2-甲氧基作为含氧添加剂对柴油机燃烧特性的影响试验研究

在一台4JB1柴油机上对一种新型含氧添加剂乙酸-2-甲氧基(EGMEA)和柴油的混合燃料进行了燃烧和排放的试验研究.通过试验表明:EGMEA可与柴油实现良好的互溶;在相同的工况下,随着EGMEA比例的增加,可以显著降低柴油机的碳烟排放,并可使HC和CO的排放有一定程度的降低,但对柴油机NOx的排放没有明显的影响;在不改变柴油机结构参数的条件下,当燃用体积分数为15%的MEA混合燃料时,柴油机的碳烟排放平均降低约50%,HC排放平均降低约20%,CO排放平均降低约15%.     

在直喷式柴油机上燃用低比例生物柴油和柴油的试验研究

在原直喷式柴油机结构和参数不做任何改变情况下,燃用低比例生物柴油和高比例柴油的混合燃料进行试验研究.试验结果表明:发动机燃用20%生物柴油和80%柴油的混合燃料与柴油相比较,在外特性下,B20功率和扭矩均比柴油低,当量油耗率低速时要低,高速时高.在外特性和1800 r/min负荷特性下,混合燃料碳烟、CO和HC排放均降低,NOx排放(除少数工况外)略有增加.该混合燃料对降低柴油机碳烟、C0和HC排放十分有利.     

柴油机燃用乙醇-柴油含氧燃料时微粒特性的分析

研究了一台增压柴油机燃用乙醇一柴油时的微粒总质量排放及粒径分布特性,并对微粒中可溶性有机物(SOF)、干碳烟(DS)和硫酸盐的质量百分比及SOF中的组分进行了分析。结果表明：使用含氧燃料后柴油机排气烟度大幅度降低而微粒总排放量降低幅度要小一些;微粒中DS排放降低;SOF排放增加,与未燃甲酯的产生导致HC排放增加有关;多环芳香烃比例随发动机负荷增大而减小;含氧燃料使得粒径分布在0．2～0．5μm范围内的比重在小负荷时降低,大负荷时升高。     

冷EGR技术对柴油机性能及排放的影响

通过在不同转速和负荷工况下进行的冷EGR试验,研究了冷EGR技术对降低柴油机NOx排放的有效性,同时对比分析了EGR开启和关闭时对柴油机性能和排放的影响.试验研究表明:冷EGR技术除了可以有效降低柴油机的NOx排放以外,还将对柴油机的进气流量、燃油消耗率、烟度、排温以及HC,CO等排放物产生影响,且这种影响随着EGR率和工况的不同而变化.     

乙醇柴油混合燃料发动机的经济性和排放特性的试验研究

在一YC6J170-21车用六缸发动机上进行了添加助溶剂（正丁醇）情况下,无水乙醇与市售0#柴油的混合燃料对柴油机经济性和排放特性影响的研究。试验结果表明：柴油机燃用乙醇柴油混合燃料的油耗率比纯柴油高,并且随乙醇比例的增大油耗率增大,但混合燃料的等热值当量油耗率与纯柴油相差不大,混合燃料的有效热效率比纯柴油高。柴油机燃用乙醇柴油混合燃料后,NOx和碳烟排放大幅度降低,且随着混合燃料中乙醇比例的增加,下降效果明显。柴油机燃用乙醇柴油混合燃料对CO的排放改善不明显,CO排放与原机相当。柴油机燃用乙醇柴油混合燃料后,HC排放比原机增大,且HC排放与混合燃料中乙醇比例及发动机工况有关,乙醇比例越高,HC排放也基本越大。     

6110直喷式柴油机排放特性分析

测量了 6 110直喷式柴油机排气污染物 THC、CO、NOx 以及 PT的排放量 ,并分析了各种污染物的排放规律 ,对 THC排放与有效燃油消耗率 be、PT与 NOx 排放、SOF与 THC排放之间的关系做了研究。结果表明 6 110直喷式柴油机 THC和 CO的高排放区出现在小负荷工况 ;PT的高排放区出现在低负荷和高负荷工况 ;降低 NOx 排放的重点应放在小负荷工况和高速工况。柴油机的 be 与 THC排放随工况的变化表现出相似的变化规律。在较大的工况范围之内 ,PT和 NOx 排放之间存在折中关系 ;而在少数工况区域 ,PT和 NOx 排放之间存在一致性。 PT中的 DS与 NOx 排放之间始终存在着折中关系 ,而 SOF与 NOx 排放之间却存在着一定程度的一致性。在 THC的高排放工况 ,SOF也具有比较高的排放量     

减少柴油机暖机阶段HC排放的控制策略研究

柴油机在起动后的暖机过程中排出大量含有未燃碳氢(HC)的蓝烟，给人类健康和社会环境都带来极大的危害。本研究提出降低柴油机暖机阶段未燃HC排放的控制策略，并在试验基础上对不同转速与负荷时柴油机的HC排放浓度和HC排放总量进行了比较与分析，找到一种HC排放浓度和HC排放总量都较小的工况作为柴油机的暖机工况，证实了优化控制的可行性。     

