Corrosion behaviour of bronze in urban environments: influence of tin content

Abstract

In this paper, the influence of the tin content on the corrosion behaviour of copper alloys was investigated. Three different bicomponent bronze alloys were exposed to a natural urban environment. The kinetic corrosion processes and the patina properties were monitored using the open circuit potential, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and spectrocolorimetry. Results show that the bronze corrosion behaviour improves upon increasing the tin content. In addition, the mechanism of the patina formation is different for the three alloys.     

Ni-Mn-Ga-V高温形状记忆合金研究

本文采用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜以及压缩力学试验机系统的研究了钒元素对(Ni56Mn25Ga19)100-xVx (x = 0, 1, 3) (at.%)高温形状记忆合金性能的影响。结果表明,由于钒取代方法的不同,我们所研究合金的组织结构和某些性能与已报到的Ni56Mn25Ga19-xVx合金差异较大。未掺杂钒元素时,试验合金由单相非调制四方结构马氏体构成,当钒含量为1at.%和3at.%时,合金由四方结构马氏体和竹叶状γ相构成。随着钒含量的增加,γ相的数量增多,但其尺寸和形状保持不变。钒掺杂改善合金的力学性能和形状记忆效应。 (Ni56Mn25Ga19)99V1合金变形10%后加热,可以得到6.7%的可逆应变。     

Electrochemical and microstructural study of Cu-Al-Ni shape memory alloy

The corrosive behaviour of Cu-Al-Ni shape memory alloy in deaerated 0.5 M NaCl solution at 20 °C was studied by means of open circuit potential measurements, linear polarization, potentiodynamic polarization measurements, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. The electrode surface was examined by light microscope, SEM, XRD and EDX methods. The polarization measurements have shown that corrosive behaviour of Cu-Al-Ni alloy in NaCl solution was dominated by the Cu component. The results of impedance measurements at open circuit potential have shown that the overall impedance of the system increases with immersion time due to continuous growth of the passive film on the alloy surface. The XRD and EDX analysis showed the presence of copper, aluminium and nickel compounds, Cu-oxides and Cu-chlorides on alloy surface.     

Influence of the cathodic intermetallics distribution on the reproducibility of the electrochemical measurements on AA5083 alloy in NaCl solutions

The corrosion behavior of alloy AA5083 in solutions of NaCl at 3.5% is controlled by the density of the cathodic precipitates of Al(Mn,Fe,Cr) present in the alloy. These precipitates are not distributed homogeneously over the surface of the alloy. Further, their presence conditions the electrochemical response of the alloy. For these reasons, in order to guarantee the reproducibility of electrochemical tests on this alloy, it is necessary to determine the minimum surface area exposed to the medium which represents the average behavior of the system. In the present study, a systematic analysis has been conducted on the degree of reproducibility of electrochemical tests as a function of the area of surface exposed, for the alloy AA5083 in solutions of NaCl at 3.5%. A high dependence between the dispersion of the electrochemical data and the exposed area has been established. This behavior contrast with those of other alloys, like AA1050, which is not conditioned by the values of exposed area. This has been related to the much lower cathodic precipitates density in this alloy.     

一种具有高形状回复率的双相 Ni-Mn-Ga-Gd 高温形状记忆合金

本文通过弯曲试验研究了双相Ni58Mn25Ga16.9Gd0.1合金的形状记忆效应和回复率。结果表明,该合金具有优异的形状回复能力。在预变形4.6%加热后,可以得到86%的形状回复率,高于已报道的双相Ni-Mn-Ga合金。这是因为Gd掺杂提高了γ 相的临界滑移应力,使γ 相不易发生变形。     

Compressive training of the shape memory alloy washer

This paper evaluates the performance and engineering aspects of 44Ti-47Ni-9Nb alloy in a pretensioning washer application. Previously the behavior of this alloy has mainly been studied for tensile predeformation with wires and strips up to 1 mm thickness. The present work investigated the effect of compression deformation and different homogenization temperatures on ring-shaped washers with larger dimensions. The best results with the compression-trained washer were achieved after homogenization at 1073 K where the compression training deformation was -10.4%, the lowest applied. The deformation training was carried out at 213 K near the martensitic reaction start temperature of the material. The expansion method, applied to the commercial reference ring, seemed to be a fairly efficient training method for the studied application, even though the parallel course of the radial surfaces was poor.     

