被动房人体热舒适度影响因素的灰色聚类分析研究

为研究被动式低能耗建筑（简称被动房）的人体热舒适度分析模型，文中结合灰色聚类分析方法，将被动房室内温度、相对湿度、辐射温度和风速、衣服热阻作为人体热舒适性的影响因素。借助典型被动房部分实测数据，进行箱型图法归一化处理后，建立累计百分频率函数，确定热舒适性指标PMV的计算模型；并推算出室内温度、相对湿度、辐射温度和风速、衣服热阻等影响因素的灰色白化权函数。最后确定聚类权重和聚类权重系数，最终完成样本分类。取该被动房的一月内实测样本数据进行灰色聚类分析，结果表明室内温度对热舒适性的影响效果最大，相对湿度影响次之，衣服热阻值影响效果最小，室内温度、相对湿度、辐射温度和风速、衣服热阻这5个影响因素，可作为对被动式低能耗建筑进行热舒适性的评价标准。     

基于气候的服装热阻对室内热舒适参数的影响

针对不同气候地区人们的着装特点,分析了在冬季供暖条件下,室外温度与室内服装热阻的关系,提出在热适应模型中,服装热阻是影响室内热舒适参数的重要因素,分析进入室内后服装对PMV的影响,以及改变服装热阻对建筑节能的意义。利用P.O.Fanger的热舒适方程,计算不同条件下服装热阻对PMV的影响,得到不同气候地区室内热中性时的设计温度、平均辐射温度、空气流速和湿度的取值范围,并提出考虑室外气候对服装热阻有影响时室内设计参数的修正方法。     

环境因素及综合因素对PMV指标的影响分析

简要介绍热舒适评价，以Fanger提出的热舒适性评价指标PMV及相应参数PPD为模型，采用MATLAB软件编程，计算非空调住宅建筑冬夏两季不同参数时的PMV和PPD值，列表并结合绘图分析了空气温度、服装热阻、空气相对湿度及空气流速对PMV指标的影响程度。引入量纲分析的方法，构造了一个由空气温度、服装热阻和人体新陈代谢率综合作用的参数，并证明其合理性，并提出修正方案。     

最小二乘支持向量机在热舒适性指标中的应用

本文介绍了最小二乘支持向量机的原理,并针对热舒适性指标建立了最小二乘支持向量机预测模型,以人的新陈代谢率、衣服热阻、空气温度、相对湿度、平均辐射温度和空气流速作为输入变量,以PMV指标作为输出。该模型计算结果与Fanger方程的计算结果吻合很好,与BP神经网络模型及传统的支持向量回归机模型进行分析比较的结果表明最小二乘支持向量机模型具有较高的拟合精度和泛化能力,可以满足PMV指标作为被控参数对空调系统进行实时控制的要求。     

变PMV控制对空调能耗的影响分析北大核心

利用PMV理论和谐波反应法分析了环境参数对空调能耗的影响,得知各参数对空调能耗的影响由大到小排序为:温度、相对湿度、风速。分别对PMV=0和PMV=0.75时不同参数组合的空调能耗进行了计算,发现最优的参数组合可使空调能耗最小。简要介绍了变PMV控制的思想,并通过计算得知变PMV控制的空调能耗介于PMV=0和PMV=0.75控制之间,但出于人员健康的考虑,认为变PMV控制优于定PMV控制。     

变PMV控制对空调能耗的影响分析

利用PMV理论和谐波反应法分析了环境参数对空调能耗的影响,得知各参数对空调能耗的影响由大到小排序为:温度、相对湿度、风速。分别对PMV=0和PMV=0.75时不同参数组合的空调能耗进行了计算,发现最优的参数组合可使空调能耗最小。简要介绍了变PMV控制的思想,并通过计算得知变PMV控制的空调能耗介于PMV=0和PMV=0.75控制之间,但出于人员健康的考虑,认为变PMV控制优于定PMV控制。     

