Cluster analyses of interest inventory scales as tests of Holland's occupational classification.

Compared J. L. Holland's occupational categories with groups of occupations that resulted from the application of L. L. McQuitty and J. A. Clark's iterative intercolumnar correlational analysis to the scales of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank, the Minnesota Vocational Interest Inventory, and the Kuder Occupational Interest Survey for men and women. Results indicate that clusters of occupations exist that are internally consistent, and these usually agreed with the groups of occupations in Holland's classification. The hierarchical structure of the clusters followed the hexagonal ordering of Holland's occupational categories suggested in other studies. In addition, the usefulness of all 3 letters in Holland's occupational classification was supported. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Concurrent prediction from the Strong Vocational Interest Blank.

Compared the concurrent predictive accuracy of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank for Men (SVIB), Form T-399, for the same Ss (N = 163) on 3 sets of scales developed for the SVIB to reflect J. L. Holland's occupational-personality types: the SVIB-Holland scales, the Basic Interest scales, and the Occupational scales. Data are reported to provide comparison between the SVIB-Holland scales and Holland's Self-Directed Search with different Ss, between the Basic Interest scales and Occupational scales for the same Ss, between the criteria of single highest scale and scores above a cutoff, and between the 3 types of scales. When cutoff scores were used, the SVIB-Holland scales and the Basic Interest scales predicted occupation held for some 60% of these Ss; about 1/3 of these accurate predictions were considered to be attributable to chance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

High scales on the Strong Vocational Interest Blank and the Kuder Occupational Interest Survey using Holland's occupational codes.

Compared the arrays of high-interest occupations produced by the Strong Vocational Interest Blank, T-399, and the Kuder Occupational Interest Survey (Form DD) when the instruments were administered to the same Ss (60 male college students). Holland-type summary codes were devised from the arrays of occupations and were analyzed by correlated t tests and Pearson r correlations. A frequency percentage count showed 85% of the pairs of summary codes had 2 identical characteristics, and some support was found for J. L. Holland's hexagon. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relatedness of the Holland-grouped Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory Occupational Scale placements.

The Occupational scales of the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) have been placed into broad interest categories that are based on J. L. Holland's (1973) system. These placements are important in the process of SCII interpretation; scales that are placed together may be interpreted as if they were related statistically as well as conceptually. The assumption of a statistical relationship may or may not be valid. The present study estimated the relatedness of those placements according to empirical and theoretical criteria for 87 female undergraduates. The empirical criterion was based on the Occupational scale intercorrelations within each Holland category. The theoretical criterion was based on Holland's occupational codes listed in the Occupations Finder. Occupational scales were identified as related or discrepant by one or both of the study criteria. (10 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Circular unidimensional scaling: A new look at group differences in interest structure.

The fit of J. L. Holland's (1959, 1997) RIASEC model to U.S. racial-ethnic groups was assessed using circular unidimensional scaling. Samples of African American, Asian American, Caucasian American. and Hispanic American high school students and employed adults who completed either the UNIACT Interest Inventory (K. B. Swaney, 1995) or the Strong Interest Inventory (L. W. Harmon. J. C. Hansen, F. H. Borgen. & A. L. Hammer. 1994) were obtained from published sources. Two circumplex models were evaluated: a quasi-circumplex model with unconstrained distances between adjacent types and a circulant model constrained to equal distances. Results indicate that a quasi-circumplex model was a good fit with all samples; however, the circulant model may be more appropriate for Asian Americans and Caucasian Americans than for other groups. Circulant model results suggest that distinctions made between Holland's types may be less salient for some groups and that additional work is needed to produce interest measures with improved structural validity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Investigating the Validity of Holland's (1959, 1997) RIASEC Typology Among Native Hawaiians.

The present study extends the literature base that is answering the call to examine the validity of J. L. Holland's (1959, 1997) 6 types of themes (realistic [R], investigative [I], artistic [A], social [S], enterprising [E], and conventional [C]) in his typology when applied to populations that are culturally different from the populations with whom the typology was developed. Native Hawaiians (N=156), a group not previously investigated, completed a personal demographics form and the Strong Interest Inventory (L. W. Harmon, J. C. Hansen, F. H. Borgen, & A. L. Hammer, 1994). The construct validity of Holland's typology was supported in that Holland's vocational interest types were arranged in a circular R-I-A-S-E-C order. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Multiple correlations between personality factors and SVIB Occupational scales.

Investigated the construct validity of the Occupational scales of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB) with 359 male college students as Ss. 5 personality factors derived from the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) were correlated with each of the SVIB Occupational scales. Multiple correlation coefficients ranged from .24 to .64. The median coefficient of determination (corrected for shrinkage) was .18. The CPI Extraversion, Emotional Sensitivity, and Independent Thought factors yielded the highest individual correlations with the scales. The CPI Adjustment and Conventionality factors correlated negligibly with the SVIB Occupational scales. The significant relationships are consistent with J. L. Holland's personality theory of careers. (31 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The geometric relationship between Holland's personality typology and the Vocational Preference Inventory for blacks.

