近10年辽河干流水质综合评价

针对辽河水质存在污染严重的问题,对其干流2008-2017年10年间的水质状况采用模糊综合评价和隶属度加权平均处理的方法进行了研究。结果表明:根据对水质的主要评价指标即溶解氧、化学需氧量和氨氮3个指标的综合评价与分析,铁岭朱尔山国控监测断面溶解氧的指标在3个评价指标中所占的最大权重是72%,盘锦兴安国控监测断面的溶解氧指标在3个评价指标中所占的最大权重是57%,两个断面水质的溶解氧指标平均值分别为7. 13和6. 66 mg/L,同时给出了水质变化的时空分布,2011年后朱尔山断面水质在2. 23~1. 34之间变化,2013年后兴安断面水质在2. 26~1. 36之间变化,朱尔山断面水质优于兴安断面,水质明显变好,治理成效显著。研究结果对辽河干流水质污染治理有重要意义。     

赣州市主要河段溶解氧,耗氧量特性分析

溶解氧（ＤＯ）是评价水质和水体自净能力的重要指标；耗氧量（ＣＯＤ）在一定程度上反映了水体有机污染的状况．采用赣州市主要河段水样分析ＤＯ、ＣＯＤ值历年的分析资料及重度分布曲线，分析其时空分布及其变化特征，说明赣州市河段的水质因受污染而下降．     

基于WQImin模型的武汉市金银湖水质时空特性

为确定武汉市金银湖水域水质状况,提出水质评价报告,对武汉市金银湖7个水系10个典型水质指标的时空变化特征进行研究,建立了包含五日生化需氧量(BOD₅)、高锰酸盐指数(PI)、化学需氧量(COD)和溶解氧(DO)的4个主要污染指标的水质指数模型(WQI_min)。结果表明:①金银湖水质空间分布特征差异较大;位于其上游的东银湖、上金湖和墨水湖属于水质较差的污染区域(WQI_min=25.63~31.79);位于金银湖下游的东大湖、下金湖、下银湖和上银湖属于水质中等的低污染区域(WQI_min=45.64~53.19)。②金银湖水质时间格局分为3段:2019年1月水质状况最佳(WQI_min=61.68);2018年8月—2019年3月(2019年1月除外)为低污染时期(WQI_min=47.17~52.70);2019年4—10月份为水质较差的污染时期(WQI_min=24.41~35.95)。③2019年8—9月份与2018年同期相比水质下降,其原因应为外源和内源污染物的排放增长,金银湖水体治理管控需进一步加强。     

海河流域污染状况与常规污染指标数据分析

海河流域是我国重要流域之一,对其污染及治理的研究显得尤为重要。由2004年-2010年7年的连续数据进行统计和分析,在对海河污染程度现状分析的基础上,发现了溶解氧的浓度与整个水质等级的对应情况。在全部的统计分析数据中,对天津三岔口监测点2010年全年的监测数据进行了进一步分析,其中详细分析了溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数和氨氮三者间的相关性,计算得到回归方程:CODMn=7.308-0.246DO±2.714;NH3-N=2.345-0.173DO±1.18。由相关性分析结果表明,溶解氧浓度与高猛酸盐指数及氨氮浓度呈现显著的负相关性。经过分析得到了在溶解氧分别在3mg/L以下、3～5mg/L、5mg/L以上3种条件下的水质特征。     

黄河干流水质现状分析评价

本文概述了黄河水化学状况,泥沙与水环境的关系,分析评价了人为污染状况,总的看来,黄河干流水质现状较好。其污染特征:汛期中下游河段溶解氧含量低,砷含量高,非汛期上游兰州、包头河段受到石油类、挥发酚的污染,但平均浓度仍能达到地面水质要求。     

基于OLI数据的信阳市境内淮河流域水质遥感反演

运用遥感影像进行连续、大范围的水质监测是目前研究水环境问题的热点之一。为探索更多可以利用遥感监测的水质指标,以快速获取水质指标时空分布情况,为水环境治理提供数据支持,以河南省信阳市境内淮河流域为研究对象,根据实测水文监测数据建立了OLI数据与水质指标(WQI)之间的统计模型,包括溶解氧(DO)、氟化物、氨氮(NH3-N)、总磷(TP)以及pH等,以探寻更多能够利用OLI数据进行监测的水质参数。结果表明:(1) OLI数据可以用于监测氨氮、总磷、pH值、氟化物、溶解氧的空间分布;(2)研究区内整体水质偏碱性,氟化物含量较低,不存在过度氟污染;(3)干支流交汇处以及城区河段氨氮、总磷污染较重,溶解氧含量低,需加强水质管理。     