湿热地区地下室外墙热阻和墙面风速对墙面结露的影响

通过计算地下室外墙在不同热阻和墙面风速时墙面温度，得出墙面临界结露时室内空气相对湿度和含湿量。结果表明湿热地区地下室外墙保温能有效地降低墙面结露，提高墙面风速对墙面结露有一定改善。     

湖南某大学校园建筑环境热舒适调查研究

对湖南某大学校园内建筑的环境热舒适度进行了现场调查和分析,采取现场测试与问卷调查相结合的方法。共测试了20间教室和5间学生宿舍,收集问卷调查表1273份。发现温度、风速、着衣热阻等参数对热舒适有明显的影响,但相对湿度对热舒适的影响不大。学生可接受的作用温度范围比ASHRAE标准规定的舒适区温度范围要宽得多,PMV指标与实际情况存在较大差别。讨论了适应性问题,推导出了室内舒适温度与室外平均温度之间的关系式,并将所得结果与其他研究成果进行了比较。     

夏季空调时PMV的图算和公式求解法的探讨

为了计算夏季空调时的PMV-PPD,分别在居室者静坐、站立或轻作业时,在相对湿度为20％、气流速度为0．1m／s-0．5m／s,室内空气温度（=平均辐射温度）为22℃-30℃的条件下,与PMV的关系进行图解化。并在图解出PMV的基础上,导出求解不同环境条件下PMV的计算公式,为空调技术提供了简单计算PMV的方法。     

空调办公室热环境的数值模拟

建立办公室的CFD模型,以雷诺平均方程和k-ε两方程紊流模型为基础,应用Monte Carlo法,考虑太阳辐射产生附加热流的影响,研究了室内速度分布、温度场、PMV值及PM2.5浓度场。计算结果和实验数据表明:该仿真模型能准确计算室内热环境,散流器送风不合理,风速分布不均,导致PMV值偏大,人体会感觉较热,需要进一步优化送风口的风速或开度大小;室内温度均值在26.15 ℃,上下浮动不超过±2 ℃,温度分布均匀,但电脑、人体和荧光灯散热对其附近温度场分布有影响;PM2.5含量为良,室内物品表面细微颗粒对PM2.5的浓度有一定影响。     

西安地区某蒸发冷却空调宿舍热舒适性分析

针对西安地区某使用蒸发式空调器的学生宿舍,对空调器应用效果进行测试和问卷调查。针对测试结果,并结合热舒适性的计算公式,在相关简化条件下,利用FORTRAN语言编程,计算出测试时间段内宿舍的PMV值、PPD值、ET*值和SET*值。同时,研究宿舍内空气干球温度、相对湿度、空气流速、服装热阻四个因素变化时对宿舍内PMV值、ET*值和SET*值的影响状况,并对研究结果进行评价和分析。得出西安地区学生宿舍内最舒适的温湿度参数范围,以及最合理的服装热阻值和空气流速值。     

寒旱地区超市类建筑热舒适温度与节能研究

为了达到节能与改善空气品质的目的,在保证热舒适的前提下,对超市类建筑的热舒适温度与节能开展了研究.考虑超市类建筑内人员短暂停留的特点及人员的实际着装,对热舒适评价模型进行变换,利用变换后的模型,编程计算寒旱区冬季超市建筑室内热舒适温度,并进行分析研究.研究结果表明:兰气流速度、相对湿度与<公共建筑节能设计标准>(GB5...     