燃料挥发性对柴油机性能及排放的影响

针对不同的发动机热状态及压缩比，试验研究了燃料物化特性对柴油机稳态及过渡工况下性能、排放的影响规律。应用自行开发的柴油机过渡工况控制系统及排气采集装置，模拟车用柴油机实际工作时的加速状态，对具有相同十六烷值但有不同挥发性能燃料的HC排放特性进行了研究，利用气相色谱仪对HC排放成分进行了分析。研究结果表明，采用挥发性好的燃料，可有效降低排气烟度，提高有效热效率，在发动机热状态不好及压缩比较低等燃烧条件恶劣、HC排放高的情况下，可有效地降低HC排放。     

高比例二甲醚和生物柴油混合燃料在直喷柴油机上试验研究

通过对ZS1110TD型柴油机低压供油系统进行技术改造,使高比例二甲醚和低比例生物柴油混合燃料在ZS1110TD型柴油机上燃用,并对混合比例、供油提前角和供油压力进行优化匹配.试验结果表明:80%二甲醚与20%生物柴油(重量比)混合燃料在该柴油机上燃用与原柴油机相比最大输出功率降低4.8%,最大扭矩增加6.2%,Nox排放部分工况最高可降低60%～70%,HC排放有较大幅度降低,烟度排放接近零,实现了无烟排放,缓解柴油机对石油的依赖和降低尾气排放是十分有益的.     

燃烧室参数对小型柴油机突增负荷工况燃烧及HC排放的影响

应用自行开发的柴油机瞬态工况控制系统及排气采集装置，对小型柴油机突增负荷工况下的燃烧及HC排放特性进行了实验研究，利用气相色谱仪分析了HC排放成分，设计了不同参数的燃烧室，研究了不同压缩比（13～19）和燃烧室形状对柴油机燃烧及HC排放的影响，研究结果表明，同一燃烧室在突增负荷工况，燃油开始增加后，THC排放量急剧增加，最大值达到稳态工况的100倍，随循环数的增加，滞燃期缩短，HC排放逐渐减少，HC排放成分中LHC占有很大比例，其中乙烯和丙烯最多，随压缩比的降低，滞燃期延长，HC排放明显增加，压缩比相同时适当缩小燃烧室直径，有助于降低HC排放。     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Wind power for pumping: The development of the ITP windpump

Water pumping has been one of the main applications for wind power in the past and despite the spread of mains-electric pumps, more than a million windpumps remain in regular use. This paper reviews the general technical and economic requirements for pumping water using wind energy and by way of example gives an overview of the development of the new ITP wind-pump. It then considers the future prospects for this kind of technology.     

Methods of creating solar-reflective nonwhite surfaces and their application to residential roofing materials

We describe methods for creating solar-reflective nonwhite surfaces and their application to a wide variety of residential roofing materials, including metal, clay tile, concrete tile, wood, and asphalt shingle. Reflectance in the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum (0.7–2.5 μm) is maximized by coloring a topcoat with pigments that weakly absorb and (optionally) strongly backscatter NIR radiation, and by adding an NIR-reflective basecoat (e.g., one colored with titanium dioxide rutile white) if both the topcoat and the substrate weakly reflect NIR radiation. Coated steel and glazed clay-tile roofing products achieved NIR reflectances of up to 0.50 and 0.75, respectively, using only cool topcoats. Gray-cement concrete tiles achieved NIR reflectances as high as 0.60 with coatings colored by NIR-scattering pigments. Such tiles could attain NIR reflectances of up to 0.85 by overlaying a white basecoat with a topcoat colored by NIR-transparent organic pigments. Granule-surfaced asphalt shingles achieved NIR reflectances as high as 0.45 when the granules were covered with a white basecoat and a cool color topcoat.     

Thermal decay of an initially hot isothermal water body with application to thermal energy storage

The thermal decay of an initially hot isothermal water body contained in a tank was studied. Analytical solutions (including a group-theoretic solution) were obtained for the one-dimensional heat conduction equation with heat loss from the sides of the tank. The convective heat transfer coefficient was assumed not to be constant over the surface of the tank but to vary with space and time. A very good agreement was obtained between the group-theoretic solution and a numerical solution using the Crank-Nicholson finite difference scheme. The analytical results are discussed in terms of the underlying physical mechanisms.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

秸秆燃烧中温度对钾转化与释放的影响

通过对稻秆原料进行常规特性分析和EDX元素含量分析,发现钾在稻秆无机元素中占有重要地位。参考原料化学分馏法和土壤中钾的分类与测试方法,给出了对生物质原料及其燃烧产物中钾的定性与定量简易方法。通过程序控温型固定床对稻秆先进行缓慢氧化,然后以100℃为间隔从400～900℃进行成灰,并分别测试其成灰率、有效钾和全钾的份额。结合稻秆原料及其灰中钾的份额分析,进行了稻秆灰中有效钾转化与释放的计算,发现有效钾在700～800℃之间有快速的释放和形态转变。稻秆灰的XRD分析结果表明秸秆灰中钾主要以KCl、K_2SO_4形式存在,得到了钾以盐的形式进行转化与释放的机理。该文中燃烧温度对钾转化与释放的影响规律对设计秸秆电厂时的炉型选择和燃烧参数确定有一定参考价值。