钢制镀锌垫片氢脆及解决措施

65Mn钢镀锌垫片在军工产品中广泛应用，某军工产品出现镀锌65Mn垫片氢脆断裂的现象。65Mn钢制垫片工艺流程为：下料→冲压落料→钻孔→倒角→去毛刺→淬火→喷砂→镀锌→200℃除氢2h→钝化。65Mn钢镀锌垫片，厚度2．2mm，热处理后硬度为40～47HRC。装配过程中，800件65Mn钢制镀锌垫片中有8件不同程度出现断裂，断口为脆性断口。     

机械镀锌工艺在油箱体内表面的应用试验

采用机械镀锌工艺在热轧板焊接油箱内表面形成完整镀锌层，经中性盐雾腐蚀试验、耐油性试验、结合强度试验等检测表明，油箱内表面机械镀锌镀层完全合格。从而避免了传统电镀锌板直接焊接成型油箱内表面漏镀、焊缝及热影响区锌层烧损等缺陷。     

镀锌层附着性分析

近年来,镀锌板在工业上得到了广泛应用。镀锌产品的质量主要决定于镀层的粘附性,粘附性不良将导致镀锌层开裂和脱落。采用不同的工艺参数对10种规格的钢板进行了镀锌,采用弯曲法对镀层的粘附性进行了试验,结果表明,镀锌层粘附性的好坏与镀液成分和镀层厚度有关。     

工艺参数对连续碳纤维表面电磁搅拌化学镀镍的影响

目的解决连续碳纤维在镀覆过程中易出现黑心现象以及无法完全浸泡于镀液中的问题,制备镀层均匀的连续碳纤维镍镀层。方法引入外加电磁搅拌对连续碳纤维进行化学镀镍,研究了施镀时间、镀液温度、镀液pH值以及电磁搅拌转速对连续碳纤维表面微观形貌及镀层沉积速率的影响规律。结果当搅拌转速一定时,随着施镀时间、镀液温度、镀液pH值的不断增加,碳纤维表面镀层逐渐变得均匀完整,且镀层厚度逐渐增大。但当施镀时间超过20 min,镀液温度超过75℃,镀液pH值超过8时,镀层表面沉积了大量形状不一的胞状镍颗粒,形成粗糙的表面形貌。镀层的沉积速率随着镀液温度、镀液pH值的升高而增大。当搅拌转速由200 r/min增加到300 r/min时,镀层的沉积速率随着搅拌转速的增加而不断增大;当搅拌转速由300 r/min增加到400 r/min时,镀层的沉积速率随着搅拌转速的增加而不断减小。结论电磁搅拌辅助连续碳纤维化学镀镍的最佳施镀工艺参数为:施镀时间15~20 min,镀液温度75℃,镀液pH为8,搅拌转速200~250 r/min。采用此工艺参数能获得表面致密、均匀完整的镍镀层。     

湿法超声机械镀锌层的结构分析

采用湿法超声机械镀锌设备制备了机械镀锌层。采用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及其配备的能谱仪分析了镀锌层的结构形貌和化学成分;采用贴滤纸法对镀层进行孔隙率测试。结果表明,制备的镀锌层无贯穿性孔隙;镀层主要由锌、少量的锡和铁构成,锌粉颗粒是镀层的主体。部分锌粉颗粒发生团聚;镀层表面细腻、均匀、平整,无凹凸不平结构。     

机械镀Zn-Ti复合镀层的性能

在机械镀锌中添加钛盐,获得了Zn-Ti复合镀层,使得镀层具有比纯锌镀层更加优良的耐蚀性能.试验中利用体视显微镜、扫描电子显微镜观察分析了机械镀Zn-Ti复合镀层的表面形貌和断口结构,对其孔隙率、结合强度、耐腐蚀性等性能进行检测,并分析添加钛盐对镀层性能的影响.结果表明:机械镀Zn-Ti复合镀层是一种综合性能优良的防护镀层,比机械镀纯锌层外观更为均匀光滑,无贯穿性孔隙,结合力和耐腐蚀性均优于机械镀锌层.     

