内生脉冲中子源方法测量固态零功率堆的某些动态参数

用内生脉冲中子源方法测量固态零功率堆的瞬发中子衰减常数，从而得到不同装载下的反应堆次临界度，还给出了测量瞬发中子衰减常数所用的一些参量。     

基于活化法及MCNP程序的临界装置功率刻度

介绍了临界装置功率刻度的方法,在不同功率台阶下利用活化法测量临界装置的中子注量率分布及归一点的绝对中子注量率,并利用经修改编译的MCNP程序对临界装置的中子注量率分布进行校核计算。基于中子注量率测量及计算结果通过裂变率法计算不同功率台阶下临界装置的功率,同时外推到堆芯最大热中子注量率为1×10⁸cm^-2•s^-1时的功率,实现了临界装置的功率刻度。     

零功率反应堆内中子通量相对分布实时测量

在堆物理实验中,经常需要进行堆内中子通量相对分布的测量,以便获得有关的参数,如全堆平均热中子通量及功率不利因子、控制棒对中子通量分布的影响等等。为了要获得这些数据,有时不得不进行几千个测点的测量,才能求得结果。以往一般都采用经典的活化法。这种方法的最大缺点是测量工作量大,花费的人力多,不能很快地得到所需要的结果。为此,我们利用一种微型的中子探头,配以适当的电子仪器和机械设备,在轻水零功率反应堆内进     

零功率堆中子通量拟合的试验研究

利用脉冲型微型裂变室测量七二八零功率堆内少数测点处中子通量。通过拟合计算,得到全堆中子通量分布,给出热管因子(F_q~N)和核焓升因子(F_(△A)~N)。结果是令人满意的。此方法可应用于秦山核电厂物理启动试验中测量堆内功率分布。     

CFBR-Ⅱ堆自发裂变中子源有效系数计算

为计算CFBR-Ⅱ堆自发裂变中子源的有效强度,建立了有效系数的蒙特卡罗算法。分别抽样模拟自发裂变中子源与本征分布中子源的产生及其在系统内的输运过程,统计二者引起的泄漏中子计数,其比值即为该自发裂变中子源的有效系数。考虑到CFBR-II堆体结构的特殊性,对上下半球分区处理,采用栅元舍弃技巧计算得到堆体各处自发裂变中子源的有效系数,为堆体总的自发裂变中子有效强度计算提供了依据。     

反应堆核功率测量自适应控制系统设计

针对研究堆动态参数测量现有方法不足,基于反应堆中子噪声分析方法,设计了一套核功率测量系统。该系统通过对信号前置放大和信号调理的自适应控制测量反应堆临界后的核功率,实现反应堆中子噪声和核功率的智能化、自动化监测。试验测量结果表明:该系统测量的核功率与中子注量率分布测量的理论计算功率值一致,验证了系统测量的有效性,为反应堆核功率测量提供了一种便捷、可靠的测量手段。     

微型反应堆裂变率分布实验研究

利用固体径迹探测器测量处于微型反应堆不同益的燃料元件内单位体积的裂变率，得到了堆的裂变经分布和总裂变率，并与其它参数相结合求得了反应堆功率。同时，测量了对应功率下反应堆内辐照座的热中子通量密度得到单位功率的热中子能量密度，即额定中子能量密度下的运行功率。文章给出的测量方法，避免了金箔法测量反应堆功率所引入的近似假设。     

用核噪声方法测量氢化锆零功率堆的瞬发中子衰减常数

瞬发中子衰减常数α是反应堆的重要动态参数,由次临界和临界状态下的瞬发中子衰减常数可以刻度出反应堆的次临界深度。在瞬发中子衰减常数的测量中,脉冲中子源方法是经常使用的非常成熟的方法。本文叙述另一种方法——核噪声方法测量瞬发中子衰减常数,这种方法使用中子探测器,探测堆内中子水平的涨落,通过对中子涨落信号的分析处理,导出瞬发中子衰减常数α。与脉冲中子源方法相比,核噪声方法的优点是测量方法简单,只需在反射层内放置中     