Influence of Alloying Element Addition on Cu–Al–Ni High-Temperature Shape Memory Alloy without Second Phase Formation

In this study,the effects of rare earth Gd and Fe elements on the microstructure,the mechanical properties and the shape memory effect of Cu–11.9Al–3.8Ni high-temperature shape memory alloy were investigated by optical microscopy,scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction and compression test.The microstructure observation results showed that both Cu–11.9Al–3.8Ni–0.2Gd and Cu–11.9Al–3.8Ni–2.0Fe–0.2Gd alloys displayed the fine grain and singlephase b01martensite,and their grain size was about several hundred microns,one order of the magnitude smaller than that of Cu–11.9Al–3.8Ni alloy.The compression test results proved that the mechanical properties of Cu–11.9Al–3.8Ni alloy were dramatically improved by alloying element additions due to grain refinement and solid solution strengthening,and the compressive fracture strains of Cu–11.9Al–3.8Ni–0.2Gd and Cu–11.9Al–3.8Ni–2.0Fe–0.2Gd were 12.0%and 17.8%,respectively.When the pre-strain was 10%,the reversible strains of 5.4%and 5.9%were obtained for Cu–11.9Al–3.8Ni–0.2Gd and Cu–11.9Al–3.8Ni–2.0Fe–0.2Gd alloys after being heated to 500°C for 1 min,and the obvious two-way shape memory effect was also observed.     

铸态FeMnSiCrNi合金的形状记忆效应

分别研究了预变形量对超低碳与含0.12%碳的铸态FeMnSiCrNi形状记忆合金的形状记忆效应的影响,并将以上结果与冷拉FeMnSiCrNi形状记忆合金的结果进行了比较。结果表明:预变形量小于5%时,两种铸态合金的形状记忆效应基本不变;而预变形量大于5%时,随预变形量的增加形状记忆效应降低。当预变形量相同时,含0.12%碳的合金的形状记忆效应低于超低碳合金。预变形量为5%时,超低碳与含0.12%碳的合金的形状回复率分别达到73%、62%,具有与冷拉FeMnSiCrNi丝相当的形状记忆效应。     

Sol-gel silica coatings on ZE41 magnesium alloy for corrosion protection

Silica coatings have been applied on the surface of ZE41 magnesium alloy following the organic sol-gel route and the dip-coating technique. Three different concentrations of sol solution and two densification temperatures of the coating (400 °C and 500 °C) were used to optimize the compaction of the coatings and as a result reach the corrosion protection of the metallic substrate tests in 3.5 wt.% NaCl aqueous solution. Crack-free coatings with thickness in the 2-3 μm were obtained on the ZE41 magnesium alloy. The combination of high alkoxide concentration in the sol-gel formulation, and the high sintering temperature (500 °C) leads to coating (D500) with the optimal physical barrier against the corrosion process. This coating was capable of resisting more than 7 days in contact with the aggressive electrolyte suffering minor corrosion degradation. A corrosion mechanism for each of the tested specimens has been proposed.     

Effects of nanoprecipitation on the shape memory and material properties of an Ni-rich NiTiHf high temperature shape memory alloy

Shape memory properties of a Ni_50.3Ti_29.7Hf₂₀ (at.%) polycrystalline alloy were characterized after selected heat treatments. The effects of heat treatment temperature and time on the transformation temperatures (TTs) and temperature hysteresis were determined by differential scanning calorimetry. Thermal cycling under constant compressive stress was carried out to reveal the changes in transformation strain, temperature hysteresis, and TT as a function of stress. Isothermal stress cycling experiments were conducted to reveal the critical stresses, transformation strain, and stress hysteresis as a function of temperature. The crystal structure and lattice parameters of the transforming phases were determined by X-ray diffraction at selected temperatures. Precipitate characteristics and martensite morphology were revealed by transmission electron microscopy. Precipitation was found to alter the martensite morphology and significantly improve the shape memory properties of the Ni-rich NiTiHf alloy. For the peak aged condition shape memory strains of up to 3.6%, the lowest hysteresis, and a fully reversible superelastic response were observed at temperatures up to 240 °C. In general, the nickel-rich NiTiHf polycrystalline alloy exhibited a higher work output (≈16.5 J cm^?3) than other NiTi-based high temperature alloys.     

高熵形状记忆合金的研究进展

高熵形状记忆合金是在等原子比NiTi合金的基础上,结合高熵合金的概念,逐渐发展起来的一种新型高温形状记忆合金.近年来,已开发出了综合性能优异的(TiZrHf)50(NiCoCu)50系和(TiZrHf)50(NiCuPd)50系高熵形状记忆合金,引起了广泛的关注和研究兴趣.本文从物相组成、微观组织、马氏体相变行为、形状...     