污染河流水质净化与生态修复技术及其集成化策略

如何选用和集成适宜的技术实施污染河流的水质净化与生态修复,以及如何评价其工程措施的效果,是污染河流治理实践中面临的难题。分析了我国河流水质污染及生态破坏的现状、特点及其成因,总结了污染河流水质净化与生态修复技术的国内外研究进展。并对各种技术的特点及其对不同类型河流的适用性进行了剖析。探讨了污染河流水质净化与生态修复技术的选择原则与集成化策略,在分析我国北方河流的物理结构与生态特点的基础上,提出了以生物/生态技术为核心的污染河流水质净化与生态修复综合技术方案。还就污染河流水质净化与生态修复工程效果的评价方法和健康河流评价指标进行了探讨。     

水库缺氧区时空演化特征及驱动因素分析

湖库水体在热分层时期的缺氧现象将严重影响底层水体水质,破坏底层水生生物栖息环境,导致湖库整体水质及生态环境质量的下降。本文以引滦入津源头工程大黑汀水库为例,研究了水库热分层及缺氧区的时空演化特征,识别了在一定的水质及底质污染状况条件下,水库缺氧区形成与演化的主要驱动因素。研究表明,大黑汀水库缺氧现象出现时间为每年6月份至10月份,最严重时全库有60%的回水区域会出现缺氧问题,坝前延伸距离可达12.0 km。缺氧区内水体溶解氧浓度低于2.0 mg/L。研究认为,热分层状况是决定水体溶解氧状况及缺氧区演化的主要驱动因素;藻类浓度通过对溶解氧结构及底层水体耗氧条件的影响驱动了缺氧区的年内演化规律;水库的地形条件变化是水体缺氧区形成的重要辅助性因素;水动力学条件则主要影响水库缺氧区的稳定性。     

长江河口水环境现状及趋势分析

采用单项水质因子法，对长江河口实测水质资料进行分析，根据长江口水体质量特征，评价主要侧重于有机指标，选择了溶解氧（DO）、高锰酸盐指数（CODMn)、5日生化需氧量（BOD5）、氨氮（NH3－N）、亚硝酸盐氮（NO2－N）、硝酸盐氮（NO3－N）和总磷（TP），另外还选择了盐度指标氯化物（Cl^-)进行分析。结果表明河口江段呈现有机污染的特征，总磷、化学耗氧量和氨氮为要污染因子；河口江段断面水质目前状况尚可，但近岸水域水质明显劣中泓水质；汛期水质劣于非汛期水质；评价期内岸边水域落潮期水质劣于泓潮期水质，最后对长江河口未来水质变化的趋势进行了预测。     

关川河流域水质状况调查分析

河流水质是影响人类健康和生态环境的重要因素,河流总体水质状况调查分析是水环境治理的基础性工作。文章通过分析2013—2017年关川河入、出境2个断面在丰、枯水期河流溶解氧,高锰酸钾指数、化学需氧量、5d生化需氧量、氨氮等5项水质指标的季节变化特征和空间差异,得出关川河水质的总体状况,分析造成关川河水质差的主要原因,结合西北干旱地区的实际情况,为关川河流域水质状况的改善提供管理建议。     

泰晤士河口水温和水化学特性对鱼类的影响研究

根据1915~2005年的长系列数据,对泰晤士河口水温和水化学特性对鱼类的影响进行了评价。结果表明,20世纪60年代之前河口上中游水温持续上升,此后下游水温开始上升而上中游水温下降,河口地区的温度变化模式受电厂热排水影响。水温与鱼类平均数量和水体溶解氧呈负相关,其Spearman相关系数分别为-0.468和-0.607(p<0.05)。BOD、氨氮和溶解氧与鱼类消失和重现存在对应关系,说明污染是影响鱼类长期变化的一个主要因素。气候变化也可能通过径流和潮汐的改变对鱼类产生影响。由于河口环境复杂以及各因子间的协同作用,泰晤士河口生态改善的影响因子还有待进一步深入研究。     

Spatial and temporal trends in invertebrate communities of Great Lakes coastal wetlands,with emphasis on Saginaw Bay of Lake Huron

