Ti-22Al-25Nb合金等轴组织演变和拉伸性能

研究了Ti-22Al-25Nb合金等轴组织的演变及其对拉伸性能的影响。结果发现,经α_2+O+B2三相区等温锻后,在O+B2两相区固溶过程中,组织中初始O相板条粗化变短,冷却析出的细板条则溶解到B2基体中,α_2/O相颗粒不发生明显变化,固溶温度升高使得少量等轴O相发生溶解,rim O相厚度减小。而在O+B2两相区时效的过程中,大量细密的二次O相板条从B2基体析出,少量被rim O包围的α_2相向O相转变。时效温度升高时,析出的二次板条O相变得粗大,总体含量减少,rim O厚度增加。时效温度的升高还使得合金强度下降而塑性增加。     

α_2＋B2相区等温锻造及热处理对Ti-22Al-25Nb合金组织和性能的影响

研究了Ti-22Al-25Nb合金在α2＋B2相区等温锻造及不同制度热处理,其显微组织演变规律和室温、高温拉伸性能变化。结果表明：在α2＋B2相区等温锻造后显微组织仍由等轴α2相颗粒、O相包裹着的等轴α2相、细小板条状O相与B2基体组成,与原始锻棒组织的区别在于等轴α2相颗粒发生溶解,数量减少,尺寸下降;等温锻造后再在O＋B2相区固溶处理的,组织中等轴α2相颗粒分解,由等轴α2/O相颗粒、板条O相和B2基体组成,且随固溶温度升高,板条O相溶解,变粗、变短;等温锻造后经固溶加时效处理时,B2基体中析出二次针状O相,且随时效温度升高,二次针状O相变粗、变短,室温及650℃高温拉伸性能也随时效温度升高,表现为强度降低而塑性提高。     

Ti-22Al-24Nb-0.5Mo电子束焊接接头组织性能研究

对Ti-22Al-24Nb-0.5Mo合金的电子束焊接接头开展研究,焊接接头熔合区由B₂相柱状晶和分布在上下边缘的少量枝状晶组成,并且沿中心轴对称分布。对焊接接头进行了850_oC/2hr/AC(时效)与980_oC/2hr+850_oC/24hr/AC(固溶+时效)两种热处理,时效态接头熔合区的B₂相中析出了大量针状O相,而固溶+时效态熔合区的O相更为粗大,且α₂相重新形成。两种热处理后接头的常温拉伸性能相近,但在高温下时效态接头的强度稍高。固溶+时效态接头的650_oC持久寿命高于时效态,失效模式都为沿晶断裂。     

热处理对近β锻造的多元Ti2AlNb基合金组织和性能的影响

以近β锻造的多元Ti2AlNb基合金Ti-22Al-25Nb-1Mo-1V-1Zr-0.2Si（at %）为实验对象,采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）和万能拉伸试验机等测试手段研究了不同热处理对近β锻造Ti2AlNb基合金组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明：经近β锻造空冷后的组织由初生α2相、针状O相和基体B2相构成。随着固溶温度的升高,合金室温、高温强度升高,塑性降低。而随着时效温度的升高,合金的强度和塑性变化规律与固溶处理的规律正好相反。分析认为,固溶处理主要影响合金中初生α2/O相体积分数,随着固溶温度的升高,初生α2/O相体积分数减少,使得针状O相的强化作用增强,同时造成α2相对B2晶界钉扎减弱,B2晶粒长大塑性降低。时效处理主要影响析出相形态,随着时效温度的降低,合金中析出板条厚度减小,使得细小板条强化作用增加,而有利于塑性的B2相体积分数减少,导致合金塑性降低。     

β锻造Ti-22Al-25Nb合金的组织转变与拉伸性能

采用SEM等方法观察经β相区温度锻造的Ti-22Al-25Nb合金在β相转变点以下不同热处理过程中的微观组织转变,测试所得组织状态下的合金拉伸性能。对该合金的微观组织转变规律以及与拉伸性能的关系和机理进行分析。结果表明,在固溶处理过程中,组织中原有的α2相颗粒和O相板条因溶解而减少,B2相基体含量相应增大;固溶处理温度升高可加剧各相含量的变化趋势,并在这一过程中伴随着B2相的再结晶且α2相和O相的存在对B2相的再结晶有限制作用;在时效过程中,O相以细小二次板条形式从B2相基体中析出,或在残留的α2相颗粒周边以块状形式生成。该合金经不同固溶＋时效处理后均具有良好的室温及高温拉伸性能;且因固溶温度升高造成细小O相二次板条含量增多而使合金呈强度升高、塑性下降的趋势,其中以1000℃固溶＋800℃时效处理的状态具有强度和塑性的最佳匹配。     