5MW低功率堆物理启动

本文介绍5MW 低功率堆(5MW LPR)首次装料及首次临界试验。由于本堆使用有燃耗的燃料元件,铍作反射层,光激中子成为强的内中子源,其强度随着燃料元件装量的增加而增加。因此,装料时元件法外堆结果有较大的涨落,但整个装料过程是安全的。在次临界下,做了控制棒相对效率曲线,然后,提升控制棒,进行计数外推,达到首次临界。     

固体径迹探测器测量微型反应堆裂变率

利用固体径迹探测器测量处于微型反应堆不同位置的燃料元件内单位体积的裂变率,得到了堆的裂变率分布和总裂变率,并与其它参数相结合,求得了反应堆功率。同时,测量了对应功率下反应堆内辐照座的热中子通量密度,得到了单位功率的热中子通量密度,从而求得了额定中子通量密度下的运行功率。文章给出的测量方法,避免了其它方法测量功率所引入的近似假设。     

Radiochemical Determination of Fission Rate in JRR-4

The fission rate in the core of the Japan Research Reactor 4 (JRR-4) was determined by a method based on radiochemical analysis of ⁹⁹Mo formed in the U samples irradiated in the reactor core.

The contribution of epithermal neutron fission to the total fission rate was evaluated from the Cd ratio for U fission. The contribution was several percent.

For comparison, the thermal neutron flux also was measured, by Au-foil activation. The fission rate determined from the U samples agreed well with the Au-foil data, except at positions in the peripheral region of the reactor core.     

固体径迹探测器测量反应堆功率研究

在零功率反应堆上利用固体径迹探测器直接测量燃料元件内的裂变率，可得到反应堆的功率。同时测量反应堆某位置的热中子通量密度，继而可得到单位功率的热中子通量密度。因此，通过测量该点的任何热中子通量密度即可得到反应堆的运行功率。该方法可以减少与能谱测量有关的修正工作。由于辐照所需的中子通量密度低、时间短，因此与活化法等相比具有明显的优点。     

A point kernel model for the energy deposited on samples from gamma radiation in a research reactor core

A basic safety requirement for a research reactor is the reliable estimation of the gamma heating of samples irradiated in the reactor core. A three-dimensional numerical code of gamma heating using a point kernel parameterization is developed. The heating due to γ-rays, produced from U235 fission and from (n, γ) reactions with the core materials is considered. The dose build-up due to photons scattering on the core materials as well as the energy absorption build-up in the sample are also included, based on empirical relationships. The developed code (GHRRC: Gamma Heating in Research Reactor Cores) is applied for the Greek Research Reactor (GRR-1) core. The required microscopic cross-sections and the three-dimensional neutron flux are obtained with the neutronics code system XSDRNPM and CITATION. The macroscopic cross-sections of the U235 fission and the (n, γ) reactions in the core materials are determined assuming a homogenized core. Comparisons of the computed gamma heating power deposited on a Fe sample with in-pile and out of pile measurements of the sample temperature show that GHRRC gives reasonable estimations. GHRRC may easily be handled even by poorly experienced users.     

Existence of the fifth unstable nuclided series

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高功率研究堆低浓化物理特性研究

应用ＦＧ２ＤＢ两维两群扩散燃耗程序和带６９群中子截面库的ＣＥＬＬ栅元少群参数程序，对高功率研究堆低浓化堆芯进行了物理计算。ＬＥＵ燃料元件的铀密度为３．６－７．２ｇ／ｃｍ３，包壳厚度为０．３８－０．５６ｍｍ。结果表明：改变燃料芯体铀密度或厚度在物理上相当；各堆芯方案的控制棒价值等运行安全有关参数都可以接受。部分计算结果被拟合成线性或二次关系式以便于应用。给出了各堆芯的最小临界值、剩余反应性、运行寿期、快热中子通量和积分通量等物理参数。分析这些参数后指出：当Ｕ－２３５含量提高２０％或更多时，ＬＥＵ堆芯与ＨＥＵ堆芯的主要物理性能相近，这时快中子通量几乎不受影响，热中子通量的下降率近似正比于元件Ｕ－２３５含量增加率。但由于ＬＥＵ堆芯运行寿期的延长，对一般同位素生产与燃料元件辐照考验不会有明显影响。     

Simplified Method for Calculation of Neutron Capture Transformation Effects of Fission Products on Decay Power