机械镀Zn-Al复合镀层的性能

利用体视显微镜、金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜观察分析了机械镀Zn-Al复合镀层的表面形貌和断口结构,对其孔隙率、结合强度、耐腐蚀性等性能进行检测,并分析添加铝对镀层性能的影响。结果表明：机械镀Zn-Al复合镀层是一种综合性能优良的防护镀层,比机械镀锌层外观更为均匀光滑,无贯穿性孔隙,抗冲击破坏能力和耐腐蚀性均优于机械镀锌层。     

脉冲电镀技术在无氰镀锌工艺中的应用研究

以无氰镀锌槽液体系为对象,系统地研究脉冲电镀技术在紧固件产品中的初步应用。通过外观检查、镀层厚度检测、耐盐雾腐蚀性能测试、氢脆性能测试以及微观组织检测等方法,全面对比分析脉冲电镀技术与直流电镀技术在无氰镀锌层中的应用效果。结果表明,在无添加剂的条件下,脉冲电镀技术与直流电镀技术均无法满足标准对紧固件镀锌层的外观质量要求。在有添加剂的条件下,脉冲电镀技术制备的镀锌层在电镀速率、耐蚀性能等方面较传统的直流电镀技术具有一定的优势,但在氢脆性能方面并无明显的优势。     

湿法超声机械镀锌技术研究

目的改进滚筒式机械镀锌设备对零件尺寸的限制,实现较大尺寸零件的机械镀锌。方法提出一种新的机械镀锌工艺,即用超声振动系统为冲击介质提供动力,冲击锌粉颗粒到工件表面,形成镀锌层。观察镀锌层的微观表面形貌和断面形貌,测试镀锌层的结合强度,利用中性盐雾试验评判镀锌层的耐腐蚀性能。结果在工件表面获得了一定厚度的镀锌层,镀层表面细腻、均匀、平整,无凹凸不平结构。镀层是由锌粉颗粒镶嵌、填充而成的致密堆积体,与基体的结合强度高,耐腐蚀性能好。结论湿法超声机械镀锌工艺可以对较大尺寸零件进行机械镀锌。     

稀土对机械镀无结晶形成过程及镀层性能的影响

采用机械镀方法制备了锌基稀土无结晶镀层,用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线荧光光谱分析(XRF)等研究了稀土添加对机械镀无结晶镀层形成过程及镀层特性的影响.结果表明,稀土金属盐复合添加剂能影响无结晶镀层形成时金属微粉的集聚、吸附和沉积特性,使金属粉趋于面状吸附一沉积,改善了镀层的形成条件.机械镀锌基稀土合金镀层外观平整、光亮,密度、显微硬度、耐腐蚀性和电化学特性明显优于传统机械镀锌层.     

Effect of zinc plating of low carbon steel on corrosion resistance in cassava fluid environment

Abstract

This research work investigated the corrosion resistance of zinc plated low carbon steel in cassava fluid (i.e. containing hydrogen cyanide). It simulated the effect of continuous use of the material in a cyanide environment where corrosion products are left in place. Low carbon steel samples were zinc electroplated at voltages between 0˙5 and 0˙9 V for 5 to 20 min. The plated samples were then subjected to a cassava fluid environment for 30 days. The electrode potentials, in mV (SCE), were measured every day. Weight loss was determined at intervals of 5 days for duration of the exposure period. The result showed corrosion attack on the zinc plated steel, the severity increasing with increasing weight of zinc coating on substrate. The result showed that thinly plated low carbon steel did not have any advantage over unplated steel and were quickly stripped of their zinc plating with resultant corrosion of the underlying steel substrate. Heavily zinc plating steel was observed to offer some protection for the steel but not for a long time. The pH of the cassava solution which initially was acidic because of the cyanide content in the cassava was observed to progress to neutrality after 5 days and then became slightly alkaline at the end of the 30 days test (because of corrosion product contamination of the cyanide), contributing to the reduced corrosion rate. Unplated steel was found to be unsuitable for the fabrication of cassava processing machinery without some form of surface treatment, but unfortunately, zinc is not suitable as a protective coating in this environment.     

锌镍合金镀工艺优化及镀层耐腐蚀性的研究

目的研究锌镍合金镀层的耐腐蚀性能。方法通过正交试验法,对锌镍合金电镀工艺进行优化,获得镀液配方。通过中性盐雾试验评判优化后的锌镍合金镀层的耐腐蚀性能,并与镀锌层和镀镉层进行对比。分析主盐、络合剂、p H值、电流密度、温度等对镀层耐腐蚀性的影响。结果最优配方为:氧化锌6~14 g/L,硫酸镍20~30 g/L,氢氧化钠100~140 g/L,光亮剂4~6 g/L,络合剂50~70 g/L。该配方获得的锌镍合金镀层在中性盐雾实验中,出白锈的时间可以达到720 h以上。结论锌镍合金镀层的耐腐蚀性优良,优于镀锌层和镀镉层。     

