有机白光LED

有机白光LED主要有电致发光与光致发光两类。电致发光的主要机理有:量子阱发光、激基复合物发光和能量转移。人们对有机电致发光白光LED研究较多,不久将有产品问世;而对光致发光研究较少。与电致发光相比,光致发光造价更小,其荧光量子效率或许比电致发光更高。有机白光LED制备工艺简单、成本低功耗小,具有巨大的应用价值及潜在的市场。对发光显示技术,有机白光LED代表了一条“便宜”经济的路径。综述了有机白光LED的机理及发展现状。     

Efficient non-doped blue light emitting diodes based on novel carbazole-substituted anthracene derivatives

In this study, we synthesized three anthracene derivatives featuring carbazole moieties as side groups - 2-tert-butyl-9,10-bis[4-(9-carbazolyl)phenyl]anthracene (Cz⁹PhAnt), 2-tert-butyl-9,10-bis{4-[3,6-di-tert-butyl-(9-carbazolyl)]phenyl}anthracene (tCz⁹PhAnt), and 2-tert-butyl-9,10-bis{4′-[3,6-di-tert-butyl-(9-carbazolyl)]biphenyl-4-yl}anthracene (tCz⁹Ph₂Ant) - for use in blue organic light emitting devices (OLEDs). The anthracene derivatives presenting rigid and bulky tert-butyl-substituted carbazole units possessed high glass-transition temperatures (220 °C). Moreover, the three anthracene derivatives exhibited strong blue emissions in solution, with high quantum efficiencies (91%). We studied the electroluminescence (EL) properties of non-doped OLEDs incorporating these anthracene derivatives, with and without a hole-transporting layer (HTL). OLEDs incorporating an HTL provided superior EL performance than did those lacking the HTL. The highest brightness (6821 cd/m²) was that for the tCz⁹PhAnt-based device; the greatest current efficiency (2.1 cd/A) was that for the tCz⁹Ph₂Ant-based device. The devices based on these carbazole-substituted anthracene derivatives also exhibited high color purity.     

柔性有机电致发光器件的研究进展

柔性OLED技术尚未成熟,要实现产业化,其稳定性和显示效率仍有待进一步改善.本文从FOLED衬底材料的选取和处理、阳极材料的选取和设计、柔性器件的包封等方面,介绍了FOLED几项关键技术研究进展,并对其研究与应用前景进行了展望.     

聚合物蓝色发光器件的结构分析

报道了用荧光染料掺杂母体聚合物作有源层，制备了单层和三层聚合物蓝光ＬＥＤ。通过对这两种结构的器件在开启电压和发光强度上的比较，分析三层器件的结构优势，得出异质结构对电子的限域作用有利于提高器件性能，给出理想的器件结构模型。     

The road to high efficiency organic light emitting devices

Advances leading to very high efficiency organic light emitting devices for use in flat panel displays and solid state illumination are described. The topics addressed in the Special Issue on High Efficiency Organic Light Emitting Devices are introduced.     

Tunable chromaticity stability in solution-processed organic light emitting devices

Efficient solution-processed color-stable and color-tunable white organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been realized by judicious selection of the host materials for the emission layers. The color-tunable OLED demonstrates the unique characteristic of modulating the electroluminescence by using the applied voltage of the device and displays color temperatures ranging from 1600 K to 4600 K around the daylight locus, with a peak external quantum efficiency of 13.6% and a peak current efficiency of 22.5 cd A⁻¹. On the other hand, the chromaticity-stable device shows a negligible color change, from 300 to 2000 nits. The manipulation of chromaticity is attributed to the energy transfer dynamics of the hosts and dopants under different electric fields.     

