Microstructural transformations in stress relieved type 316 stainless steel weld metal

The heat treatment of Type 316L weld metal containing small amounts of ferrite results in the transformation of the ferrite to χ or σ phases after aging for only 3 hr at 850°C. The χ-phase transformation is associated with a transitional M₂₃C₆ carbide, whereas the σ-phase transforms directly from the ferrite.     

Mechanical properties of 422 stainless steel repaired via wire feed laser welding

Abstract

Laser welding with filler wire additions could be used in restoration of components that are of high cost or sometimes difficult to procure, such as steam turbine blades in fossil fuel power plants. In the present work, machined V groove specimens were employed to simulate laser repair of Carpenter 636 stainless steel (SS), which has a similar composition to a blade material, type 422 SS. Before repair welding, a heat treatment procedure including solution and temper treatments of the specimens was carried out according to the mechanical and microstructural analyses of a used blade after 20 years service at about 540° C. Tensile, impact, and fatigue crack growth tests of weld repairs using 410 SS filler wire were conducted. The weld repairs exhibited an impact toughness similar to that of the base metal and a lower fatigue crack growth rate than the base metal. However, the lower hardness associated with 410 SS filler metal led to tensile fracture in the weld metal of repaired specimens. Accordingly, the use of 410 SS filler metal for repair welding type 422 SS components should be limited to regions under low stress.     

奥氏体不锈钢丝激光焊接头的组织与力学性能

采用脉冲激光焊技术连接奥氏体不锈钢细丝.利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜等分析测试手段,研究了不锈钢丝激光焊接头的微观组织特点及激光焊参数对接头组织与力学性能的影响规律.结果表明,焊缝金属由奥氏体胞状晶和胞状树枝晶构成,热影响区主要为等轴晶,且过热区晶粒明显粗化.随着激光脉冲能量和脉冲宽度的增加,焊缝熔透率及熔宽增加,焊缝及热影响区组织有粗化的趋势.小的脉冲宽度(2,3ms)对于保证不锈钢丝焊接质量的稳定性是不利的.激光焊接头抗拉强度最大值为680MPa(脉冲宽度10ms,脉冲能量7.6J),焊缝中心区是焊接接头最薄弱的部位.     

Tensile properties and fatigue crack propagation of solution-annealed and aged superaustenitic stainless steel

The effect of aging in air at 650°C for 100~1000 h on the tensile properties of superaustenitic stainless steel in the range RT-750°C and the fatigue crack growth behaviour at RT and 650°C was studied. Yield strength and ultimate tensile strength were almost the same between the as-received and the aged specimen. The fracture strain, however, decreased significantly from aging, and the fracture surface of the aged specimen at RT test was intergranular. The fatigue crack growth rate at RT is enhanced by aging at the high stress intensity factor range. This is due to the occurrence of an intergranular fracture in the aged specimen. At 650°C the fatigue crack growth behaviour of both the as-received and the aged specimen was almost same with no intergranular fracture.     

Mechanical properties of martensitic stainless steel weld/adhesive hybrid bonds

Hybrid weld-adhesive bonding (AB) was used as an approach to improve the mechanical properties of martensitic stainless steel resistance spot welds. The weld fusion zone in both techniques was composed of predominantly martensite and δ-ferrite. It was found that the presence of adhesive does not induce excess hardening effect in the fusion zone. It was shown that hybrid AB/resistance spot welding) i.e. weld-bonding) technique can double the peak load and energy absorption of the joints compared to those of the resistance spot welds. To obtain high performance weld-bonded joints, heat generation during welding should be controlled to produce weld bonds with large fusion zone size, but without detrimental effect on the adhesive strength.     

Deformation produced by elevated temperature fatigue crack propagation in type 316 stainless steel

The extent and nature of the plastic deformation developed by fatigue crack propagation in type 316 stainless steel at 593°C was investigated using microhardness techniques. Microhardness measurements were made to determine the extent of plastic deformation within the plain strain plastic zone for three specimens tested to different predetermined crack lengths. Extensive plastic deformation was found to be present in a localized envelope that surrounded the crack, and the evolution and shape of this highly strained region was characterized on a three-dimensional scale. The results indicate that the greatest change in microhardness occurred within 0.4 mm of the fracture surface for all specimens and decreased to a constant value dependent upon crack length for each specimen in the plastic zone. Dislocation densities calculated from the microhardness results were consistent with results based on transmission electron microscopy. The results provide additional information concerning the relationship between the crack propagation process and microstructure as a function of crack length.     

