IC引线框架用JK—2铜合金的研制

1.前言 IC及其分立元件引线框架用铜合金除要求具备高的强度、良好的导电、导热性和电镀性能外,还要求保持与树脂封装时良好的气密性以及低成本等。本研究的集成电路引线框架用JK—2铜合金(以下简称JK—2)属于高强度,中导电型合金。强度比美国CDA194、日本MF—202、NB—105     

引线框架铜合金新材料研制现状及发展

科学技术现代化对铜及铜合金材料提出越来越多的新要求,比如高强度、高导电、高导热、高耐蚀、节能、环保、特种功能等,所有这些新要求,将推动铜及铜合金材料的现代化进程。本刊将分期介绍引线框架合金、环保合金、铜铬锆合金、多元复杂耐磨黄铜的研究现状及发展。本文主要介绍了引线框架铜合金的代表性合金种类和生产厂家,并详细介绍了新型引线框架合金材料的性能和攻关方向。     

引线框架材料QFe2.5加工工艺研究

本文介绍引线框架材料的发展现状，讨论引线框架用铜合金的强化机理，童点阐述引线框架用QFe2．5铜合金带材的性能及主要生产工艺（铸锭加热、热轧、时效退火等）。     

引线框架用KFC铜合金带材加工工艺及性能研究

在大气气氛下熔炼铸造KFC铜合金铸锭，然后进行热轧、时效处理、冷轧，将其轧制成0.3mm厚的带材。研究了合金成分、熔铸工艺、轧制工艺和热处理工艺对合金微观组织、力学性能和导电性能的影响。实验制备的KFC铜合金带材的性能完全可以满足引线框架材料的要求。     

集成电路用铜合金引线框架材料的应用及产业化

引线框架是集成电路（IC）中极为关键的部件之一，它起着支撑芯片、散失工作热量和连接外部电路的重要作用。铜合金具有诸多优良的性能，因而成为重要的框架材料，该文综述了IC对引线框架材料的基本要求，主要的IC用引线框架铜合金品种和制备方法，以及铜合金框架材料的市场需求与产业化。     

引线框架用高性能铜合金板带材及制备工艺

电子信息产业的飞速发展,对铜及铜合金产品性能提出了更高的要求,其中集成电路封装用引线框架材料代表了铜合金板带材发展的较高水平。本文对近年来引线框架用高性能铜合金板带材及制备工艺进行了综述,介绍了国内外高性能铜合金板带材料的成分和制备加工技术及发展过程,并对其未来发展趋势进行了展望,提出未来高性能铜板带材性能将朝着抗拉强度为700 MPa、导电率为70%IACS的目标发展,其制备工艺将向着智能化、绿色化、高效化等方向发展。     

引线框架铜合金材料的研究现状及发展趋势

集成电路的发展对引线框架材料的要求不断提高,具有优良的导电性、导热性和高强度是引线框架铜合金材料的主要性能要求;但从国内外引线框架铜合金材料的市场应用和生产技术情况看,我国自主研制生产的铜基引线框架材料无论是质量还是数量与工业发达国家相比差距较大。坚持研制铜合金新的成分体系、新的制备工艺是开发高强高导引线框架铜基材料的方向。     

IC引线框架用JK—2铜合金的研制

1.前言 IC及其分立元件引线框架用铜合金除要求具备高的强度、良好的导电、导热性和电镀性能外,还要求保持与树脂封装时良好的气密性以及低成本等。本研究的集成电路引线框架用JK—2铜合金(以下简称JK—2)属于高强度,中导电型合金。强度比美国CDA194、日本MF—202、NB—105等铜合金高。实际使用的结果证明JK—2合金最适宜制作IC及其分立元件框架和可靠性要求高的仪器仪表用弹性接插件簧片。 2.合金的试制及主要性能测定 2.1 合金制作过程简介 JK—2合金的原料采用Cu—1,Sn-1,Ni—1,JMnoSi—1。在工频感应电炉中用石墨坩埚熔炼,铁模铸造,铸锭尺寸为500×100×60mm,经热轧冷轧,加工成厚0.15～0.6mm、宽100mm的带材,合金配料成分见表1。     

无氧铜和引线框架铜合金熔铸设备的选型分析

本文对无氧铜和引线框架铜合金的熔铸工艺进行了分析,阐述了我公司引进4台熔铸设备(无氧铜感应炉组及连续铸造机、电子引线框架铜合金感应炉组及半连续铸造机)的理由及其技术性能.     