微腔结构对红光磷光OLED的性能的影响研究

使用新型红光磷光材料R-4B作为微腔有机电致发光显示器(OLED)的发光层,高反射Al阴极和半透半反Al阳极为微腔的两端反射镜。制备的器件结构为Al(10nm)/MoOx(Ynm)/NPB(40nm)/TCTA(10nm)/CBP:R-4B(4%)(30nm)/BCP(10nm)/AlQ(40nm)/LiF(1nm)/Al(100nm)。讨论了腔长的变化对器件性能的影响。结果表明,微腔结构可以使光谱窄化,随着MoOx厚度Y的增加,其峰值波长由600nm增至668nm。当MoOx厚度为40nm时,其发光强度最大,峰值波长为608nm,半高宽(FWHM)为50nm,器件的最大亮度为35 300cd/cm2,最大效率可达23.5cd/A,得到了性能较好的红色磷光OLED。     

高效率非掺杂型白色有机电致发光器件

制备了基于rubrene超薄层和NPBX做激子阻挡层的高效率的非掺杂型白色有机电致发光器件.器件结构为:ITO/2T-NATA(20 nm)/NPBX(25-d nm)/rubrene(0.2 nm)/NPBX(d nm)/DPVBi(30 nm)/Alq(30 nm)/LiF(0.5 nm)/Al.器件的电致发光光谱依靠激子阻挡层NPBX厚度d的变化而变化,当NPBX厚度d为5 nm时,器件色坐标从7 V变化到16 V时均在白光的中心区域,有最大电流效率7.91 cd/A(V=7 V)和最大亮度13 540 cd/m2 (V=16 V).     

White organic light emitting devices with a color conversion layer

A white organic light emitting device (WOLED) combining the blue organic light emitting device with a red color conversion layer (CCL) is reported, which includes a fluorescent material N-(4-((E)-2-(6-((E)-4-(diphenylamino) styryl)naphtha len-2-yl)vinyl) phenyl)-N-phenylbenzenamine (N-BDAVBi) doped into 4,4′-N,N′-dicarbazole-biphenyl (CBP) as the blue light emitting layer, and the poly (2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethylhexoxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene (MEH-PPV) as a red CCL. By optimizing the concentration of MEH-PPV in the CCL, a good white light emission is obtained, which shows that the stable CIE coordinates of (0.33, 0.34) will have a slight change when the driving voltage is increased from 6 to 11 V. The maximum brightness and current efficiency of the optimized device are 11294 cd/m² and 6.4 cd/A, respectively.     

Gaq3有机薄膜电致发光器件

首次报道了采用８－羟基喹啉镓螯合物作为发光层制备有机薄膜电致发光器件，器件的结构为：ＩＴＯ导电玻璃／ＴＰＤ／Ｇａｑ３／Ａｌ。研究了Ｇａｑ３薄膜的光致发光和器件的电致发光机理，同时测量和研究了器件的电流密度－－电压（Ｊ－Ｖ）特性和发光亮度－电压（Ｂ－Ｖ）特性。结果表明器件的电致发光峰值波长为５４０ｎｍ，在２０Ｖ直流电压驱动下的最大发光亮度约２５００ｃｄ／ｍ＾２明显高于上同结构和工艺参数制备的Ａｌｑ３     

Organic light emitting diodes with highly conductive micropatterned polymer anodes

We use a soft lithography technique to pattern a high conductive poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) acting as anode in organic light emitting diodes. In this method all the polymer layers except for the desired pattern are lifted up from the substrate surface. We are able to define the emissive zones of our devices on a large area in a cheap and fast way. By comparing the devices realized using the patterned polymeric anode with an untreated indium tin oxide substrate, we obtained current efficiency values that have the same order of magnitude: this is the first step for the realization of low cost devices suitable for flexible substrates.     

阴极为半透明Ce/Au的有机发光二极管

在p型硅基底的阳极上制得的顶出光有机发光器件(TOLEDs)采用Ce(xnm)/Au(15nm)(x:4～16)沉积层作为半透明阴极材料.当有机层NPB(60 nm)/Alq3(60 nm)保持不变时,研究了Ce层厚度对透光度和器件性能的影响.结果表明:沉积层为Ce(11nm)/Au(15nm)的阴极透光度达到46％,...     

