带测量。在实验室环境条件下,针对广泛覆盖于大陆架及沿海地区的沙质沉积物反射系数进行了测量,通过20~60 kHz频率范围内窄带和宽带测量结果的比较发现,宽带测量结果在频带边缘存在一定的偏差和起伏,但可以采用增大发射信号带宽提高压缩效果或用适当的窗函数压低旁瓣的方法来得到频率范围更宽、精度更高的测量结果。     

提高微波频率测量精度的方法

频率是微波仪器的重要参数,微波频率测量是检测仪器是否正常运行的有效手段,而提高频率测量精度是微波频率测量可靠性的保证。本文概述了微波频率测量的基本原理,分析了提高微波频率测量精度的几种方法,表明模拟内插法和游标内插法在提高微波频率测量精度中具有更为明显的优势。     

An interpolation scheme for tool-radius compensated parabolic paths for CNC

In general, NC systems provide only linear and circular interpolations. Complex shapes to be machined are first approximated with linear and circular segments to some predetermined tolerance. Parabolic curves are more suitable for piecewise approximation of higher-order curves because less segments than lines or circular arcs are required. In machining operations, the tool motion controlled by the interpolator does not move along the profile of the job. The tool path is offset from the profile by the tool radius. Tool-radius compensations for linear and circular tool paths involve simple offsets of the initial and final points. The tool paths remain linear or circular. For parabolic profiles, the offset tool paths are not parabolic; hence, parabolic interpolations cannot be used to generate the offset paths. This paper presents an algorithm to perform interpolations for the tool to follow parabolic curves as well as the offset paths passing through two user-defined end points. The parabolic interpolation is based on the principle of operation of the Digital Differential Analyzer (DDA) integrator and is capable of constant tangential velocity.     

An automated system for the precision measurement of the long-term frequency stability of quartz resonators

An automated system for the precision measurement of long-term frequency stability, designed for testing quartz resonators during production, is developed. During such tests, the point of inflection of the frequency-temperature characteristic is determined and possible “aging” of the resonator frequency during use is predicted.     

用双测点测量吸声面复反射系数的一种改进算法

在管道中两个测点处实时测量所得的数据作相关分析，可以测定试件的吸声性能，本文发展了一种复反射系数的改进算法，引入以功率谱为基础的Ｇ函数来代替流行的传递函数，可使随机误差明显降低，并可保证所得实验结果合理，可靠。     

Viscosity measurement of Newtonian liquids using the complex reflection coefficient

This work presents the implementation of the ultrasonic shear reflectance method for viscosity measurement of Newtonian liquids using wave mode conversion from longitudinal to shear waves and vice versa. The method is based on the measurement of the complex reflection coefficient (magnitude and phase) at a solid-liquid interface. The implemented measurement cell is composed of an ultrasonic transducer, a water buffer, an aluminum prism, a PMMA buffer rod, and a sample chamber. Viscosity measurements were made in the range from 1 to 3.5 MHz for olive oil and for automotive oils (SAE 40, 90, and 250) at 15 and 22.5degC, respectively. Moreover, olive oil and corn oil measurements were conducted in the range from 15 to 30degC at 3.5 and 2.25 MHz, respectively. The ultrasonic measurements, in the case of the less viscous liquids, agree with the results provided by a rotational viscometer, showing Newtonian behavior. In the case of the more viscous liquids, a significant difference was obtained, showing a clear non-Newtonian behavior that cannot be described by the Kelvin-Voigt model.     

An empirical formula for computing the Beckmann-Spizzichino surface reflection loss coefficient

A simple empirical formula is presented for computing the reflection coefficient of a rough-sea surface using windspeed, angle of incidence, and frequency as parameters. The formula closely mimics the Beckmann-Spizzichino loss model, from which is was derived. Error contours are presented, which illustrate the closeness of fit between the two approaches.     