高精度引线框架材料LE192带材研制开发

前言Preface半导体行业的飞速发展大大促进了作为分立器件和集成电路主要组成部分——引线框架材料的快速发展。铜合金以其良好的导电导热性能、较高的强度、良好的可加工性、耐蚀性及可焊接性,且产品价格较低而成为引线框架的主要产品,得到了广泛的应用,目前铜基引线框架材料的市场占有率达到80%以上。但随着集成电路的高速发展,引线框架带材的加工方式也发生了极大变化。如冲制条件由低速向高速,由对称冲制向不对称冲制,与芯片的接合由低温钎焊向高温共晶键合等这些条件的改变,原市场上应用的引线框架材料TFe0.1,其性能已不能满足后续使…     

Flow cytometric analysis for the activation of peripheral immunoregulatory cells from patients with bronchial asthma

By use of flow cytometry, we have investigated intracellular activated eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in eosinophils and mitogen-induced cytokine production of T cells in peripheral blood from children with acute severe asthma. In addition, we measured ECP releasability (serum ECP/lysate ECP) as a maker of activated eosinophils. The monoclonal antibody EG2 (anti-activated ECP/EPX antibody) was used for measuring the amount of intracellular activated ECP. ECP releasability and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) values of EG2-positive eosinophils increased at the time of asthmatic attack and reduced after treatment with improvement in peak expiratory flow. Furthermore, the frequency of T cells which produced IL-4, IL-5 and IFN-gamma stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin increased and reduced in parallel with MFI of EG2-positive cells. These observations suggest that flow cytometric analysis for intracellular ECP and mitogen-induced cytokine production reflects the activation of T cells in bronchial mucosa, and is useful for monitoring airway inflammation in bronchial asthma.     

Effect of conditions in obtaining blood samples for ECP testing in children

Eosinophil Cationic Protein (ECP) is a basic protein found in eosinophil granules. This cell and its mediators are currently considered to be potential indicators of the severity of inflammation in the organism. ECP concentration can be reliably tested using several RIA or ELISA methods. It is well known that the conditions of sample obtention can affect the ECP values in blood. The aim of this study is to establish which parameters affect ECP testing during regular blood sample collection and how they affect it. Blood samples taken for the routine study of five children attended in our department were analysed: four were asthmatic and one child had atopic dermatitis. In the results we observed that ECP was not detected in the blood samples taken with EDTA tripotassium. In both the plasma samples taken with heparin as well as with serum, more ECP was released at a higher temperature. In the release of ECP obtained by coagulation, samples at 37 degrees showed values of between 4 and 20 higher than those obtained for an hour at 0 degrees. There is a considerable variability in the testing of ECP depending on the blood test extraction conditions, the range is bigger in the samples with eosinophils. These results imply the need to define a stricter protocol for obtaining samples than that suggested at present.     

PARODS--a study of parallel algorithms for ordering DNA sequences

Based on assumptions about the pathophysiology of egg-related lesions in the lower reproductive tract, putative indirect disease markers were investigated in vaginal fluids from 54 Malawi adolescent girls and women infected with S. haematobium. These women received a careful gynecological examination during which biopsies were taken from the cervix, and, if present, also from suspicious lesions in the vagina and the vulva. If the biopsies, either in wet crushed preparations or in histological sections, contained eggs the patients were considered to have female genital schistosomiasis (FGS; n = 33). The remainder (n = 21) were classified as having urinary schistosomiasis only. Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), a cytotoxic granule protein of eosinophils, neopterin, a second messenger molecule generated during the activation of macrophages, and IgA as an indicator of local B-cell activation were quantitatively determined in vaginal fluid. To clarify the origin of ECP, this protein was also looked for in histological sections by an immunohistochemical method. In order to explore whether such disease markers can be detected after absorption to a tampon-like material, ECP and IgA were also assessed after elution from a non-porous, polypropylene fibre web impregnated with vaginal fluid. The concentration of ECP in vaginal fluid and the degree of immunohistochemical staining in histological sections were significantly higher in patients with FGS than in women with urinary schistosomiasis only. The amount of ECP detected in histological sections correlated to the number of eggs/mm2 of compressed genital tissue (rho = 0.36, P = 0.02), and the concentration of ECP in vaginal fluid correlated to the concentration of neopterin as well as to that of IgA (rho = 0.52, P = 0.004 and rho = 0.37, P = 0.02, respectively). Median neopterin concentration in vaginal fluid was also higher in the FGS group, but the difference was not statistically significant. ECP could also be detected in eluates from impregnated fibre webs, but the concentration was approximately one power of 10 less than in the original vaginal fluid. These results demonstrate that indicators of immunological mechanisms related to the egg-granuloma might be useful as indirect disease markers for women with FGS if assessed in vaginal washings or swab eluates.     