Administered Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory to 115 black undergraduates. The 1st 6 scales of the inventory were tested for correspondence to J. L. Holland's personality theory using a method recently presented by J. A. Wakefield and E. B. Doughtie (see record 1974-08049-001). The scales for the black Ss corresponded generally to Holland's model but not as well as they do for white Ss. 3 weaknesses in the correspondence between the scales of black students and Holland's model were identified. The Realistic and Intellectual scales were not as closely associated to Holland's model for blacks as for whites; the Social and Enterprising scales were not as closely associated; and the Conventional and Intellectual scales were not as closely associated as they are in Holland's model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On measuring the vocational interests of women.

Examined the structure of women's interests as shown by the SVIB, the Kuder Occupational Interest Survey, Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory, and the American College Testing Vocational Interest Profile. Analyses of the interrelationship of scales and of the interest patterns of women selecting various occupations support the similarity of the structure of women's interests to the structure previously found for men. It is suggested that this information be used to provide women with information about more and more diverse career options than are now commonly available. (27 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Status of Holland's Investigative personality types and their consistency levels seven years later.

Assessed the predictability of J. L. Holland's Investigative personality type and the 3 consistency levels over a 7-yr period. A sample of 95 male Investigative Ss who completed the Self-Directed Search (SDS) as college freshmen in 1970 were sent a questionnaire 7 yrs later. The questionnaire gathered information about the Ss' educational and occupational situations including present occupation, educational status, ideal career choice, and projected career in 1982. Hypotheses concerned the predictability over a 7-yr period of (a) 1-, 2-, and 3-letter SDS codes and most recent daydream codes and (b) Holland's sign of consistency. Results indicate that for Investigative-type males, the SDS had moderately high efficiency in predicting, 7 yrs later, actual job entry, graduate major, and ideal and projected career plans. The differential predictability of Holland's 3 consistency levels was supported in 21 of the 24 tests applied. Future research is recommended on the predictiveness of other personality types and Holland's diagnostic schema. Implications for counseling and future research are indicated. (40 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The geometric relationship between Holland's personality typology and the Vocational Preference Inventory.

Administered Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory to 373 undergraduates. The 11 scales of the inventory were intercorrelated and factor analyzed. 6 common factors were obtained: (a) Conventional Economic, (b) Feminine, Social, (c) Social Desirability, (d) Material World Orientation, (e) Status, and (f) Artistic. The distances between each pair of the 6 personality types in the 6-dimensional space defined by the common factors were computed and compared with Holland's 1971 hexagonal model of the relationships among the 6 types. The placement of the 6 personality types in 6-dimensional space by the factor analysis corresponded closely to Holland's model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Holland's RIASEC model as an integrative framework for individual differences.

Using data from published sources, the authors investigated J. L. Holland's (1959, 1997) theory of interest types as an integrative framework for organizing individual differences variables that are used in counseling psychology. Holland's interest types were used to specify 2- and 3-dimensional interest structures. In Study 1, measures of individual characteristics and, in Study 2, measures of environmental demands were successfully integrated into a 2-dimensional circumplex interest structure using the technique of property vector fitting. In Study 3, cognitive abilities were successfully integrated into a 3-dimensional interest structure. Obtained results illustrate the potential utility of interest-based structures for integrating a wide range of information. This represents a 1st step toward the development of an Atlas of Individual Differences, mapping the interrelations among individual-differences measures to facilitate their integrative use in career counseling and other applied settings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Stability of MMPI configurations for psychiatric inpatients.

Investigated the stability of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) code types. Ss were 405 psychiatric patients (mean age 37 yrs) who had completed 2 valid MMPIs and some of whom had been rated twice on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Test–retest agreements for high-point, low-point, and 2-point codes were 42.72%, 43.95%, and 27.65%, respectively. Code types were somewhat more stable when scales in the codes had more extreme scores initially and when scores on the scales in the codes were considerably different from other scales in the profile. When MMPIs were classified as neurotic, psychotic, or characterological according to 2-point codes, many of the 2-point codes that changed from test to retest remained within the same diagnostic categories. For a subsample of 72 Ss, behavioral ratings of psychosis were compared with stability and change in 2-point code types. Results suggest that at least some changes in code types over time may be associated with meaningful behavioral changes. (18 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Applying an occupational classification to a representative sample of work histories.

Applied the J. Holland occupational classification to a national sample of 973 retrospective work histories to test the predictive efficiency of the classification and related hypotheses from Holland's theory of careers. Analyses were performed by organizing and reorganizing the work histories according to the classification. The classification appears to order lower level occupational histories in an efficient way, well beyond chance. Also all 3 letters in the Realistic code appear to have predictive validity. Results suggest that the theory can be applied to both adult work histories and vocational choices of high school and college students. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A comparison of measures of expressed and inventoried vocational interests among counseling center clients.