The shallow-sloping coastal bathymetry of Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron) supports broad fringing wetlands. Because benthic invertebrates form an important forage base for fish, wading birds, and waterfowl that utilize these habitats, understanding the drivers of invertebrate community structure has significant management implications. We used Great Lakes basin-wide data from 2002 to place Saginaw Bay wetland invertebrate communities and their environmental drivers into a basin-wide context. Various aspects of community structure were highly correlated with fetch and watershed agriculture across the basin. Saginaw Bay wetlands had relatively high fetch and watershed agriculture and supported unique invertebrate communities, typified by high abundances of many insect taxa. Wetlands from other regions around the basin tended to have more crustaceans and gastropods than the Saginaw Bay wetlands. A 1997–2012 time series from three representative Saginaw Bay wetlands revealed substantial shifts in community structure throughout the period, especially from 2001 through 2004. These years followed a 1-m decline in Lake Huron water levels that occurred between 1997 and 2000. Major community changes included decreasing insect abundance, especially chironomids, and increasing crustacean abundances, especially Hyalella azteca (Amphipoda). While factors in addition to water levels were likely also important, our time series analysis reveals the marked temporal dynamics of Saginaw Bay wetland invertebrate communities and suggests that water level decline may have influenced these communities substantially. Both the spatial and temporal community patterns that we found should be considered in future bio-assessments utilizing wetland invertebrates.     

Changes in the benthic communities of Muskegon Lake,a Great Lakes Area of Concern

Sediment contamination resulting from the direct discharge of industrial and municipal wastes contributed to the designation of Muskegon Lake (Michigan) as a Great Lakes Area of Concern. To assess the changes occurring in the sedient-dwelling invertebrate communities since wastewater diversion began in 1973, benthic samples were collected three times per year (spring, summer, fall) between 2004 and 2010 from six sites and compared to historic samples. The density and diversity of invertebrate populations were analyzed to: 1) identify spatial and temporal patterns in the community structure; 2) determine if community structure patterns were related to environmental variables; and 3) assess the recovery of Muskegon Lake's benthic community following wastewater diversion. Our results revealed that invertebrate community structure changed on both annual and spatial scales, while seasonal differences were shown to be modest between 2004 and 2010. The environmental variables with the greatest explanatory power included dissolved oxygen, pH, and depth. Overall, recovery of benthic invertebrate community structure was evident based on multiple lines of evidence, including increased densities of all major taxonomic groups and species diversity since wastewater diversion, decreases in both the oligochaete–chironomid ratio (0.92 in 1972; 0.69 in 2010) and the proportion of oligochaetes, and declining sediment metal concentration over time. However, comparisons of present-day and historic sampling sites must be viewed with caution because sampling locations and protocols varied among years. Significant changes in benthic invertebrate composition and water quality metrics since 1972 suggest improved environmental conditions and the continued recovery of Muskegon Lake from historic pollution.     

Effects of Three Consecutive Rotenone Treatments on the Benthic Macroinvertebrate Fauna of the River Ogna,Central Norway

The effects of piscicides on aquatic invertebrates are often studied after one treatment, even though piscicides may be repeatedly applied within river management. Here we investigate the impacts of repeated piscidie treatment on riverine benthic invertebrates. The River Ogna, Norway, was treated with rotenone three times over a 16‐month period. The two first treatments caused temporary density reduction of a few rotenone sensitive benthic invertebrate taxa. Effects of the third treatment were variable with some taxa unaffected while all Plecoptera, were locally extinct. The toxic effect of rotenone increases with water temperature and high water temperature (20 °C) combined with high rotenone concentration was probably the main reason why the benthic community in the third treatment was more negatively affected than during the two previous treatments (4 and 8 °C). Eight months after the treatment benthic densities had not reached pre‐treatment levels, but most taxa had recolonized the treated area within a year. Our data suggest that the severe effects of the third treatment were not influenced by the two former ones. This implies that the timing of piscicide treatment has a greater impact on the benthic invertebrate community than the number of treatments. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The impact of river regulation on invertebrate communities in the U.K.