固溶处理对一种新型亚稳定β型钛合金组织与力学性能的影响

研究了固溶处理对一种亚稳β型Ti-10Mo-6Zr-4Sn-3Nb钛合金组织与力性能的影响。结果表明:经(α+β)固溶后的组织为拉长的β晶粒,晶界和晶内析出球状初生α相;时效后,晶内β基体上均匀析出细小针状的次生α相。β单相区固溶后的组织为等轴β晶粒;时效后,晶界析出取向相近的次生α相片层,晶内析出针状、平行交叉的次生α相。随固溶温度的升高,初生α相体积分数减少,β晶粒度增加。经(α+β)固溶+时效后,析出的次生α相细小;经β单相区固溶+时效后,析出的次生α相较粗大;经固溶后,合金拥有较高的强度和塑性,且随固溶温度的升高,强度减小,塑性增加;(α+β)固溶时效强化大于β单相区固溶时效强化,二者差约60 MPa。     

固溶-时效对粉末成形TC4钛合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

研究了固溶温度、冷却方式以及时效温度对粉末成形TC4钛合金相组成、微观组织以及力学性能的影响,分析了固溶-时效热处理过程中微观组织变化及析出强化机制。结果表明,在两相区固溶处理,随固溶温度的升高,初生α相含量不断减少;单相区固溶处理后,初生α相全部溶解,析出相呈片层状;固溶时采用水冷可获得α+α′组织,时效过程中马氏体分解形成的次生弥散相实现合金强化。粉末成形TC4钛合金经950℃/1 h/WQ+500℃/4 h/AC热处理后,综合性能匹配良好,抗拉强度为1231 MPa,屈服强度为1126 MPa,延伸率为10.75%。     

β单相区固溶温度对Ti-55531合金组织及性能的影响

采用OM、SEM及拉伸测试方法,结合系列的热处理工艺,研究了β单相区不同的固溶温度对Ti-55531合金片层组织参数及力学性能的影响规律。结果表明,β单相区不同温度固溶,再经相同的时效处理后,合金的组织均为片层状的次生α_s、残余β片和微量晶界α组成的片层组织,但不同温度固溶后合金的β晶粒尺寸改变,进而影响时效析出次生α_s片的含量及尺寸,最终导致合金力学性能的差异。固溶温度在830~900 ℃之间时,随固溶温度的升高,原始β晶粒尺寸增大,后续时效析出的次生α_s长、宽及长宽比均先增大后减小,数量越来越多,合金强度直线下降,塑性先降低后增加。固溶温度为860℃时合金对应的强塑性匹配最好。合金的断裂失效机制为以微孔聚集为主,沿晶开裂和穿晶断裂并存的混合断裂机制。     

Ti-23Al-17Nb合金双态组织的控制

研究Ti-23Al-17Nb(at%,下同)合金在不同热处理条件下形成的双态组织的微观细节特征及其形成规律,分析双态组织细节特征对力学性能的影响,探讨综合改善合金拉伸性能和高温持久性能的途径。结果表明,经α2+B2两相区温度变形的该合金,通过固溶处理/连续冷却和固溶快冷+时效两种方式的热处理均可形成双态组织。其中固溶快冷+时效方式可以实现O相板条数量、尺寸、分布及排列更有效的控制,时效温度的降低有助于板条的细化和混乱排列。在α2相等轴颗粒形貌及体积分数基本一致(约15%～20%)的情况下,O相板条体积分数的增加有利于合金高温持久性能的显著提高,但会造成合金室温拉伸延伸率的下降;O相板条的细化有利于合金室温和高温拉伸性能的同时改善,但使高温持久性能有所降低;通过1060℃固溶处理/油淬+850℃时效处理获得的双态组织具有强度、塑性和高温长时性能的最好匹配。     

热处理对热等静压态TC4合金降温多道次变形微观组织的影响

采用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机,在应变速率0.001s_^-1 ~5s_^-1的条件下对热等静压态TC4合金进行降温多道次热压缩实验,总变形量为70%。热等静压态TC4合金采用935℃+60min+水冷固溶处理,分别在520℃+4/6h+水冷和560℃+4/6h+水冷下进行时效处理;多道次变形后热等静压态TC4合金分别在945℃+60min+水冷进行固溶处理和560℃+6h+水冷进行时效处理。结果表明：热等静压态试样组织随着时效温度的升高,板条状次生α相含量减少;而随着时效时间变长,等轴α相逐渐增多,组织主要以次生条状的α相与等轴α为主。多道次变形态试样,在应变速率为0.1s_^-1时,合金经过950→850℃降温多道次变形后再通过固溶-时效处理,获得了较为理想的三态组织。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。