不锈钢埋弧焊用金属芯焊丝工艺性能的研究

研制的不镑铜埋弧焊用GDMA308金属芯焊丝,其熔敷金属化学成分和接头力学性能满足《CB／T17853—1999》要求。焊丝的工艺性能研究结果表明,由于金属芯焊丝中加入了活化剂,渣壳结构致密,气孔数量少,足寸小,配合HJ260焊接0Cr18Ni9不锈铜时,脱渣性能优良。     

AE response of type 304 stainless steel during stress corrosion crack propagation

Acoustic emission (AE) signals generated by transgranular stress corrosion cracking (TGSCC) and intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) have been compared by means of slow strain rate tensile tests (SSRT) performed using both solubilised and sensitised type AISI 304 stainless steel in a 1 M NaCl + 1 M HCl solution. Results show that the AE activity during the propagation of TGSCC is much higher than the AE activity during the IGSCC propagation. However, no significant difference was found between the mean amplitude and rise-time of the AE signals registered during the propagation of TGSCC and those measured for IGSCC propagation.     

国产核岛主设备焊接技术现状及发展趋势分析

为探究核电厂主管道窄间隙焊缝射线检验出现的疑似线性缺陷的产生机理,采用扫描电镜、原子探针等方法分析了存在疑似线性缺陷的焊缝微观组织与显微硬度,讨论了显微组织中的微细孔隙形成原因,并采用孔隙率表征了微细孔隙分布。研究表明,疑似线性缺陷不是真正的焊接缺陷,存在疑似线性缺陷的焊缝组织均由奥氏体与δ铁素体构成,不同区域的δ铁素体含量基本相同,存在疑似线性缺陷的焊缝的孔隙率为0.06%,高于无疑似线性缺陷区域的0.03%。显微组织中微细孔隙率的差异是导致疑似线性缺陷产生的主要原因,但孔隙率的差异不影响焊缝的显微硬度分布。该研究为类似射线检验出现的疑似线性缺陷提供了评判新思路。

     

双相不锈钢药芯焊丝GDQA2205的研制

对所研制焊丝进行气体保护焊试验,测试了焊缝金属的化学成分、金相组织、抗拉强度、点蚀率和接头的洛氏硬度、抗弯强度和冲击韧度.用金相显微镜对焊缝金相组织进行观察,用扫描电镜分析冲击断口的形貌,并且用EDS能谱仪分析夹杂物的成分.结果表明,在焊丝中加入合理的Ni和MnN,可有效地促进奥氏体的形成,使焊缝获得合理的奥氏体铁素体两相组织.还分析了耐点蚀性能和冲击韧度的影响,研究发现除化学成分外,均匀的两相组织有利于改善耐腐蚀性能;金属元素Mn,Ni,Cr等是焊接接头冲击韧度的保证.     

Mechanical and corrosion properties of 445J2 ultra pure ferritic stainless steel joint

The microstructure, mechanical and corrosion resistance properties of 445J2 ultra pure ferritic stainless steel thin plate joints conducted by the pulsed current gas tungsten arc welding (PCGTAW) were discussed in this paper. In order to avoid weld defects, the appropriate welding process was adjusted. The joints were subjected to optical microscopy, transverse static tensile, plastic deformation, intergranular corrosion and electrochemistry corrosion tests. The results indicated that the weld zone (WZ) is characterized with columnar grains and equiaxed grains and the heat-affected zone (HAZ) shows coarse ferrite grains due to the rapid solidification of thin plate welding. The PCGTAW joint exhibited acceptable mechanical properties and equivalent corrosion resistance properties as the base metal.     

308L不锈钢热丝等离子弧增材构件组织和性能

随着增材构件重量的大幅度增加和形状复杂性的急速提升,增材时间成本占比越来越高,为了在保持焊枪达到尽可能多空间位置的基础上,提高熔敷效率,降低时间成本比例,提出了热丝等离子弧增材制造工艺.?分别采用冷丝等离子弧增材制造(CW-PAM)和热丝等离子弧增材制造(HW-PAM)两种工艺进行了50层直壁体增材对比试验,研究了HW...     