Multiple exciton generation regions in phosphorescent white organic light emitting devices

We demonstrate a white electrophosphorescent organic light emitting device (WOLED) with a three-section emission layer (EML) where excitons are formed in the multiple emission regions. The EML consists of a stepped progression of highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energies of the ambipolar hosts. Analysis shows that (36 ± 6)% of the excitons form in the blue emitting region, while (64 ± 6)% form in the green emitting region at 100 mA/cm². The doping of the red, green and blue phosphors, each in its own host, allows for efficient utilization of excitons formed in these multiple regions. Based on this architecture, the WOLED has an internal quantum efficiency close to unity. The WOLED has total external quantum and power efficiencies of η_ext,t = (26 ± 1)% and η_p,t = (63 ± 3) lm/W at 12 cd/m², decreasing to η_ext,t = (23 ± 1)% and η_p,t = (37 ± 2) lm/W at 500 cd/m². When an undoped electron transport layer is used, the peak efficiency is η_ext,t = (28 ± 1)%. Due to the distributed exciton formation in the EML, the WOLED exhibits higher total efficiency than monochromatic devices employing the same red, green and blue dopant–host combinations.     

基于无线指挥的有机电致发光器件的特性及实验

深入探究了多层有机电致发光器件的特性及优势。理论上分析了器件的电场与局域态的特性关系,设计了类似夹层式的两次堆叠双层有机层的实验结构,采用了电子传输材料Bphen来进行相关器件的制作。实验结果表明:叠层器件的开启电压几乎高出单层器件的开启电压值的一倍;叠层器件相比单层器件的电流效率高出1.5倍以上;叠层器件会产生微腔效应,设计内部连接层结构十分便捷有效。上述结果对于有机半导体器件的在无线指挥中的发展具有一定的理论和实践意义。     

以iridium磷光为红绿蓝染料的白光器件研究

以磷光染料iridium (III) bis [(4,6-di-fluoropheny)-pyridinato-N,C2′] picolinate(Flrpic)掺在4.4′-bis (9-carbazolyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-biphenyl(CDBP)中作为蓝光发光层,tris (2-Phenylpyridine) iridium(Irlppy)3和bis (1-phenyl-isoquinoline) acetylacetonate iridium (III)(Ir(piq)2)(acac)共掺在4,4′-N,N′-dicarbazole-biphenyl(CBP)中作为绿光和红光发光层,制备了高效白光器件.通过控制染料的浓度和发光层的厚度调节颜色,实现白光发射.器件的最大亮度为17 V时37 100 cd/m2,最大效率为5 V时7.37 lm/W.当亮度从1 000 cd/m2 到30 000 cd/m2色坐标由(0.41,0.42) 变到(0.37,0.39).     

Effective hole-injection layer for non-doped inverted top-emitting organic light-emitting devices

Non-doped inverted top-emitting organic light-emitting diode with high efficiency is demonstrated through employing an effective hole-injection layer composed of MoO_x. One reason for high efficiency lies on the energy-level matching between MoO_x and hole-transport, and another is due to the Ohmic contact formed between MoO_x and Ag. Both of them lead to an improvement of the hole-injection capability from Ag top anode. Moreover, the symmetrical current of “hole-only” device with MoO_x shows better hole-injection capability, which is independent of the deposition sequence. The optimized device with MoO_x hole-injection layer exhibits maximum current efficiency of 3.7 cd/A at a raised luminance level of 14,900 cd/m² and a maximum luminance of 47,000 cd/m² under 18 V.     

Effects of substrate topography on current injection and light emission properties of organic light emitting devices

Substrate topography plays a critical role in the function of nano-scale materials and devices. We study small molecular organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) deposited onto non-planar substrates, where the substrate’s radius of curvature in some regions approaches the thickness of the active device layers. As a result, the electric field profile inside the organic charge transport layers is modified, influencing carrier injection, transport, and light emission properties. Experiments and numerical modeling suggest that charge balance and electroluminescence efficiency potentially can be improved in electron injection-limited OLED architectures via substrate geometry. These findings elucidate the optoelectronic behavior (and degradation) of OLEDs on imperfect substrates, and suggest a strategy based on substrate topography for controlling device behavior.     

Determining emissive dipole orientation in organic light emitting devices by decay time measurement

We present a method to detect anisotropy in the distribution of the transition dipole moment in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). The method is based on the dependency of the exciton decay rate on the optical environment and the orientation of the dipole transition moment, also called the Purcell effect. We use this method to demonstrate a preferential orientation of the small molecule emitter Ir(MDQ)₂(acac) in a TPBi matrix. The outcoupling improvement for OLEDs that could be obtained with perfectly oriented transition dipoles is estimated by simulation. For perfectly planar structures this shows an EQE in air of up to 34%.