Corrosion and Prevention '95

The corrosion behaviour of duplex stainless steel 2101 exposed to 0.1?wt-%NaOH, 5.0?wt-%H₂SO₄ and 6.0?wt-%FeCl₃ solutions was investigated with an electrochemical noise technique. The time records revealed salient features of the steel in the three solutions, and the corresponding corrosion morphologies were shown. The slopes of the power spectral density plots of current and potential noises were associated with the nature of corrosion attack. The corrosion rates in the three media were reflected by the noise resistance, presenting good correlation with the results from linear polarisation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.     

NiTi形状记忆合金加热相变过程的DSC研究

采用差示扫描量热法研究了时效处理对NiTi形状记忆合金加热相变过程的影响规律。结果表明：当时效温度低于瓦（特征转折温度）时,相变温度（As和Af）随时效温度的升高而升高;当时效温度高于瓦时,相变温度随时效温度的升高而下降。对于As,当时效15min时,T0=500℃,当时效30rain时,T0=400℃;对于Af,T0均为400℃。在300℃、400℃和500℃时效15min,加热相变过程为M→R和R→P两阶段,在600℃和700℃时效15min时,加热相变过程为M→P一阶段;当时效时间延长至30min时,加热相变过程由M→R和R→P两阶段相变过程变为M→P一阶段。时效温度为500℃和700℃时,体积转变率与温度关系曲线的斜率较大。     

经形变热处理铜基形状记忆合金的晶粒生长、形状记忆和腐蚀行为

比较研究了Cu-11．8％Al-3．7％Ni-1％Mn和Cu-11％A1—5．6％Mn形状记忆合金（SMAS）的形状记忆、腐蚀性能。采用光学显微镜（0M）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、差示扫描量热法（DSC）、动电位极化、弯曲和拉伸试验,研究了晶粒细化对这些性能的影响。在800。C退火时,在首先的15S内静态再结晶和动态晶粒长达显示出一个快速的再结晶过程,随后才是晶粒生长。退火15S后得到的Cu—A1—Ni-Mn和Cu-Al—Mn合金的最小晶粒尺寸分别为90gm和260pm。拉伸试验表明2种合金呈现典型的三阶段曲线,由此可以看出,晶粒细化后合金具有高的断裂应力和应变。显微组织表明,Cu—Al-Ni—Mn合金中存在锯齿状的所马氏体形态,通过差示扫描量热法也证实了所和rf共存于Cu—A1-Mn合金中。评估了形变热处理前、后及800℃退火15min,随后进行水淬的合金的形状记忆性能。另外,采用动电位极化法分析了晶粒细化后合金的腐蚀行为。结果表明,铜溶解过程中主要为阳极反应,Cu—Al—Ni—Mn合金比Cu—A1-Mn合金具有更好的耐腐蚀性。     

00Cr24Ni6Mo2N双相不锈钢耐腐蚀性能分析

00Cr24Ni6Mo2N不锈钢是双相不锈钢，在正常情况的组织中有α铁素体相和γ奥氏体相，各占约50％。经分析它的击破电位(Eb)、保护电位(Ep)及室内加速腐蚀试验和海港挂片试验，都证实它具有优良的耐点蚀性能。经测试它同时具有良好的耐应力腐蚀和耐冲刷腐蚀能力。     

Polymerized hexamethyldisilazane coated on equiatomic TiNi shape memory alloy using DC-pulsed plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition

SiC:H organic-like thin films are deposited on Ti₅₀Ni₅₀ shape memory alloy by asymmetric bipolar DC-pulsed plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition (PACVD) in the gas mixture of hexamethyldisilazane (HMDSN) and Ar at room temperature. The deposition rate of the plasma-polymerized HMDSN (PPHMDSN) thin film is faster than that of RF process and the PPHMDSN thin films not only enhance the corrosion resistance but make the corrosion current density decay four orders. The surface morphology of the films is very smooth and uniform and the root mean square of surface roughness is in the range between 3 and 5 nm. The organic-like thin films containing peroxides or free radicals can be grafted with polymer acrylamide (AAm) which can improve the biocompatibility of TiNi shape memory alloy.     

形状记忆合金的研究与应用

本文综述了形状记忆合金的发现历史、相变晶体学和热力学特性及当前的应用与研究的若干热点。     

可加工变形的Au-Cu-Zn-Al形状记忆合金

报道了一种新的金基形状记忆合金(Au-Cu-Zn-Al)的初步研究,结果表明,成分配比合适的合金可以用常规的方法加工变形,有典型的热弹性马氏体相变及良好的单程和双程形状记忆效应。合金的金含量可达50wt％。