The impact of river regulation on invertebrates has received comparatively little attention in the U.K., with most studies concentrating on the effects of impoundment. During dam construction invertebrate diversity and abundance decreases. Longer term alterations in community structure (which usually extend for a relatively short distance downstream) reflect changes in flow, substrate, temperature, and water quality. In particular adverse effects on invertebrates have been attributed to a reduction in substrate heterogeneity together with an accumulation of sediment. Responses to impoundment within and between taxonomic groups are highly variable. In general Ephemeroptera and Coleoptera are reduced. Of the Plecoptera the Perlodidae and Chloroperlidae are more likely to be adversely affected than the Nemouridae or Leuctridae. The impact of impoundment on net-spinning Trichoptera varies with reductions in some populations and enhancement in others. Simuliids are usually restricted, probably because of a lack of suitable oviposition or attachment sites. Freshets released from reservoirs increase the level of invertebrate drift. However, the full consequences of impoundment on drift, recolonization, and upstream migration have yet to be assessed. There is some evidence that modified temperature regimes cause extended egg hatching periods and alter larval growth rates but further studies are needed. Little is known of the effects of inter-river transfers on invertebrates, but it has been suggested that changes in flow velocity, water chemistry, suspended solids, and temperature together with translocation of organisms are all likely to be important. The limited information available for groundwater schemes indicates that they are not detrimental to invertebrates. Their impact, however, is dependent upon factors such as the extent and timing of flow augmentation. It is suggested that there is scope for positive management of invertebrate communities through river regulation, although at present attitudes and practices do not encourage this. Many gaps in our knowledge still remain and these are discussed in relation to future research needs.     

Effects of hydropeaking on benthic invertebrate community composition in two central Norwegian rivers

Hydropower regulations can have dramatic impacts on river ecological communities. The operation of hydropower stations is related to power demands, but their releases in the receiving water body causes sudden changes in flow, which in turn affect the biota. The effects of such flow variations on benthic invertebrates is not fully understood. Here, we studied the effects of duration and intensity of hydropeaking on benthic invertebrates in two rivers over a 3.5‐year period. We used both quantitative (Surber) and semiquantitative (kick samples) sampling methods to compare the ramping zone with the permanently water covered zone downstream of the hydropower plant, and with corresponding unaffected upstream areas. The ramping zone had a different invertebrate community composition and lower benthic density than other areas, especially after hydropeaking. Mayflies and chironomids were most negatively affected by hydropeaking and oligochaetes largely unaffected. Chironomids and the mayfly Baetis rhodani were able to recolonize the ramping zone and almost reach densities similar to deeper areas within 48 days following hydropeaking. The relative abundance of filter feeders tended to increase and gatherers/collectors tended to decrease from the ramping zone towards the deep, permanently water covered areas. In corresponding areas upstream of the power plant, the relative abundance of different functional feeding groups was the same in the mid‐channel and shore sites. Our study shows that hydropeaking has clear impacts on the functional structure of benthic invertebrates below the power plants. The ecological impact of hydropeaking on invertebrate communities should thus be taken into account, for example, by reducing the amplitude and duration of flow fluctuations.     

Role of discharge and temperature variation in determining invertebrate community structure in a regulated river

This paper quantifies patterns of discharge and temperature variation in the regulated river Lyon and the adjacent, unregulated river Lochay (Scotland) and assesses the importance of these patterns for benthic invertebrate community structure. Invertebrates were sampled at sites in each catchment in autumn, winter and spring during the 2002–2003 hydrological year. Metrics were used to characterize the discharge and temperature regimes in the period immediately preceding invertebrate sample collection. Metric values were then used in a canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) of the invertebrate sample data, in order to assess the significance of individual metrics and the overall importance of flow and temperature variability for community structure. The variance in the invertebrate data explained by this CCA was compared to that from a CCA using a range of environmental data from the sites (stream‐bed algal cover, channel hydraulic, sedimentary and water quality characteristics). This comparison allowed assessment of the relative importance of environmental variables versus hydrologic and thermal regimes. Invertebrate communities in the Lyon were relatively poor and uneven, with Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Coleoptera poorly represented. Distinct site and seasonal clusters were evident in the CCA ordination biplots, with Lyon and Lochay sites separated in dimensions represented by geometric mean sediment size, water temperature and algal cover. The cumulative variance values from ordinations using the discharge and temperature metrics were consistently highest, suggesting that differences in invertebrate communities showed a stronger relation to patterns of discharge and temperature variability than to the broader suite of environmental conditions. Although there were marked thermal differences between sites, temperature metrics appeared no more important than discharge metrics in explaining differences in invertebrate community structure. A number of the temperature and discharge metrics appeared similarly important, suggesting that no one aspect of the hydrothermal regime was any more important than others in helping to understand differences in invertebrate community between the study sites. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Water quality prediction capabilities of WASP model for a tropical lake system

