K2MnAl11O19六铝酸盐催化剂的制备及其催化甲烷燃烧性能的研究

采用共沉淀法、溶胶-凝胶法和反相微乳液法制备六铝酸盐催化剂K2MnAl11O19,利用XRD、BET和TG-DTA技术及甲烷燃烧活性对催化剂进行了表征和活性验证。结果表明,3种方法所制备催化剂经1200℃焙烧4h后均可以形成完整的六铝酸盐晶型,同时都具有高的催化性能和高温稳定性,其中反相微乳液法制备的K2MnAl11O19催化剂具有较高的比表面积和甲烷催化燃烧活性,起燃温度T10%=458℃,至676℃(T90%)甲烷完全转化。     

不同制备方法对VOCs催化燃烧催化剂活性中心结构形成的调变

挥发性有机物(VOCs)可以对环境和人体健康造成重大危害。当前我国VOCs的年排放量已经达到和NO_x及SO_2年排放量相当的水平,成为我国主要大气污染物之一。VOCs催化燃烧可将VOCs转化成水和二氧化碳,是一种高效、无二次污染的VOCs消除方法,特别适合消除低浓度的VOCs,而且可以在封闭空间内实现连续不断的VOCs消除。VOCs催化燃烧催化剂的制备方法直接决定了其活性中心的结构,对得到催化活性高、性能稳定、制备方便、价格低廉的催化剂具有核心作用。VOCs催化燃烧催化剂的制备方法包括浸渍法(impregnation)、溶胶-凝胶法(sol-gel)、共沉淀法(coprecipitation, CP)、沉积-沉淀法(deposition-precipitation, DP)、嫁接法(grafting)、水热合成法(hydrothermal synthesis)、微乳法(microemulsion)等。分析对比了各种制备方法的特点及适用性,着眼于分析不同制备方法对催化剂活性中心的适配关系和调变可能性,以及获得不同化学成分和结构的活性位所需的针对性制备方法,以及制备方法对催化剂性能的影响,以期提供一个VOCs催化燃烧催化剂制备方法和催化性能之间关联的总体图像,为开发高效的VOCs催化燃烧催化剂提供参考。     

室内空气中甲醛脱除技术及其应用进展

甲醛(HCHO)是主要室内污染物之一,脱除室内空气中超标的甲醛对人体健康至关重要。本文对甲醛脱除技术(物理吸附法、化学吸附法、热催化氧化法、光催化法、等离子法等)进行了归纳总结,介绍了这些甲醛脱除方法的技术原理、研究现状,及其在空气净化器中的应用。其中,吸附法因方法简单、成本低而应用最广,但它存在易吸附饱和、需要再生或定期更换吸附剂的问题,发展超大吸附量且易再生的吸附材料是该技术未来的发展方向;热催化氧化法研究最多,其中负载型贵金属催化剂室温甲醛脱除效率最高,应用较多,但因价格昂贵而限制了它的实际应用,制备高效、耐用、低成本的催化剂是其应用的关键;等离子体法对各种挥发性有机物(VOCs)都有较高的脱除效率,因此,特别适用于甲醛与其他多种挥发性有机物(VOCs)共存且浓度较高的场合(如家具厂等),但它还存在产生O₃、CO等副产物而产生的潜在二次污染问题,要消除这些副产物还需要额外的催化床层;光催化法对低浓度甲醛具有较高的脱除效率,适用于阳光充足、甲醛浓度较低的场合(如阳光充足的密闭玻璃房),发展高效、稳定、可见光响应的光催化材料是该技术未来的发展方向。后两者因设备要...     

不同炭纤维的结构与性能比较

利用扫描电镜(SEM)、元素分析(EA)、X射线衍射(XRD)和激光拉曼(Raman)光谱,研究了调试所得同批次不同强度的聚丙烯腈基炭纤维(PANCF)和日本东丽(Toray)公司生产的牌号为T300B、T700SC的PANCF的形貌、化学组成及微观结构参数,分析了调试所得同批次PANCF的结构与性能的关系以及调试所得PANCF与T300B、T700SC在结构上的差异,并探索了提高调试所得PANCF性能应注意的问题。     

载铂多级孔ZSM-5分子筛用于邻二甲苯的“吸附?催化燃烧”循环脱除

首先利用F127作为软模板,采用蒸汽辅助晶化法合成出具有一定介孔结构的多级孔ZSM-5分子筛,然后采用等体积浸渍法负载铂,成功制备了载铂的多级孔ZSM-5分子筛催化剂。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、氮气吸附等温线(N2 isotherm)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对制备的催化剂进行了表征,并将催化剂用于邻二甲苯的吸附和催化燃烧反应,最后考察了催化剂"吸附-催化燃烧"循环脱除邻二甲苯的性能。结果表明,与传统ZSM-5分子筛相比,多级孔ZSM-5分子筛结晶度略有下降,但是介孔度和孔体积明显提升。介孔结构与微孔结构并存,极大提升了多级孔ZSM-5分子筛对邻二甲苯的吸附能力,其饱和吸附量达到了传统ZSM-5分子筛的约8倍。此外,介孔结构的存在提高了铂的分散度,使得载铂多级孔ZSM-5分子筛具有最佳的催化燃烧邻二甲苯性能,三次"吸附?催化燃烧"循环使用后的吸附容量依然基本保持不变,并且在催化燃烧过程中无二次污染物生成,具有较高的吸附容量和循环使用稳定性。     