Compared the responses of 50 female and 50 male counseling center clients (18–36 yrs old) to the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) and the Vocational Card Sort (VCS). The 2 sets of Holland themes, using 3-point codes, were moderately related. Although the 5 highest basic interests of the 2 measures were rather strongly related, the relationships between the 5 highest occupational scales were less clearly related. It was also found that for females, the 5 highest VCS occupations were less sexually stereotyped than the comparable SCII scales. No differences were found for males. (16 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Holland personality types and academic achievement.

J. Holland (1973) viewed vocational choices, preferences, and achievements as functions of personality and contended that individuals can be categorized into 1 of 6 basic personality types: realistic (R), investigative (I), artistic (A), social (S), enterprising (E), and conventional (C). Holland's primary code types for 323 male and 352 female college freshman were assessed using the 6 General Occupational Theme scale scores of the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory. First-semester GPAs for each code type and Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) scores served as criterion indices. Mixed support merged for Holland's prediction. Using primary personality types alone as the predictor of 1st-semester college GPA had some validity for males only. Although both I, S, A, and C males and females achieved the highest GPAs, the observed ordering of the groups did not conform with Holland's prediction. When SAT Total scores were examined, differences among the types emerged for both sexes. On this variable, I and A males achieved higher scores than S, E, or Tied types. Analogous with the GPA findings, A males appeared superior to the R types, whom Holland predicted to be the lowest achievers. I females obtained the highest mean SAT Total score, as predicted by Holland. (5 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A test of Holland's environment formulations.

181 occupations, for which reinforcer rating data were available, were classified into the 6 environment models of J. L. Holland (1973). Mean reinforcer scale scores were found to differ significantly among the 6 environments on 17 reinforcer scales, on 12 of which there were significant pairwise differences. Comparison of hypothesized and observed rank orderings of the 6 environments showed significant agreement on 8 reinforcer scales. Comparison of mean score differences between alternating environments with those between opposite or adjacent environments were significantly in the hypothesized direction for 3 reinforcer scales. Multidimensional scaling of the 6 environments using correlation and d–2 as measures of similarity showed the appropriateness of a 2-dimensional solution, with an RCSIAE (Realistic, Conventional, Social, Investigative, Artistic, Enterprising) or REAISC ordering (compared with Holland's postulated RIASEC ordering). Position Analysis Questionnaire mean factor scores for 5 Holland environments were found not to fit a 2-dimensional configuration. It is concluded that these occupational reinforcer and behavioral requriement data provide at best only modest support for Holland's environment formulations. (37 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Structure of interests in employed male and female members of US racial-ethnic minority and nonminority groups.

This study explored the structure of interests across large samples of employed U.S. racial-ethnic minority and nonminority adults drawn from over 38,000 individuals who were part of the 1994 revision of the Strong Interest Inventory (SII; L. W. Harmon, J. C. Hansen, F. H. Borgen, & A. C. Hammer, 1994; N?=?805 African Americans, 795 Asian Americans, 36,632 Caucasians, and 686 Latinos-Hispanics). Correlation matrices from the general occupational themes of the SII were subjected to 2 analyses commonly used in structural analyses of Holland's themes: randomization test of hypothesized order relations and multidimensional scaling. Analyses tested whether the data fit the circular and equidistant hexagonal structure models. All of the data fit the circular model that corresponds to Holland's calculus assumption, but the data for women and for some of the male racial-ethnic groups did not fit the more stringent equidistant hexagonal structure. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Structure of interests and Asian-American college students.

Unweighted multidimensional scaling (MDS) analyses were used to investigate whether J. L. Holland's (1985) theoretical structure of interests described the interest structures for 2 cultural groups and for genders within those groups. The intercorrelation matrices of the Strong Interest Inventory General Occupational Themes, for 168 Asian-American (mean age 20.5 yrs) and 285 White-American (mean age 20.7 yrs) university students, were submitted separately to MDS analysis. Metric, 2-dimensional solutions for each sample demonstrated that a circumplex structure underlay the interest domain for all 4 groups. Results were mixed in support of the hexagonal structure and the Realistic–Investigative–Artistic–Social–Enterprising–Conventional ordering suggested by Holland's theory. Possible explanations and implications of these results are discussed within the context of existing research on Asian cultural thought and practice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Vocational interests and career indecision among psychosis-prone college students

This study investigated the relationship between scores on scales that purport to measure psychosis-proneness and scores on vocational interests, identity, and differentiation scales in a sample of 233 college students who completed the Perceptual Aberration and Magical Ideation scales, the Strong Campbell Interest Inventory, and the Career Decision Scale. The present findings are consistent with prior work indicating a sex-related association of scores on measures of psychosis-proneness and vocational interests. A positive correlation between scores on vocational indecision and measures of psychosis-proneness was also found, suggesting that both men and women who score high on psychosis-proneness find it difficult to formulate long-term career goals. Finally, there was no significant correlation between scores on measures of psychosis-proneness and Holland's Vocational Differentiation Index. Present results are discussed in light of previously reported sex differences among psychosis-prone adults and diagnosed schizophrenics. The implications of the findings for vocational counselors are also addressed.