Effect of welding parameters on residual stress in type 420 martensitic stainless steel

Abstract

The effect of welding parameters on residual stress induced by shrinkage of weldment and metallurgical phase transformation in type 420 martensitic stainless steel has been investigated. In this study, type 1018 low carbon steel was adopted as the base metal and type 420 martensitic stainless steel was used for the filler metal during submerged arc welding. The thermal cycles at various locations were recorded and dilatometry was used to examine the martensite phase transformation temperatures. The experimental results show that the residual stress increased with the heat input during welding. Using a higher welding heat input increased the amount of heat going into the weldment and elevated the martensite phase transformation temperature. Residual stresses could not be significantly reduced by increasing preheat (interpass) temperature while welding. Using higher preheat temperature conditions could elevate the equilibrium temperature and the martensite phase transformation temperature and increased the heat input to the weldment.     

不锈钢药芯焊丝立焊性的分析与评价

利用汉诺威分析仪对4种不同配方的不锈钢药芯焊丝的立焊性能进行了电弧参数测试,分析焊接电流、电弧电压、短路时间的概率密度分布及它们的均方差与电弧稳定性和熔滴过渡的关系.结果表明,焊接电流、电弧电压及短路时间t1的均方差越小,有效短路过渡次数的比率越大,则焊丝熔滴短路过渡的均匀性和稳定性越好,飞溅也越小,立焊效果越好,对药...     

Resistance microwelding of 316L stainless steel wire to block

Abstract

The excellent corrosion resistance of low carbon vacuum melted 316 stainless steel coupled with its non-magnetic properties makes it ideal for biomedical applications. The typical joint geometry for microcomponents, such as medical implants, includes joining of fine wire to a larger block. However, this type of joint has received little attention in the current literature. The present study was conducted to examine the microstructure and mechanical properties of low carbon vacuum melted 316 stainless steel wire welded to a larger block. Results revealed solid state bonding occurring at low currents, while fusion bonding occurred at higher currents. This was due to the highly asymmetrical heat generation resulting in almost complete melting of the wire before the initiation of interfacial melting. This is a distinctly different bonding mechanism compared to previous studies on crossed wire joints.     

304不锈钢局部干法水下激光填丝熔覆层微观组织及性能

采用自行研发的水下激光填丝熔覆装备,在304奥氏体不锈钢板材表面进行激光填丝熔覆试验,并对空气环境和水下环境的熔覆结果进行对比分析,以探索在水下环境进行304不锈钢的缺陷修复. 通过XRD,EDS,光学显微镜分析了熔覆层的显微组织、化学成分和物相组成,采用显微硬度仪进行了硬度测试,利用动电位极化与交流阻抗谱技术研究熔覆层电化学腐蚀行为. 结果表明,在两种环境下均制备了单层多道熔覆层,且无明显气孔、裂纹等缺陷;熔覆层包括熔覆区、搭接区、相变影响区、熔合区、热影响区,显微组织主要由奥氏体、铁素体、马氏体组成;由于各区域内微观组织及晶粒的大小不同,使得熔覆层硬度呈阶梯分布;在3.5%NaCl溶液中,两种环境熔覆层均呈现出明显的钝化行为,且两种熔覆层耐腐蚀性能相近;所研制的水下激光填丝熔覆装备及工艺,可以满足实际工程对于熔覆层高效制备、成形质量控制及耐蚀性能的要求,可用于水下环境304不锈钢表面的防护与修复.     

不锈钢自保护药芯焊丝脱渣性研究

为了定量分析药芯焊丝渣系组分对不锈钢自保护药芯焊丝脱渣性的影响,采用极端顶点混料回归设计方法,利用stat-ease公司出品的Design Expert 8.0软件进行试验设计与结果分析,试验中,将渣系中七种组分作为自变量,焊缝的脱渣率作为目标函数,建立了脱渣率与渣系组分的数学模型;并且根据二维等值图与三维响应曲面图直观的观察当固定4种组分的含量时,其它3种组分对因变量的影响情况;利用软件的优化求解功能,得出脱渣率最高的渣系组分理论配比,经实际验证,方程拟合良好,实际脱渣率与预测脱渣率相近,说明该方法对药芯焊丝渣系设计具有指导意义。