A simplified method is proposed for the calculation of the effects of neutron capture transformations of fission products (FPs) on the decay power of FPs. The decay power of FPs after shutdown changes by the neutron capture transformations of FP nuclides during reactor operation. It is proposed to calculate the neutron capture transformation effects considering the production of the following 7 nuclides ¹⁰³Ru, ¹³⁴Cs, ¹³⁶Cs, ^148mPm, ¹⁴⁸Pm, ¹⁵⁴Eu and ¹⁵⁶Eu by the neutron capture reaction of the direct mother nuclide alone giving a cumulative fission yield for the mother nuclide. The present method was assessed by com-paring the calculation results with the rigorous calculation results for the thermal-neutron fission of ²³⁵U irradiated between 1 and 5 yr in a light water reactor with thermal-nentron flux between 3 x 10¹³ and 6 x 10¹³ n/cm²·s and for the fast-neutron fission of ²³⁹Pu irradiated between 1 and 5 yr in a fast breeder reactor with total neutron flux between 3 x 10¹⁵ and 6 x 10¹⁵ n/cm²·s. It has been clarified that the present method can calculate the neutron capture transformation effects within the accuracy of ±1% of the decay power for the irradiation of 1yr and cooling time less than 10⁹s irrespective of fission type and neutron flux. The accuracy varies little with neutron flux but considerably with irradiation time. For a irradiation of 5 yr the present method can calculate the capture effect within the accuracy of +1% and -5% of the decay power. The accuracy can be improved to ±1% of the decay power with the simple correction factors.     

裂变率测量中的杂质影响及其消除方法

核裂变法是通过测量中子进行裂变率测量的重要方法．常用于热中子测量的裂变室有２３５Ｕ裂变室和２３９Ｐｕ裂变室，快中子测量可以用２３８Ｕ、２３２Ｔｈ和２３７Ｎｐ等裂变室．通常用于裂变室的可裂变核素是采用同位素分离方法或人工方法得到的，其中含有少量其他核素杂质．实验测量表明，少量能发生热裂变的杂质对快中子的测量有很大影响。利用热裂变修正方法和裂变室包镉方法可以消除这种影响。     

Experimental study of neutron counting in a zero-power reactor driven by a neutron source inherent in highly enriched uranium fuels

Even a zero-power reactor core containing highly enriched uranium has a weak neutron source inherent in uranium 235, and consequently, a neutron counter placed closely to the core without external neutron source registers a certain counting rate. The study of the counting is very important for zero-power reactor physics experiments with a high precision. In this experimental study, first, at a shutdown state of the UTR-Kinki reactor without start-up neutron source, a pulse height distribution of output signals from a neutron proportional counter was measured to confirm that these signals resulted from neutron detections. At several subcritical states of the UTR, then, the Feynman-α analysis was carried out to confirm that the neutrons detected by the counter must be fission neutrons multiplied by fission chain reactions. The correlation amplitude measured in the Feynman-α analysis was much higher than that measured in a previous drive by start-up source. Further, it was also confirmed that the subcriticality dependence of neutron counting rate followed the source multiplication formula. This feature indicated that the one-point model was very successful in the subcritical range including the shutdown state.     

Improvement of Neutron Source Introduction Method for Absolute Measurements of Low Reactor Power

The neutron source introduction method was applied to absolute measurements of low reactor power at the Static Experiment Critical Facility STACY. To obtain the effective neutron source intensity more accurately, which is a key parameter for the source introduction method, the neutron source is newly defined as fission neutrons from the first fission reaction caused by neutrons emitted from the external neutron source. To obtain the newly defined effective neutron source intensity, the probability that a neutron from the external neutron source causes a fission reaction is calculated using the Monte Carlo code MCNP. This calculation took into consideration the three-dimensional complicated core structures. Furthermore, the fission reaction distribution, fundamental mode forward and adjoint flux distribution in a critical state were calculated using the three-dimensional transport code THREEDANT. Following the principle of the neutron source introduction method, an external neutron source was inserted near the STACY core tank and the reactor power was measured. The reactor powers by the neutron source introduction method were in good agreement with the ones from the analyses of the FP activity generated by high power operation.