电梯轿厢通风热舒适性及改进方案的数值研究

本文针对电梯轿厢热舒适性较差这一问题,使用CFD商用软件分析了电梯轿厢内通风的气流组织情况;文中着重分析了轿厢内热舒适性,指出轿厢内温度过高是导致其PMV值过大的主要原因。通过对增加风量和采用不同的通风方式对改善电梯轿厢内热环境的数值模拟比较,发现当送风量为原送风量的4倍时,可将轿厢内的PMV值由原来的2.65改进为2.05,将上送风改为上排风且风量为原送风量的两倍时,可将PMV值改进为2.03。     

Personal factors in thermal comfort assessment: clothing properties and metabolic heat production

In the assessment of thermal comfort in buildings, the use of the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) model is very popular. For this model, data on the climate, on clothing and on metabolic heat production are required. This paper discusses the representation and measurement of clothing parameters and metabolic rate in the PMV context. Several problems are identified and for some of these solutions are provided. For clothing insulation it was shown that effects of body motion and air movement are so big that they must be accounted for in comfort prediction models to be physically accurate. However, effects on dry heat exchange are small for stationary, light work at low air movement. Also algorithms for convective heat exchange in prediction models should be reconsidered. For evaporative heat resistance of the clothing worn, which is currently not an input factor in the PMV model, it was shown that in cases where special clothing with high vapour resistance is worn (e.g. clean-room clothing), comfort may be limited by the clothing as it will induce a high skin wettedness. Thus, for such cases clothing vapour resistance should not be neglected in the calculation of comfort using the PMV model, or the induced skin wettedness should be calculated separately. The effects on thermal comfort of reductions in vapour resistance due to air and body movements are also shown to have a substantial impact on the comfort limits in terms of skin wettedness and cannot be neglected either. For metabolic heat production it was concluded that for precise comfort assessment a precise measure of metabolic rate is needed. In order to improve metabolic rate estimation based on ISO 8996, more data and detail is needed for activities with a metabolic rate below 2 MET. Finally, it was shown that the methods for determining metabolic rate provided in ISO 8996 (typically used in comfort assessment and evaluations) do not provide sufficient accuracy to allow determination of comfort (expressed as PMV) in sufficient precision to classify buildings to within 0.3 PMV units as proposed in the upcoming revision of ISO 7730.     

Thermal comfort for naturally ventilated houses in Indonesia

For naturally ventilated buildings (NVB) located in the tropical regions, thermal comfort (TC) prediction based on predicted mean vote (PMV) standard has shown some deviations from the observed results. Hot and humid environmental conditions throughout the year and personal adaptation could have an effect on expectation and perception about TC. Through an extensive field survey conducted in residential buildings in Indonesia, 525 sets of data had been gathered. The data analysis revealed that the PMV equation had predicted warmer thermal perception as compared to what people actually felt. Interestingly, it was observed that under hot and humid tropical climate, people indicated preference to cooler environment as compared to what the neutral temperature has shown. The study also investigated the occupant’s adaptive control preferences in creating a more thermally comfortable living environment. The reciprocal effects of occupant’s thermal perception and behavioural adaptation were explored. In tropical free-running buildings where the air temperature and humidity might not be modified easily without mechanical means, the people seemed to prefer higher wind speed.     

The role of measurement accuracy on the thermal environment assessment by means of PMV index

ISO 7730 Standard classifies thermal environments in three categories as a function of the PMV range value, gradually decreasing according to the need of a lower dissatisfied percentage. It is noteworthy that the PMV value is greatly affected by the changes of its independent variables (air temperature, mean radiant temperature, air velocity, relative humidity, metabolic rate and clothing insulation); therefore the accuracy requirements of sensors for the measurement of environmental quantities as well the assessment of other parameters related to the activity and clothing appear a crucial matter. This work deals with a sensitivity analysis of PMV index to the accuracy of its six independent variables. Obtained results clearly show that the widths of PMV ranges fixed for each class in 7730 are near to the PMV uncertainty related to measuring devices accuracy, making often the environment classification a random operation.     

我国南方低能耗住宅夏季室内热环境指标的选择与评价

对我国南方低能耗住宅夏季的室内热环境指标进行了探讨，并用ISO7730中介绍的方法对人着典型夏装及室内几种常见的活动状态下该热环境可达到的PMV和PPD值进行了预测，结果表明，这些PMV和PPD值是多数人可以接受的。