Dynamic response of bridges to moving trains: A study on effects of random track irregularities and bridge skewness

This paper describes research undertaken to consider the dynamic responses of an existing railway bridge subjected to moving trains. The study investigated dynamic effects produced by different service trains, as well as the influence of random track irregularities and bridge skewness. This research was carried out using the dynamic bridge–train interaction (DBTI) model developed and previously verified by the authors. Generally, dynamic amplification of displacements was found to be moderate and compared favourably with recommendations of current design codes. The use of complex numerical models for bridge–train dynamics produced detailed dynamic responses; such results may be quite beneficial to bridge owners in the assessment of existing bridges which exhibit excessive dynamic responses. Random track irregularities were found to have minor effects on the dynamic amplification factors and bridge accelerations; however, lateral responses of the bridge were considerably affected by irregularities. Effects of irregularities were more pronounced in train responses; generally, the train responses increased with decreasing track profile quality. Bridge skewness was found to increase fundamental natural frequency of the bridge; this leads to a shift in the dynamic amplification factor towards higher speeds and alterations of its magnitude. Three-dimensional models were found necessary for accurate predicting of this response.     

Advances in the analysis of short span railway bridges for high-speed lines

The physical model based on moving constant loads is widely used for the analysis of railway bridges. Nevertheless, the moving loads model is not well suited for the study of short bridges (L⩽20–25 m) since the results it produces (displacements and accelerations) are much greater than those obtained from more sophisticated ones. In this paper two factors are analysed which are believed to have an influence in the dynamic behaviour of short bridges. These two factors are not accounted for by the moving loads model and are the following: the distribution of the loads due to the presence of the sleepers and ballast layer, and the train–bridge interaction. In order to decide on their influence several numerical simulations have been performed. The results are presented and discussed herein.     

基于多体系统动力学和有限元法的联合仿真在车桥耦合振动研究中的应用*

为了实现车桥耦合振动精细化仿真研究,利用多体系统动力学软件SIMPACK建立完整的车辆空间模型,采用空间杆系和板壳混合单元有限元方法建立桥梁的动力分析模型;然后将车辆和桥梁两个子系统在轮轨接触面离散的信息点上进行数据交换,实现车桥耦合振动联合仿真分析。以高速铁路上的简支梁桥为研究对象,采用基于多体系统动力学和有限元法结合的联合仿真技术,计算了弹性轮轨接触时动车组列车以不同车速通过桥梁的空间耦合振动响应,证明了该研究方法的可行性。     

Dynamic response of trussed bridges for moving loads

A continuum approach is presented to obtain the transverse vibration of trussed bridges traversed by a single moving load. The efficiency and the accuracy of the method are determined by comparing its results with those obtained by the dynamic analysis of the bridge as a discrete lumped mass system, which can account for both truss action and flexural action of the deck in the response. Using the proposed method, a parametric study is performed to show the influence of some important parameters on the dynamic response of the bridge. The parameters include relative stiffness of the bridge deck and truss, number of panels, type of truss and speed parameter.     

Effects of apparent image velocity and complexity on the dynamic visual field using a high-speed train driving simulator

Train driving is a highly visual task. The visual capabilities of the train driver affects driving safety and driving performance. Understanding the effects of train speed and background image complexity on the visual behavior of the high-speed train driver is essential for optimizing performance and safety. This study investigated the role of the apparent image velocity and complexity on the dynamic visual field of drivers. Participants in a repeated-measures experiment drove a train at nine different speeds in a state-of-the-art high-speed train simulator. Eye movement analysis indicated that the effect of image velocity on the dynamic visual field of high-speed train driver was significant while image complexity had no effect on it. The fixation range was increasingly concentrated on the middle of the track as the speed increased, meanwhile there was a logarithmic decline in fixation range for areas surrounding the track. The extent of the visual search field decreased gradually, both vertically and horizontally, as the speed of train increased, and the rate of decrease was more rapid in the vertical direction. A model is proposed that predicts the extent of this tunnel vision phenomenon as a function of the train speed.Relevance to industryThis finding can be used as a basis for the design of high-speed railway system and as a foundation for improving the operational procedures of high-speed train driver for safety.     

An algorithm to study non-stationary random vibrations of vehicle–bridge systems

An efficient algorithm is proposed for non-stationary random vibration of vehicle–bridge systems. The pseudo excitation method (PEM) is extended to handle the random analysis of time-dependent vehicle–bridge systems, for which the statistical characteristics of dynamic responses are computed. A vehicle–bridge interaction element is adopted to reduce the computational effort. In the numerical examples, the proposed method is justified by comparing with Monte Carlo simulation results. Also, a method to estimate maximum responses is suggested. Examples include a train moving across both simply supported and three-span continuous bridges and some observed phenomena are discussed.     

