拉曼型分布式光纤温度传感器的自校准解调

稳定性是拉曼型分布式光纤温度传感器在实际应用中面临的主要问题。拉曼型分布式光纤温度传感器一般使用APD雪崩光电探测器作为主探测器,由于APD探测器的雪崩放大过程容易受到环境温度的影响,使得APD探测器增益随环境温度发生变化,即使采用恒温措施也无法完全消除检测电路增益变化的影响。为了消除检测电路增益变化对拉曼型分布式光纤温度传感器常规解调的不良影响,提出了一种自校准解调技术。通过在测温光纤上选取一段标准光纤,利用铂电阻温度计实时测量标准光纤环的实际温度,并利用标准光纤环所对应的反斯托克斯光和斯托克斯光的光强度比值,及时获取并修正传感器的温度系数,抵消增益波动产生的解调误差,提高传感器的长期稳定性。实验结果表明,自校准解调可以消除检测电路增益增大1.6倍时所产生的解调误差,测温均值误差优于1℃。     

基于后向喇曼散射测温系统APD最佳雪崩增益分析

本文对基于后向Raman散射分布式光纤测温系统中APD的最佳雪崩增益Mopt进行了分析。文中系统讨论了APD雪崩增益和入射光功率、APD的工作温度和APD的偏置电压等的关系。提出了一套温度控制加偏压调节保持最佳雪崩增益的方法,并给出了偏压调节方程式。最后,针对系统提出了系统APD最佳雪崩增益的概念,给出了具体计算方法。实验结果证明分析是合理、正确的。     

温度附加损耗对分布式光纤拉曼温度传感器测温误差影响研究

基于分布式拉曼温度传感器(RDTS)的温度解调 原理,研究了光纤温度附加损耗对传感器测温结果的影响。采用一条光纤的不同位置 同时测量两个温控箱温度的实验方法,得出当光纤温度在20.0～100.0℃范围内变化时,单位长度的光纤对该段光纤位置之后的 光纤产生测温附加误差与该段光纤温度成正比以及与受温度影响的光纤长度成正比的规律 ,进而实现了对RDTS测温结果的修正。实验结果表明,2km中一段700m长的光纤在温控箱 温度控制范围内,测量温度附加误差从修正前的最大4.09℃降低到 修正后的小于0.47℃。     

温度控制与温度补偿双模式的APD驱动电路设计

在车载激光雷达系统中,雪崩光电二级管(APD)检测微弱光信号时,其增益和灵敏度受温度偏移影响,导致输出信号失真,进而影响系统测距精度、实时性与稳定性。设计了这一种带有温度控制与温度补偿功能的APD驱动电路。温度控制模块由TEC制冷器、TMP117温度传感器等器件组成。温度补偿模块采用DS1841芯片。此设计以温控为主,温补为辅。由于TEC具有热惯性,温控模式不能立刻使温度达到设定的目标值,此时温补模式将被触发,自动补偿合适的APD偏压,达到温补目的。实验测试表明,温控模式的控制精度为±0.3℃,温补模式的偏压相对误差小于0.5%,系统的测量精度与稳定性显著提高。     

面向分布式光纤拉曼测温的新型温度解调方法

为提高分布式光纤拉曼测温系统的测量速度和测量准确度,提出了一种自补偿光纤损耗及光纤色散的温度解调方法,并进行了实验验证。该方法对斯托克斯与反斯托克斯后向散射信号进行了损耗修正,避免了测温前对整条传感光纤进行定标处理的过程,减小了系统的运行时间;采用色散补偿平移算法对斯托克斯后向散射信号的位置进行修正,获得了与反斯托克斯后向散射信号相同位置处的斯托克斯后向散射信号的强度,降低了光纤色散对温度解调的影响,提高了系统的测温准确度。实验结果表明,当光纤传感距离为5.8km时,温度波动由9.01℃下降到0.57℃,测温准确度由5.50℃优化至0.87℃。     