Acoustic methods for obtaining the pressure reflection coefficient from a buffer rod based measurement cell

The known acoustic methods for obtaining the pressure reflection coefficient from a buffer rod based measurement cell are presented, along with 2 new generic approaches for measuring the pressure reflection coefficient using 2 buffer rods enclosing the liquid to be characterized in a symmetrical arrangement. An acoustic transducer is connected to each of the buffer rods. The generic approaches are divided into a relative amplitude approach and a mixed amplitude approach. For the relative amplitude approach, families of 4, 5, or 6 echo signals can be used to obtain the pressure reflection coefficient. The mixed amplitude approach uses specific information about the transducers and/or the electronics sensitivities in receive mode to obtain the pressure reflection coefficient using families of 3, 4, 5, or 6 echo signals. Some of the new methods from the relative amplitude approach imply a reduced uncertainty relative to the previously known ABC method. The effect of the liquid attenuation, digitizer bit resolution, and the signal-to-noise ratio on the uncertainty characteristics of the pressure reflection coefficient are discussed, along with a discussion of the suitability of the various methods for different buffer materials.     

基于中频数字化平台的脉冲波形参数测量研究

在雷达侦察系统中,为了能够在复杂的电磁环境中实现对雷达进行准确识别和定位,设计了基于中频数字化平台,对输入的脉冲包络信号在现场可编程门阵列中实现其参数测量,避免使用乘法器等需要占用大量资源的模块,节约硬件资源的同时也缩短了运行时间,具有良好的实时性和较高的测量精度,可以用于后续DSP算法实现对目标雷达的识别和定位.     

IUKO-1 equipment for measuring reflection coefficient

Conclusions The dynamic compensation method which has high sensitivity can conveniently be used to measure small reflection coefficients.By appropriate excitation of a symmetrical strip line one can generate a TEM mode, suppress interfering higher modes, and ensure measurements of the reflection coefficient that are up to the standard of measurements in free space.The IUKO-1 instrument with a strip line as the measuring channel employing the dynamic compensation method enables one to measure reflection-coefficient amplitude at a level of –40 dB in the meter waveband.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 12, pp. 61–63, December, 1976.     

曲线插值的一种具有还圆性的细分方法

传统的线性四点插值细分方法不能表示圆等非多项式曲线,为了解决这种问题,基于几何特性提出了一种带有一个参数的四点插值型曲线细分方法。细分过程中,过相邻三插值点作圆,过相邻二插值点的圆弧有两个中点,将其加权平均得到新插值点,文中给出了插值公式和算法描述。所给方法具有还圆性,可以实现保凸性。实例分析对比了本方法与多种细分方法的差异,说明本方法是有效的,当参数取值较小时,曲线靠近控制多边形。     

An effective high order interpolation scheme in BIEM for biharmonic boundary value problems

This paper presents an effective high order boundary integral equation method (BIEM) for the solution of biharmonic equations. All boundary values including geometries are approximated by high order radial basis function networks (RBFNs) rather than the conventional low order Lagrange interpolation schemes. For a better quality of approximation, the networks representing the boundary values and their derivatives are constructed by using integration processes. Prior conversions of network weights into nodal variable values are employed in order to form a square system of equations. Numerical results show that the proposed BIEM attains a great improvement in solution accuracy, convergence rate and computational efficiency over the linear- and quadratic-BIEMs.     

Metrological analysis of the algorithm of precision measurements of the complex reflection coefficient in waveguide channels

The block diagram of a system for precision measurement of the complex reflection coefficient in waveguide channels and a model of the measurement procedure are discussed. The results of metrological analysis obtained by computer simulation are reported. Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 2, pp. 49–52, February, 1999.     

Michelson interferometer for precision angle measurement

An angle-measuring technique based on an optical interferometer is reported. The technique exploits a Michelson interferometric configuration in which a right-angle prism and a glass strip are introduced into a probe beam. Simultaneous rotation of both components along an axis results in an optical path difference between the reference and the probe beams. In a second arrangement two right-angle prisms and glass strips are introduced into two beams of a Michelson interferometer. The prisms and the strips are rotated simultaneously to introduce an optical path difference between the two beams. In our arrangement, optimization of various parameters makes the net optical path difference between the two beams approximately linear for a rotation as great as +/-20 degrees . Results are simulated that show an improvement of 2-3 orders of magnitude in error and nonlinearity compared with a previously reported technique.