Impact in a railway truss bridge

The aim was to investigate the dynamic interactions between an open deck steel truss bridge and a moving freight train. A non-linear, 100-ton (gross weight 131.5 tons), freight car vehicle model and the 200-ft, open deck, Warren-type steel bridge model were used in this study. Equations of motion for the vehicle, bridge, and bridge/vehicle interactions were also presented. The track irregularities on the approach and the bridge were generated from power spectral density functions for Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) class 4 track (maximum speed 60 mph). Both zero and two percent of the critical damping were assumed for the bridge. Impact percentages in the bridge due to a three, 100-ton freight car train operating at 20, 40, and 60 mph were calculated. These were compared with the data obtained from an earlier field investigation and those specified by the American Railway Engineering Association (AREA) specifications.     

梁式桥参数化建模专家系统

在桥梁养护行业,传统桥梁病害检测方式向数字化检测转型已成为该行业发展趋势,而桥梁三维可视化是实现数字化检测的基础.一般的梁式桥参数化建模程序,具有"一经写定,不易修改"的弊端,为了避免这一问题,提高参数化建模的灵活性与可扩充性,采用了一种将专家系统与梁式桥参数化建模相结合的方法,该方法结合专家系统理论知识、梁式桥结构知识和梁式桥组件及全桥参数化建模过程,设计了梁式桥快速建模专家系统.主要内容包括知识库的分类设计、知识库的数据库表设计、知识表达方式的选取、组件建模推理机制及全桥建模推理机制,以及参数化建模时部件、组件、全桥建模算法.使用该方法进行梁式桥建模结果表明,该方法能够根据用户给出的少量主要参数准确完成桥梁组件及全桥的参数化建模,用户通过修改知识库,就能改动参数化建模所依赖的结构计算知识.该方法增加了参数化建模的灵活性及可扩充性.     

Wheel-rail contact elements incorporating irregularities

The aim of this study is to simulate the dynamic vertical response of a vehicle traversing rigid rails and a railway bridge. This is achieved by using the authors' wheel-rail contact element (WRC) to model the dynamic interaction that exists between a sprung wheel, using a Hertzian spring, and the rail. The objective in creating these elements was to model the rail and wheel irregularities, which was not a feature of the contact elements within the ANSYS finite element program. In this paper the numerical results generated using the authors' WRC element are identical to the results generated using the commercial contact element of ANSYS for a smooth rail condition. In the case of irregular rails, the numerical results generated using the authors' WRC elements compare very favourably with the results from the literature.     

一种新的高速铁路桥梁动挠度测试方法

动挠度测试是高速铁路桥梁荷载试验的一项重要检测内容。采用QY型倾角仪、小波分析和正交多项式函数组,成功地实现了高速铁路梁桥的动挠度测试。分析了QY倾角仪的动力特征,指出了此传感器在准确感应到梁体纵向倾斜的同时也能感应到梁体的纵向振动加速度。对QY倾角仪输出信号进行小波提升分解,提取出有用的纵向倾斜信号,然后再基于正交函数组计算出动挠度曲线。采用本方法与拉线式位移计在高速铁路桥梁上进行动挠度测试对比试验,试验结果表明本方法的测试结果与拉线式位移计的测试结果的误差非常小,可达到毫米级的精度,可用于高速铁路梁桥的动挠度测试。相比其他方法,本方法具有安装方便、可以测试任何条件下的桥梁的动挠度等优点。     

Torsional effects on short-span highway bridges

The torsional effects on short-span highway bridges are investigated for two situations: post-design asymmetric bridges and nominally symmetric bridges subject to seismically induced torque. The study indicates that for post-design asymmetric bridges the presence of accidental post-design asymmetric factors significantly influences the dynamic response of bridges having a small rotational to translational frequency ratio. For nominally symmetric bridges, the seismically induced torque often triggers rotational motions, which tend to aggravate the bridge deck displacements and magnify the shear forces of the supporting columns. If necessary, this torsional effect should be considered in the seismic design of bridges.     

质子交换膜燃料电池建模与动态仿真

对质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）电堆进行电输出特性研究,有助于改善燃料电池的设计,提高其性能。运用MATLAB的Simulink仿真工具对PEMFC建立仿真模型,通过所建立的电堆参数模型,就能够研究主要运行参变量对电堆动态输出性能和电堆非线性内阻产生的影响。当电堆输出电流出现阶跃变化时,对电堆电压,输出功率,消耗功率,电堆效率,非线性内阻的动态响应,进行了仿真和结果分析。仿真结果符合文献[7]实验数据,表明此参数模型是可操作和有效的,并可方便地用于PEMFC控制方法研究。     

Direct identification of structural parameters from dynamic responses with neural networks