Water quality modelling facilitates our better understanding of the processes taking place in a lake system, and conservation plans to address them. The water quality analysis simulation programme (WASP) was used in this study to predict daily variations in water quality parameters, namely dissolved oxygen, nitrate, phosphate and chlorophyll‐a and biochemical oxygen demand concentrations in a tropical lake system. The lake was divided into eight segments with the respective morphological, environmental and flow details being model inputs. The monthly concentration of each water quality parameter also comprised model input. The model output was daily spatiotemporal variation in these parameters over a period of 476 days. This study also indicated that the occurrence of precipitation plays a major role in defining the water quality of a tropical lake. The heavy precipitation after a long gap, especially during the summer season, results in a large quantity of organic matter entering the lake through drains, thereby increasing the organic matter and phosphate in the water body, and subsequently resulting in high chlorophyll‐a concentrations in the lake. A reduced chlorophyll‐a concentration was observed during the heavy rains. The water quality fluctuations are more pronounced with precipitation, especially where polluted drains enter the lake. An improved water quality can be observed downstream, including increased dissolved oxygen and nitrate concentrations. Improved water quality was observed during the postmonsoon period, with increased salinity and dissolved oxygen concentrations, a finding that confirms generalized and specific conclusions can be achieved with the use of the WASP model.     

Land use and water quality in a rural cloud forest region (Intag,Ecuador)

The Intag cloud forest region of northwestern Ecuador is characterized by exceptional biodiversity, large known and unknown deposits of copper and other valuable minerals, and a high level of environmental awareness and concern among the human population. Its 1000 km of rivers and streams are essential for household use, crop irrigation, livestock production and sustaining unique ecosystems. However, no published data exist on water quality in the region. This study characterizes water quality in five river systems in Intag and relates it to land use (protected forest, agriculture/pasture, urban development or mining) upstream of the sampling point. Additionally, we sampled 15 community water supply systems. Parameters measured included turbidity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, faecal indicator bacteria (FIB), nitrate, phosphate, ammonium, Ni, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, As, Cr, discharge and aquatic invertebrate diversity. Significant differences in pH, aquatic invertebrate diversity, and the concentrations of FIB, nutrients and dissolved metals were observed between land use groups. Forested streams consistently had the lowest pollutant concentrations, whereas those flowing past population centres or mining areas showed the greatest impairment. Elevated As concentrations were observed in association with abandoned mining boreholes, hot springs and wastewater discharges. FIB, nutrient and metal concentrations in water systems were similar to those in forested streams, indicating that these systems maintain water in an unpolluted condition. To preserve and enhance Intag's generally good water quality, we recommend installing wastewater treatment systems in larger towns and approaching all mining activity, including exploration, with extreme caution. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An Evaluation of Effects of Groundwater Exchange on Nearshore Habitats and Water Quality of Western Lake Erie

Historically, the high potentiometric surface of groundwater in the Silurian/Devonian carbonate aquifer in Monroe County, MI resulted in discharge of highly mineralized, SO₄-rich groundwater to the Lake Erie shoreline near both Erie State Game Area (ESGA) and Pointe Mouillee State Game Area (PMSGA). Recently, regional groundwater levels near PMSGA have been drawn down as much as 45 m below lake level in apparent response to quarry dewatering. From August to November of 2003, we conducted preliminary studies of groundwater flow dynamics and chemistry, shallow lake water chemistry, and fish and invertebrate communities at both sites. Consistent with regional observations, groundwater flow direction in the nearshore at ESGA was upward, or toward Lake Erie, and shallow nearshore groundwater chemistry was influenced by regional groundwater chemistry. In contrast, at PMSGA, the groundwater flow potential was downward and lake water, influenced by quarry discharge seeping downward into nearshore sediments, produced a different lake and shallow groundwater chemistry than at ESGA. Although the invertebrate and young fish community was similar at the two sites, taxonomic groups tolerant of degraded water quality were more prevalent at PMSGA. Sensitive taxa were more prevalent at ESGA. We propose a conceptual model, based on well-described models of groundwater/seawater interaction along coastal margins, to describe the interconnection among geologic, hydrologic, chemical, and biological processes in the different nearshore habitats of Lake Erie, and we identify processes that warrant further detailed study in the Great Lakes.