基于ADL5317和LM35的APD偏压温度补偿电路设计

针对分布式光纤测温系统中APD(Avalanche Photodiodes)的反向偏置电压需进行实际温度补偿的要求,利用LM35温度传感器和ADL5317芯片,设计了一种高精度、低功耗、宽动态范围、偏置电压精确且可自动控制的APD偏压温度自动补偿电路。     

基于拉曼散射的分布式光纤测温系统的分析研究

基于拉曼散射的分布式光纤测温系统利用光纤作为温度的传导介质,测量沿光纤走向的连续空间的温度场分布.通过高速采集卡采集敷据,并将数据进行去掉噪声干扰和累加的处理,得到准确的温度数据.这种系统的实用性是可以对光纤沿线的温度数据实时和定点监控.通过对拉曼散射所产生的斯托克斯光/反斯托克斯光与温度关系的研究,确定分布式光纤测温系统的温度测量方法,对所采集的信号利用小波变换进行去噪声和微弱信号的处理.     

提高分布式温度传感器测温准确度的降噪方法

为了减小拉曼散射光波长相关损耗、光电探测器附加噪声及散射光中的瑞利噪声对分布式光纤温度传感器测温误差的影响,通过分析分布式光纤温度传感系统的解调原理提出了一种反斯托克斯光降噪方法。将光纤按照环形结构铺设,以每次测量的反斯托克斯光信号中菲涅耳反射峰后的基底噪声平均值作为动态本底噪声,利用两段处于不同温度的光纤消除动态本底噪声后的瑞利噪声。反斯托克斯光降噪解调法从原理上避免了参考斯托克斯光引入的测温误差,消除了本底噪声和瑞利噪声导致的测温误差。实验结果表明,修正的分布式光纤温度传感系统的最大测温误差从5.4℃降低到0.6℃,测温准确度有明显提高。     

基于分布式光纤的油井温度场测量系统设计

分布式光纤测温是一种用于实时测量空间温度场分布的新兴技术,由于它在测量分布式温度上的独特之处,该技术在油井温度场测量有很好的应用前景.首先从分布式测量原理、分布式测温原理和测温算法三个方面分析和研究喇曼分布式光纤测温系统原理,接着介绍了分布式光纤测温系统软硬件的设计,并在此基础上设计出了实验系统.实验证明所得结论是正确的,方法是可行有效的.     

基于一种高精度解调法的布里渊温度传感系统

针对采用瑞利散射和布里渊散射强度解调的分布式光纤布里渊温度传感系统中存在的系统温漂及光纤应力等噪声因素影响,提出了采用多个已知分段温度分布曲线来解调待测温度分布曲线,取其平均值作为测量值的新方法.系统实验表明,采用该解调法的分布式光纤布里渊温度传感系统能有效提高测温精度和稳定性,降低系统成本,系统的测温精度达到±0.07 K.     

Noise Temperature Characteristics and Gain-control of Avalanche Photodiodes for Laser Radar

Avalanche photodiodes（APDs） are promising light sensors with high quantum efficiency and low noise. It has been extensively used in radiation detection, laser radar and other weak signal detection fields. Unlike other photodiodes, APD is a very sensitive light detector with very high internal gain. The basic theory shows that the gain of APD is related to the temperature. The internal gain fluctuates with the variation of temperature. Investigated was the influence of the variation of the gain induced by the fluctuation of temperature on the output from APD for a very weak laser pulse input in laser radar. An active reverse-biased voltage compensation method is used to stabilize the gain of APD. An APD model is setup to simulate the detection of light pulse signal. The avalanche process, various noises and temperature＇s effect are all included in the model. Our results show that for the detection of weak light signal such as in laser radar, even a very small fluctuation of temperature could cause a great effect on APD＇s gain. The results show that the signal-tonoise ratio of the APD＇s output could be improved effectively with the active gain-control system.     