A novel neural network-based strategy is proposed and developed for the direct identification of structural parameters (stiffness and damping coefficients) from the time-domain dynamic responses of an object structure without any eigenvalue analysis and extraction and optimization process that is required in many identification algorithms for inverse problems. Two back-propagation neural networks are constructed to facilitate the process of parameter identifications. The first one, called emulator neural network, is to model the behavior of a reference structure that has the same overall dimension and topology as the object structure to be identified. After having been properly trained with the dynamic responses of the reference structure under a given dynamic excitation, the emulator neural network can be used as a nonparametric model of the reference structure to forecast its dynamic response with sufficient accuracy. However, when the parameters of the reference structure are modified to form a so-called associated structure, the dynamic responses forecast by the network will differ from the simulated responses of the associated structure. Their difference can be assessed with a proposed root mean square (RMS) difference vector for both velocity and displacement responses. With the associated structural parameters and their corresponding RMS difference vectors, another network, called parametric evaluation neural network, can be trained. In this study, several 5-story frames are considered as example object structures with simulated displacement and velocity time histories that mimic the measured dynamic responses in practice. The performance of the proposed strategy has been demonstrated quite satisfactorily; the error for the estimation of each stiffness or damping coefficient is less than 10% even in the presence of 7% noise. Numerical simulations show that the accuracy of the identified parameters can be significantly improved by injecting noise in the training patterns for the parametric evaluation neural network. The proposed strategy is extremely efficient in computation and thus has potential of becoming a practical tool for near real time monitoring of civil infrastructures.     

大跨度铁路钢桁桥地震响应分析

应用MSC Patran建立铁路钢桥的3D有限元计算模型,运用MSC Nastran进行桥梁自振特性计算和地震响应分析,旨在探究桥梁结构在高烈度地震作用下的响应规律.     

Nonlinear dynamics and vibration of reinforced piezoelectric scale-dependent plates as a class of nonlinear Mathieu–Hill systems: parametric excitation analysis

This work is motivated by little research in the nonlinear dynamic instability of the reinforced piezoelectric nanoplates. This paper, using an analytical approach, presents bifurcations in the nonlinear dynamic instability of the reinforced piezoelectric nanoplates caused by the parametric excitation. An axial parametric load is applied to excite the system, while the reinforced piezoelectric nanoplate is under an applied electric voltage, simultaneously. The governing equations of motion for the reinforced piezoelectric nanoplate embedded on a visco-Pasternak foundation are derived using the nonlocal elasticity theory, Hamilton’s principle, and nonlinear von Karman theory. A class of nonlinear the Mathieu–Hill equation is established to determine the bifurcations and the regions of the nonlinear dynamic instability. The numerical results are performed, while the emphasis is placed on investigating the effect of the applied electric voltage, visco-Pasternak foundation coefficients, and the parametric excitation. It is found that the damping coefficient is responsible of the bifurcation point variation, while the amplitude response depends on the term of the natural frequency.

     

城市轨道列车车门结构瞬态响应研究

针对城市轨道列车的实际受力环境,运用有限元分析方法对轨道列车车门门体部分进行了瞬态响应研究。对结构的模态、阻尼特性进行了深入研究,并以此为基础对整体车门结构的动态响应进行了分析,分析表明结构的动态应力和位移满足强度要求和使用条件,为结构优化设计提供了重要依据。     

A new algorithm for numerical solution of dynamic elastic-plastic hardening and softening problems

The objective of this paper is to develop a new algorithm for numerical solution of dynamic elastic-plastic strain hardening/softening problems, particularly for the implementation of the gradient dependent model used in solving strain softening problems. The new algorithm for the solution of dynamic elastic-plastic problems is derived based on the parametric variational principle. The gradient dependent model is employed in the numerical model to overcome the mesh-sensitivity difficulty in dynamic strain softening or strain localization analysis. The precise integration method, which has been used for the solution of linear problems, is adopted and improved for the solution of dynamic non-linear equations. The new algorithm is proposed by taking the advantages of the parametric quadratic programming method and the precise integration method. Results of numerical examples demonstrate the validity and the advantages of the proposed algorithm.     

基于FastDTW的道岔故障智能诊断方法

道岔控制列车的行驶方向,是轨道交通系统的关键设备.文中采用ZD7型号道岔转辙机动作电流数据,提出基于快速动态时间规整算法(FastDTW)的道岔故障智能诊断方法.根据原始电流曲线特性将曲线分段处理,通过FastDTW计算待诊断电流曲线与模板电流曲线的扭曲路径距离,根据动态确定的最优阈值诊断故障.实验表明,该方法可适用于单动、双动型号道岔故障诊断问题,仅需200条道岔动作电流历史数据.该方法诊断准确率较高,时间较短,也适用于准确性、实时性要求较高的新型列控系统.     

A numerical model for wind loads simulation on long-span bridges

A numerical model of the air flow problem around the girder of a long-span bridge is presented. The model is based on a finite volume formulation and it is able to simulate steady and non-steady wind loading conditions on the structure under the simplifying assumption, which is plausible for bridges with long spans, of a two-dimensional-like approaching flow. For a given bridge deck cross-section the proposed model allows the numerical evaluation of the flutter derivatives, which is useful to characterize in an analytical way the stability conditions of the overall wind-induced bridge response. In order to obtain satisfactory accuracy and stability of the numerical solution, a two-equation k–ϵ RNG turbulence model and special boundary conditions are employed. The accuracy and applicability of the model to wind engineering problems are successfully assessed by computing the aerodynamic behaviour of some simple cross-section shapes. Numerical results are also obtained for typical long-span bridge cross-sections and the comparison with the available wind tunnel measurements shows a good agreement.