Son of sevenless binds to the SH3 domain of src-type tyrosine kinase

Measurement of serum levels of ECP has been widely used for monitoring airway inflammation in bronchial asthma and recently been applied to measure anti-inflammatory effect of theophylline. However, reduced levels of ECP in theophylline-administered patients may express not only in vivo effect of theophylline but also in vitro effect after sampling because serum ECP measures released ECP during coagulation and theophylline has been reported to inhibit eosinophil degranulation in vitro. In order to answer the question, we tested whether theophylline added to blood after sampling reduces measured levels of serum ECP. Various concentrations of theophylline were added to SST tube, to which venous blood from atopic patients was drawn. Serum was, then, obtained by centrifugation after 15 min to 6 hours of incubation at room temperature. Theophylline significantly reduced serum ECP in a concentration-dependent manner. Percent reduction of ECP levels at 1 hour of incubation were 11.9%, 18.7%, 22.8%, and 51.7% at theophylline levels of 5, 12.5, 22.5, and 120 micrograms/ml, respectively. Kinetics of serum ECP release was also inhibited in the presence of theophylline. These results suggest that in vitro effect of theophylline on serum ECP levels should be considered when data of serum ECP in patients who take theophylline are interpreted.     

Evaluation of eosinophilic cationic protein levels in patients with eosinophilic pneumonia

We investigated the significance of eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) as a biological indicator of disease activity in patients with eosinophilic pneumonia (EP). ECP levels were measured in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples from patients with EP or other diffuse interstitial lung diseases and from healthy subjects. Also we performed immunohistochemical staining of lung tissue sections from patients with EP using anti-EG 2 antibody, and computed the correlation between the number of EG 2-positive cells in lung tissues and ECP levels in serum and BALF from patients with EP. Levels of ECP in serum and BALF samples from patients with EP were significantly elevated compared to the levels in samples from other interstitial lung-disease patients and healthy subjects. Additionally, changes in serum ECP levels reflected the clinical courses for EP patients. Approximately 90 percent of the infiltrated eosinophils in tissue sections from patients with EP were EG 2-positive and activated. The number of EG 2-positive cells in lung tissues correlated significantly with levels of ECP in serum and BALF samples from patients with EP. These findings suggested that ECP levels in serum and BALF reflect the degree of eosinophil activation in lung tissues and the degree of disease activity in patients with EP. We concluded that ECP may serve as a useful biological indicator in EP.     

Current diagnostic and therapeutic management of CNS metastasis in childhood primitive neuroectodermal tumors and ependymomas

The aim of this study was to determine the presence and concentration of immunoreactive eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and eosinophil protein X (EPX) in human amniotic fluid at term and assess labour-associated changes in their mean concentrations. In addition, ECP and EPX content in term amnion, choriodecidua and placenta obtained before and after labour and delivery was established. Immunoreactive ECP and EPX were identified in all samples of amniotic fluid (n=47) and gestational tissue (n=60) assayed. EPX was quantitatively more abundant than ECP in both amniotic fluid and gestational tissues. In amniotic fluid, ECP and EPX concentrations increased 8-fold (P<0.02) and 1.5-fold (P<0.02), respectively, with labour onset. In gestational tissues, a labour-associated change in tissue content was only identified for ECP in choriodecidua, which increased 1.9-fold with labour and delivery (P<0.01). The labour-associated increase in amniotic fluid concentrations of ECP and EPX demonstrated in this study is consistent with the well-characterized role of these proteins in inflammatory reactions. It remains to be established whether the observed increase in ECP and EPX amniotic fluid concentrations is an epiphenomenon of labour onset or is involved causally in this process.     