光纤传感系统中APD增益温漂的动态补偿研究

为实现对雪崩光电二极管(APD)增益温漂的动态偏压补偿, 设计了高精度的ADC和DAC电路系统,对APD可以达到毫伏级的偏压控制精度和0.2 ℃的温度采样精度.依托光纤传感系统并运用数据采集与处理技术获得了在APD增益比较稳定的条件下其偏压与温度之间的线性关系以及增益温漂误差的偏压补偿公式,应用时传感系统能够实时补偿增益的温漂并且具有足以满足系统要求的补偿精度.     

星载激光测距仪APD最佳雪崩增益控制技术研究

针对激光测距仪星载应用环境的特殊性,研究了星载激光测距仪APD最佳增益控制技术。通过引入星载激光测距仪APD电流信噪比模型,分析了影响星载激光测距仪APD信噪比的关键因素。针对某星载激光测距仪的具体应用,展开了APD最佳增益控制技术研究,设计了温度增益反馈控制电路,并推导建立了温度增益数字反馈控制算法,实验验证了控制电路及算法的正确性和良好的温度适应性。实验结果表明,该控制电路和算法能够使得APD在-25~60℃温度范围下保持恒定增益,适用于星载激光测距仪APD最佳增益控制。     

室内可见光通信APD 探测电路的设计与实现

室内可见光无线通信技术是随着白光LED 照明技术的发展而兴起的无线光通信技术。在分析目前的可见光通信技术基础上,针对室内可见光通信系统的应用需求,设计了雪崩光电二极管(APD)探测电路组件。首先阐述了APD 探测电路的工作原理,其次详细设计并分析了系统各组成部分的电路结构及其功能,最后对所设计的用于室内可见光通信接收子系统的探测组件进行了相关实验测试。实验结果表明:设计有效可行,APD 探测电路具有增益高、带宽宽、温控可靠、稳定性好等优点,对室内可见光通信系统有很好的应用价值,为室内可见光通信系统进一步研究提供依据。     

Experimental Determination of the Gain Distribution of an Avalanche Photodiode at Low Gains

A measurement system for determining the gain distributions of avalanche photodiodes (APDs) in a low gain range is presented. The system is based on an ultralow-noise charge-sensitive amplifier and detects the output carriers from an APD. The noise of the charge-sensitive amplifier is as low as 4.2 electrons at a sampling rate of 200 Hz. The gain distribution of a commercial Si APD with low average gains is presented, demonstrating the McIntyre theory in the low gain range.      

Gaussian approximation versus nearly exact performance analysis ofoptical communication systems with PPM signaling and APD receivers

A 25 Mbit/s direct-detection optical communication system that used Q=4 PPM signaling was constructed and its performance measured under laboratory conditions. The system used a single mode AlGaAs laser diode (λ=834 nm) and low-noise silicon avalanche photodiode (APD). A procedure is given to numerically compute system performance which uses the nearly exact Webb's approximation of the true Conradi distribution for the APD output that does not require excessive amounts of computer time (a few CPU minutes on VAX 8600 per system operating point). Comparison revealed that modeling the APD output as a Gaussian process under conditions of negligible background radiation and low (less than 10^-12A) APD bulk leakage currents leads to substantial underestimates of optimal APD gain and overestimates of system bit error probability. Examples are given which illustrate the breakdown of the Gaussian approximation in assessing system performance. The measured performance of the system was found to be in excellent agreement with the performance predicted by the nearly exact computational procedure. This system achieved a bit error probability of 10^-6 at a received signal energy corresponding to an average of 60 absorbed photons/bit and optimal APD gain of 700     

碲镉汞线性雪崩焦平面器件评价及其应用(特邀)

碲镉汞线性雪崩焦平面探测器具有高增益、高带宽及低过剩噪声等特点,在航空航天、天文观测、军事装备及地质勘探等领域展现了巨大的应用潜力。目前,国内已经开展了碲镉汞线性雪崩焦平面器件的研制工作,但缺乏评价其性能的方法及标准,同时对其的应用仍然处于探索阶段。首先分析了表征线性雪崩焦平面器件性能的关键参数,同时基于碲镉汞线性雪崩焦平面器件的特点,探讨了雪崩焦平面器件在主/被动红外成像、快速红外成像等领域的应用,最后对碲镉汞雪崩焦平面器件的未来发展进行了展望。     