2011型除雪车滚刷焊接齿轮热处理及其表面镀锌

目的 提高2011型除雪车滚刷焊接齿轮的综合力学性能和镀锌层质量.方法 热处理前齿面预留0.4 mm的磨削量,硬度调质到230~270 HBW.焊接完成后,立即在井式炉中消除焊接产生的热应力,900℃高温入炉快速加热,860℃保温淬火,并及时回火.该焊接齿轮的电镀工艺分为预处理、活化、电镀、钝化和烘干五个步骤,采用亚苄基丙酮作为主光亮剂的新型镀锌溶液进行电镀.结果 焊接齿轮进行整体调质热处理后,焊缝区组织主要是细小均匀的回火索氏体,力学性能优良稳定,避免了HAZ区的软化、脆化、硬化,预堆低碳钢后综合力学性能最好,按此工艺生产的齿轮经检测全部合格.焊接齿轮电镀层主要成分为Zn,少部分为Fe,Zn的质量分数沿着基体金属向镀层方向递增,而Fe递减.电镀层的厚度约为6~8μm,镀锌层与基体附着紧密,镀层无粗糙、起泡、裂纹、孔隙或局部无镀层的情况.结论 焊接齿轮齿面预留磨削量,采用最小变形热处理工艺,确保了尺寸精度,降低了加工难度,利于批量多规格工件的生产.采用堆焊过渡层焊后调质工艺,可显著提高焊接齿轮的焊缝区域的综合力学性能.对焊接齿轮镀锌层进行国标检验的结果 表明,本文采用的镀锌溶液配方和电镀工艺效果良好,电镀层厚度均匀,分布合理,致密度、附着力良好,耐腐蚀性优良,具有较大的推广应用价值.     

65Mn弹簧垫圈断裂分析

直径为4 mm的65Mn弹簧垫圈镀银后,在装配时发生了断裂。对失效件的宏观、微观特征进行观察,并对失效件的化学成分、金相组织及氢含量进行了测定。结果表明:弹簧垫圈在酸洗、电镀过程中零件内部渗入了氢,镀后未及时除氢且除氢时间不足,致使在外力的作用下垫圈发生氢脆断裂。在明确失效原因后,采取了针对性措施如增加除氢时间等,彻底避免了类似问题的发生。     

Einfluß der Festigkeit unlegierter und niedriglegierter Stähle auf H-induzierte Korrosionserscheinungen bei zügiger plastischer Belastung

Influence of mechanical strength on hydrogen-induced corrosion effects on unalloyed and low-alloysteels subjected to slow strain rate tests Three steels were subjected to various heat treatments or cold working to produce 7 variants of strength. Specimens from these materials were tested in 9 aqueous solutions containing various acidic components by the constant strain rate technique under cathodic polarisation or free corrosion conditions. Hydrogen induced cracks were only observed after passing the maximum load. Hydrogen induced cracking and the decrease in the reduction of area (hydrogen embrittlement) show a good correlation with the mechanical properties of the materials. For less ductile materials the number of cracks decreased with increased embrittlement. The magnitude of hydrogen embrittlement depends on the concentration of undissociated acid in the test solution and is independent of pH value. O₂ can reduce the embrittlement. The effect of test solution composition decreases as the cathodic polarisation potential becomes more negative, because hydrogen will then be generated from H₂O. There is no correlation between the type of corrosion effects and the strength of the material, except in the case of highly sensitive high strength variants with R_m in excess of 1000 N/mm². Quenched and tempered low alloy steels, even at high strength levels, have significantly higher resistance to hydrogen embrittlement than significantly higher resistance to hydrogen embrittlement than unalloyed steels. The same is also ture for workhardened variants. For unalloyed steels, metallurgical cleanness seems to have a favourable influence. No hydrogen induced corrosion effects were observed in specimens tested at 907°C under free corrosion conditions.     

机械镀锌层微观形貌及有机硅表面封孔耐腐蚀处理

325目球形颗粒状锌粉在SnSO4水溶液中活化后,与工件和玻璃微珠在滚筒内依靠机械撞击力作用,形成Zn-Sn复合镀层以保护基体金属.由于形成镀层的过程处在酸性环境,在镀层增厚过程中不可避免把酸性溶液包裹在镀层里面,酸性溶液会与金属基体和镀层反应,产生氢气,必然会寻找通道逸出,形成微气孔;镀层是逐渐形成的,新生镀层与原有镀层之间存在结合面;镀覆过程由于撞击力过大或者不均匀,镀层内部球形颗粒状锌粉变形较小,球形颗粒与球形颗粒的结合不严密等,这些原因会导致镀层产生微裂纹.电镜扫描镀层表面和断面形貌图片可证实这些问题确实存在.以甲基含氢硅油、钛酸四异丙酯、石油醚为组分复配,所得复配物对Zn-Sn复合镀成形层过程所导致的微气孔和微裂纹具有很好的渗透性.经试验确定甲基含氢硅油、钛酸四异丙酯、石油醚(馏程为90～120℃)分别占复配物的质量分数为11%、10%、79%.盐雾试验证实,在涂层厚度为0.2μm时,可延长镀层出现白色腐蚀产物时间近1倍,相应地延缓了镀层出现红锈的时间,证明在镀层表面进行封孔处理,能较大提高镀层的耐腐蚀性能.     

