从法老王座到巴塞罗那椅 ——X形座椅的历史演变

本文是对X形座椅演变历史的溯源。从古埃及法老王座到现代的巴塞罗那椅,X形座椅在不同时期以一种特殊的坐具样式出现在家具设计史中。这种特殊的坐具样式中包含了人类对于功能性、象征性、审美性等诸多方面的设计智慧。文章分别论述了古代西方和中国X形坐具发展历史,又对现代主义设计中的经典X形椅——巴塞罗那椅进行分析,以期重新梳理X形座椅的设计脉络,对今后的坐具设计有所帮助。     

坐具形式的演变对我国人居饮食的影响

以席地而坐到垂足而坐的演变为启示,分析了坐具形式在不同历史时期形式与不同文化内涵之间相互交融的过程,论述了坐具累积并演变的过程,分析其特有的中国传统文化特征。在此基础上提出作为人类文明与生活实践产物的坐具,其形式的变化发展对人们的坐姿、饮食习惯、器皿造型、书写姿势、室内陈设以及建筑空间产生的深远影响。     

中国传统器型探究与现代产品设计

基于对中国现代产品设计发展前景的思考,立足传统,从器物造型的角度深入探讨研究中国传统器物型态的重要性,以及对现代产品设计可能产生的启示和影响。总结前人研究成果,寻求新的理论创新,以实用器物为主要对象,寻求器物形式与生活方式变迁之间的交互影响关系。     

论十里红妆的坐具与卧具设计

通过对婚嫁器物文化的研究,以十里红妆婚嫁器物对生活的影响与意义为启示,从形态、功能、色彩、装饰图案、材料、制作工艺等方面,重点论述了红妆坐具与卧具,分析了红妆坐具与卧具的设计特点,得出其形态与功能设计的合理性,最后阐述了红妆坐具与卧具的文化意义。在此基础上,提出传承与整合红妆坐具与卧具设计,对形成具有中国婚俗风格的现代家具意义深远。     

针对中国家庭失能老人洗浴椅的研究与设计

目的 旨在设计一款面向中国家庭的失能老人洗浴椅。方法 结合失能老人辅助器具的文献与实地调查,分析在洗浴过程中,洗浴椅、失能老人、护理人员、洗浴室彼此关系间存在的问题,并通过逐步推导洗浴椅的功能、结构以及外观造型,提出合适的解决方案。结果 完善与再设计了扶手、座位、座面、脚踏板、底座、材质、尺寸7个基本构成部件,完成了新款洗浴椅方案。结论 新方案提升了失能老人洗浴护理的安全性与舒适度,提高了护理效率,能够较好地满足中国家庭对洗浴椅的需求。     

造物文化视角下《河工器具图说》数字化保护研究与实践

目的 补遗并丰富中国传统河工器具文化内涵,探索中国传统河工器具数字传承路径.方法 立足造物文化和当代数字技术视角,采用文献研究和田野调查相结合的方法,对《河工器具图说》所载器物进行考证,重点围绕物质层(形制、结构、功能、材质、色彩)和精神层(风俗、精神、信仰)两个维度对其进行审视、分析,在此基础上探索用三维数字复原以及数字虚拟等方式对其进行抢救性记录、再现和传承.结果 完成了传统河工器具的数字复原,并探索了"人器"交互,实现了古今"对话".结论 通过造物文化研究和数字化实践探索,展现传统河工器具的艺术之美、实用之美和科技之美.     

残疾人辅助器具通用要求标准浅析——以洗浴椅产品为例

针对我国辅助器具产品众多,一些辅助器具产品标准相对先进,一些产品标准相对滞后或没有标准的情况,本文研究了国内外辅助器具产品标准体系和构成。通过对比,体现了辅助器具产品通用要求标准的重要性。以洗浴椅这一常用的辅助器具产品为例,结合产品使用中可预见的安全风险,分析了欧洲辅助器具产品通用要求标准部分条款的适用性,并根据其给出的静载试验和动态耐久试验总则,计算出洗浴椅产品静载试验的加载力和动态耐久试验的循环次数,证实了该指标与相关标准的协调性。建议积极推进残疾人辅助器具产品通用要求标准的转化,从而使我国辅助器具产品标准体系更加完善。     

析坐具的多变性设计

分析了坐姿下身体各部分组织结构所处的状态、不适和坐姿下人体多动的特点,从多个角度提出如何通过坐具设计来满足多种坐姿需求,归纳出为应对坐姿多样性,坐具设计所采用的多变性设计手法。以经典实例论证了坐具在座部、靠背、脚垫等位置可采用可调节设计手法,以可组合形态设计来丰富就坐选择,用独特的坐具形式给予坐姿多样可能的多功能设计手法,以及以固定形态满足多环境的多变性设计方式。     

中国古代藤家具的形态挖掘及特征提取

目的为弥补中国家具史研究中关于藤家具研究的缺失,从浩瀚的史料中挖掘出关于中国古代藤家具形态的珍贵信息,并提取其特征。方法将案例分析法和扎根理论法相结合,从大量文字、绘画和实物照片中,检索和筛选出藤家具案例,对此进行分类,并抽取其中的关键要素。然后通过对不同类型的藤家具案例进行特征分析,提取中国古代藤家具的使用特征和审美特征。结果提炼出藤墩、木框架藤坐具、竹框架藤坐具、藤橱柜和藤器物等5类藤家具的典型案例,分别得到各类家具的案例,即特征矩阵。据此,从不同案例、不同家具类型、不同特征类型3个维度,提取中国古代藤家具的综合性使用特征和审美特征。结论中国古代藤家具具有文气而亲民、环保而实用、轻便而廉价等使用特征,天然而工巧、简洁而多变、民俗而雅致等审美特征。这些特征对当代藤家具设计具有重要的启示作用。     

基于中国传统文化智慧的厨房家电研究

目的以基于中国传统文化智慧的厨房家电为着眼点,梳理国内厨房家电本土化的发展状况。方法中国传统器物的造型、工艺虽然大多已经被遗忘,其蕴含的文化智慧却是中国人独特思维方式与文化素养的深层次体现,能够为当今厨房家电设计提供开阔思路。结论通过回溯传统器具中的造物智慧,传承国人自古以来就有的生活习惯和文化理念,将助力厨房家电行业涌现出本土化的设计良品。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...