镧系六铝酸盐催化剂的制备及其催化甲烷燃烧活性研究

用共沉淀法制备了镧系六铝酸盐LaMnxAl12-xO19(x=0、1、2、3、4、5、6)催化剂,通过X射线衍射、差热分析、扫描电镜和比表面积分析等实验技术及甲烷催化燃烧,对催化剂的结构和性质进行了考察。研究了锰离子掺杂对催化剂结构以及甲烷催化燃烧活性的影响。结果表明,催化剂在1200℃焙烧后可以形成完整的六铝酸盐晶型,且具有较高的催化性能和高温稳定性,不同含量的Mn离子掺杂对催化剂的比表面积和活性有较大的影响。LaMn2Al10O19催化剂具有较好的活性,其起燃温度(T10%/℃)为506℃,完全转化温度(T90%/℃)为696℃。     

载铂多级孔ZSM-5分子筛用于邻二甲苯的“吸附-催化燃烧”循环脱除

首先利用F127作为软模板, 采用蒸汽辅助晶化法合成出具有一定介孔结构的多级孔ZSM-5分子筛, 然后采用等体积浸渍法负载铂, 成功制备了载铂的多级孔ZSM-5分子筛催化剂。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、氮气吸附等温线(N₂ isotherm)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对制备的催化剂进行了表征, 并将催化剂用于邻二甲苯的吸附和催化燃烧反应, 最后考察了催化剂“吸附-催化燃烧”循环脱除邻二甲苯的性能。结果表明, 与传统ZSM-5分子筛相比, 多级孔ZSM-5分子筛结晶度略有下降, 但是介孔度和孔体积明显提升。介孔结构与微孔结构并存, 极大提升了多级孔ZSM-5分子筛对邻二甲苯的吸附能力, 其饱和吸附量达到了传统ZSM-5分子筛的约8倍。此外, 介孔结构的存在提高了铂的分散度, 使得载铂多级孔ZSM-5分子筛具有最佳的催化燃烧邻二甲苯性能, 三次“吸附-催化燃烧”循环使用后的吸附容量依然基本保持不变, 并且在催化燃烧过程中无二次污染物生成, 具有较高的吸附容量和循环使用稳定性。     

煤制天然气净化工艺流程探讨

煤制天然气项目是以煤为原料,生产天然气的大型煤化工项目,其主要的工艺路线是煤炭气化-变换-净化-甲烷化。煤炭气化后产生的粗煤气中除含CO、H2外,还含有CO2、H2S、COS、HCN等酸性气体杂质。酸性气体杂质不仅影响生产,造成甲烷化催化削中毒,还对环境产生严重污染,必需脱除。     

花球状CuO/CeO2材料上HCN的催化消除

利用水热法和沉积沉淀法分别合成了微米级花球状CeO2载体和含有不同质量分数CuO纳米颗粒的负载型CuO/CeO2材料.考察CuO/CeO2材料对HCN的防护时间和消除率,并与KZ09-1防毒活性炭样品对HCN的防护性能进行比较,进而评价CuO/CeO2催化材料对HCN的防护性能.催化材料在25℃、体积空速为120000 h-1、水汽体积分数为5％的反应条件下,对130 mg/m3 HCN的防护性能为:10％CuO/CeO2>15％CuO/CeO2>5％CuO/CeO2>KZ091>3％CuO/CeO2>1％CuO/CeO2.考察反应温度对HCN消除率的影响发现,当反应温度为100℃、反应时间为2 h时,催化材料对HCN的消除率可达98％.考察不同反应温度条件下反应产物的选择性,对HCN在催化材料上的反应机理进行推测,当反应温度为25～50℃时,催化材料对HCN的消除以化学吸附为主,伴随有催化水解和催化氧化反应;当反应温度为50～100℃时,HCN在催化材料表面通过化学吸附、催化水解及催化氧化反应消除,其中催化水解和催化氧化占主导作用;当反应温度为100～200℃时,HCN在催化材料表面通过化学吸附、催化水解、催化氧化以及NH3-SCR反应协同消除.     

燃烧法制备SrAl_2O_4∶Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)长余辉发光粉体的有机包覆研究

鉴于燃烧法合成的发光粉体的表面形貌、结构不同于传统的高温固相法的产品,针对性的研究了燃烧法合成的SrAl_2O_4∶Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)发光粉体的有机包覆问题。实验采用了硅烷偶联剂(MAPS)直接包覆和MAPS+聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)有机复合包覆法2种包覆方法,并通过耐水性测试、荧光光谱、IR和SEM等测试手段进行分析研究。结果显示2种方法均能实现有效包覆,并显著的改善发光粉体的耐水性,但MAPS直接包覆后粉体的瞬时发光强度要优于MAPS+PMMA有机复合包覆法。MAPS用量选择在1.0mL左右较为适宜。相比较高温固相法,燃烧法产物包覆量较大,发光强度下降显著,这是由于粉体具有疏松多孔的内部结构而导致的。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from