Induced sputum eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) measurement in asthma and chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD)

BACKGROUND: Induced sputum is a useful way to monitor airway inflammation in asthma, but cell counts are time-consuming and labour intensive. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate a novel processing method using eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) as a biochemical marker of sputum eosinophil number and activation in subjects with asthma and other airway diseases. METHODS: Sputum was dispersed with dithiothreitol and centrifuged to yield cell free supernatant and a cell pellet. The pellet was treated with a cellular lysis buffer to release cell-associated ECP. ECP was measured in sputum supernatant and in the lysed cell pellet and was compared with sputum eosinophil counts in 31 adults with asthma, chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD), bronchiectasis and healthy controls. The ratio of supernatant to pellet ECP was evaluated as an index of eosinophil degranulation. The effect of sputum processing reagents and storage time on ECP measurement was also evaluated. RESULTS: ECP measured in the cell pellet lysate correlated closely with sputum absolute eosinophil counts across a range of subject groups (r = 0.72, P = 0.004). Sputum eosinophil counts were less well correlated with supernatant ECP levels (r = 0.54, P < 0.05). Incubation with dithiothreitol or lysis buffer did not influence ECP measurement and sputum ECP levels were stable over a 6-9 month period. Sputum supernatant and pellet lysate ECP concentrations were increased in stable asthma, asthma exacerbations and COAD/bronchiectasis (P < 0.05). The ratio of supernatant to pellet ECP was used as an index of eosinophil degranulation and found to be elevated in asthma exacerbations, COAD and bronchiectasis, but not in stable asthma. CONCLUSION: The measurement of ECP in the sputum cell pellet provides a reliable and efficient estimate of sputum eosinophil counts which can potentially be used in clinical trials and epidemiological surveys. The ECP ratio may be a useful marker of eosinophil activation, and was increased in asthma exacerbation and COAD. The increased ECP in COAD reflects a non-selective accumulation of eosinophils in this condition.     

10-Oximeguanacone, the first nitrogenated acetogenin derivative found to be a potent inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I

BACKGROUND: Several retrospective studies have claimed that extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) prolongs survival in patients with erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. In a retrospective study of 44 patients with Sézary syndrome, we compared survival in patients treated with ECP with that of patients treated conventionally at the same institute. All patients had genotypic evidence of a peripheral blood T-cell clone. OBSERVATIONS: Twenty-nine patients received ECP (group 1); 15 patients did not receive ECP, 8 patients when ECP was available (group 2) and 7 before ECP was available (group 3). Forty-three of 44 patients received other conventional treatments. Median survival from diagnosis of Sézary syndrome was 39 months in group 1, 22 months in group 2, and 27.5 months in group 3 (Kaplan-Meier analysis). Cox regression analysis showed no significant difference between the 3 groups after correcting for age, sex, and initial Sézary cell count (hazard ratio, 0.56; 95% confidence interval, 0.26-1.17; P = .12). CONCLUSIONS: This study does not support the contention that ECP prolongs survival in patients with Sézary syndrome. The median survival in the ECP-treated group is considerably less than that reported in other published series, possibly because genotypic evidence of clonality in the peripheral blood was required for inclusion in this study. We believe that a randomized trial comparing ECP with standard chemotherapy is urgently needed.     

Involvement of two different urf-s related mitochondrial sequences in the molecular evolution of the CMS-specific S-Pcf locus in petunia

Forty-seven infants with atopic dermatitis (AD) were examined for ECP (eosinophil cationic protein) levels in sera at 3 to 4, 6 to 7, 12 and 18 months after birth. ECP levels in AD were significantly higher than those of control infants at every examination. The levels of ECP in AD were significantly correlated with the severity of dermatitis judged by a slightly modified version of the method of Businco et al. We concluded that ECP levels in sera are a useful marker for the severity of dermatitis in infants with AD.     

Serum eosinophil cationic protein in infants during first wheezing episode

We measured serum ECP levels in infants during first wheezing episode. Serum ECP in these infants are significantly higher than in control infants, although much higher in children with asthma. Serum ECP in these infants with high serum IgE and/or positive RAST score are higher than in infants with normal serum IgE and negative RAST score. In children with bronchial asthma serum ECP is correlated with peripheral eosinophil counts, but in infants during first wheezing episode serum ECP is often elevated not associated with increased peripheral eosinophil counts. These suggest that activated eosinophils could be responsible for bronchoconstriction in wheezing patients with atopic diathesis even in very early phase and that these eosinophilic inflammations could contribute to formation of increased airway reactivity and bronchial asthma.