Environment‐sensitive fracture of aluminium alloy 6013

The aim of this paper is to contribute to a better understanding of the reasons of the fatigue behaviour in corrosive environment of aluminium alloys used in aircraft industry. Fatigue crack propagation experiments were carried out at various test frequencies on CCT specimen of Al 6013T6 in air and in 3.5% sodium chloride solution. The rate of crack propagation is accelerated in sodium chloride solution, and the da/dN‐ΔK curve for Al 6013T6 shows characteristics which differ from the curve in air. In order to clarify the influence of the corrosion medium the composition and the pH value of the electrolyte were varied. In this way the crack propagation was inhibited or accelerated during fatigue test. During the fatigue test in corrosive environment the dissolution of aluminium occurs and at the same time hydrogen evolves. Hydrogen embrittlement means a loss of ductility caused by the incorporation of hydrogen into the lattice. For the fatigue behaviour in corrosive medium it is decisive how atomic hydrogen is generated and which conditions allow the absorption of the hydrogen into the material. The results show that chloride ions and an acid pH value are necessary for the absorption of hydrogen. Besides the hydrogen embrittlement a second process of mechanical degradation occurs. Secondary cracks were determined after finishing the fatigue crack propagation test. These cracks could be observed as well in air as in corrosion medium. But in corrosion medium the occurrence of secondary cracks was more pronounced. The degradation mechanism in the presence of corrosion medium and cyclic stresses is discussed. It is shown that superposition of hydrogen embrittlement due to hydrogen absorption and formation of secondary cracks plays an important role in the fatigue behaviour of Al 6013T6 in corrosive medium.     

免水洗常温热镀锌表面磷化技术研究

以磷酸、氧化锌、磷酸二氢锰、钼酸铵和硝酸钙等为原料,通过正交试验等方法开发了一种磷化后免水洗的常温热镀锌表面磷化液。研究了磷化液的pH值、磷化温度、磷化时间以及自干时间等对磷化膜质量的影响。结果表明:磷化液pH值为2.6～3.3,在5～40℃浸渍磷化7～10min,自然干燥3h可获得磷化后工件免水洗的磷化膜。磷化膜的耐蚀时间超过50s,喷涂铁红环氧底漆后的漆膜附着力达1级。     

稀土对机械镀锌铝镀层中微量铝的影响

通过铬天青S分光光度法测定了机械镀锌铝镀层中铝的含量、用扫描电镜及X射线荧光光谱仪测试镀层断面形貌和表面铝分布状况。结果表明,在机械镀锌铝镀层过程中加入稀土能增加镀层中的铝含量,并使铝的分布均匀化。     

不同密度研磨介质球对机械研磨电镀铜镀层耐蚀性能影响

目的：利用垂直冲击电镀装置制备机械研磨电镀铜镀层。方法在普通酸性镀铜液中分别加入玻璃球、铜球、铅球,在垂直冲击电镀装置振幅为4 mm、频率为12 Hz的情况下制备30μm的铜镀层,利用电子扫描电镜（SEM）观察镀层表面微观形貌,研究不同密度研磨介质球对镀层晶胞大小的影响;利用恒电位仪测量机械研磨电镀过程中的阴极极化程度,研究机械研磨电镀晶胞细化机制;利用失重法测试镀层在3.5%（质量分数）的 NaCl 溶液中的腐蚀速度,研究介质球密度与铜镀层腐蚀速度之间的关系;利用电化学测试技术验证介质球密度与铜镀层腐蚀速度之间关系的一致性。结果与普通铜镀层相比,机械研磨铜镀层晶胞细小,耐蚀性较好;铅球机械研磨铜镀层晶胞最小,耐蚀性最好;铜球机械研磨铜镀层晶胞次之,耐蚀性次之;玻璃球机械研磨铜镀层晶胞最大,耐蚀性最差。结论介质球密度为(2～12.3)×103 kg/m3时,随着介质球密度的增大,铜镀层晶胞减小,耐蚀性提高。