基于APD阵列三维成像激光雷达信噪比分析

基于雪崩光电二极管APD阵列的三维成像激光雷达采用激光单脉冲直接获取三维图像。为了仿真评估系统的性能,主要分析了APD阵列增益对系统信噪比和探测概率的影响,APD阵列的阈值电压对系统探测概率的影响。仿真结果表明,当选取合适的APD阵列增益时,系统的信噪比和探测概率可以达到最大值;APD阵列阈值电压的增大会降低系统的探测概率,并且对系统的探测概率影响很大。     

孔径接收下各向异性海洋湍流UWOC系统误码分析

为了研究孔径接收对各向异性海洋湍流条件下水下无线光通信(UWOC)系统误比特率的影响, 系统采用高斯光束传输, 接收端通过孔径接收, 在脉冲位置调制方式下通过各向异性海洋湍流信道。引入各向异性海洋湍流结构常数, 通过对闪烁的形成原理和各向异性海洋湍流条件下闪烁系数的分析, 数值模拟得到了在不同接收孔径和各向异性因子下, 海洋湍流参量、传输距离、雪崩光电二极管(APD)平均增益和调制阶数对系统误比特率的影响。结果表明, 相同各向异性因子和海洋湍流参量下, 大孔径接收能有效提升系统误比特率性能; 相同孔径直径和海洋湍流参量下, 各向异性因子越大, 系统通信性能越好; 均方温度耗散率、温度和盐度对海洋功率谱变化贡献的比值较小, 湍流动能耗散率、动力粘度较大以及传输距离越短, 系统误码性能越好; APD增益为100或150时, 系统通信性能最佳; 调制阶数M=8时, 系统通信性能最佳, M>64时, 系统误比特率变化程度几乎饱和。该研究为UWOC系统平台搭建和性能估计提供了参考。     

Performance Characterization of Spatial Diversity Based Optical Wireless Communication over Atmospheric Turbulence Channels

Optical wireless communication is regarded as the next-generation high-speed technology. It has demonstrated its capability to deliver data faster than any other state-of-the-art wireless communication technique. This technology has drawn attention as a means of implementing reliable high capacity outdoor systems that cannot be implemented by conventional fiber optics. It has emerged recently as an efficient solution to match the larger bandwidth and high data rates requirement of the upcoming wireless communication systems. However, although FSO (free space optics) system has many appealing features, it has rather disappointing performance for long links due to the degrading effects of atmospheric turbulence-induced fading. In the presence of such type of performance impairments, the received signal exhibits random intensity fluctuations, which increase the BER (bit error-rate), where the severe weather conditions can have a detrimental impact on the performance, which may result in an inadequate availability. The MIMO wireless optical procedure, in which the spatial dimensions are used to improve the reliability and spectral efficiency of point-to-point links, provides a promising approach to mitigate turbulence effects due to its powerful performance enhancing capabilities.In this paper, we investigate a terrestrial atmospheric FSO communication system operating under the influence of strong atmospheric turbulences. Additionally, the MIMO technique with equal gain combining (EGC) is used in this work to enhance the data rate of the proposed system. Atmospheric turbulence impacts are modeled as a lognormal channel with due regard for geometric losses. With the use of NRZ line coding, an FSO highly sensitive receiver using either avalanche photodetector (APD) or PIN is designed and simulated for best system performance. The preference is achieved by using Bessel and Gaussian filters. It has been found that APD receiver using Gaussian filter is suitable for long-range links with APD gain value of 3. Also, the selection of APD gain is critical to the system performance. In addition, the optimal value of APD gain required for best system performance decreases as the size of the MIMO technique increases. The achievable performance improvements including received power levels, BER and Q-factor are also discussed. The results show that the system with optical amplifier at the transmitter gives an optimum performance. In addition the system performance is enhanced in most weather conditions by using an amplified 2×2 MIMO-FSO system with booster amplifier.