激光快速成形技术与模具制造

通过介绍激光快速成形技术的原理和特点、常用材料及工艺,分析了激光快速成形技术适合模具的小批量或单件生产,且可以解决传统模具制造业中制造周期长、工艺复杂的问题,阐述了激光快速成形技术在模具制造业中的优势。     

个性化钛合金假体的激光金属直接成形制造工艺

将激光金属直接成形技术应用于个性化钛合金假体的制造,能根据假体的三维模型直接制造出相应的零件,具有制造过程周期短和加工出的个性化假体力学性能好的优点。通过研究激光金属直接成形的曲率效应和倾斜角度对几何精度的影响,为激光金属直接成形的工艺模型设计准则提供参考,使假体成形件具有较高的精度。制造出的个性化假体的力学性能和化学成分经过检测,均符合假体的相关国家和医药行业标准,有两例个性化钛合金假体已经成功应用于临床并取得良好的效果。     

激光立体成形高性能金属零件研究进展

激光立体成形技术是从20世纪80年代初期发展起来的一项先进制造技术,能够实现高性能复杂结构金属零件的无模具、快速、全致密近净成形。该技术可以用于承受强大力学载荷的三维实体金属零件的快速制造,也可应用于具有较复杂形状和较大体积制造缺陷、误加工损伤或服役损伤零件的修复。主要围绕激光立体成形技术在追逐高力学性能方面的研究工作,综述了激光立体成形研究和应用的主要进展情况。对多种合金的大量研究工作表明：激光立体成形金属零件的综合力学性能同锻件相当,导致这样优越的力学性能的主要原因在于其材料组织致密、细小、均匀,可以通过优化成形工艺和热处理工艺而获得基本上没有冶金缺陷的状态。激光立体成形技术的主要应用对象是兼顾高性能和复杂结构的金属零件的制造和修复。实现高性能修复是激光立体成形技术最近的一个引人注目的研究进展,修复零件的力学性能可以仅在简单的退火热处理状态下即达到锻件力学性能标准,这使得过去认为不可修复的高性能重要金属零件具备了现实的修复技术途径,这必将是激光立体成形技术最有前景的应用方向之一。     

基于快速成形技术的机匣盖的快速铸造

在基于快速成形技术的机匣盖快速铸造工艺中,通过用UG软件构建零件的CAD三维模型,采用选择性激光烧结法烧制精铸蜡模.利用该工艺铸造的机匣盖铸件外表面及内腔的尺寸精度和表面质量,能够满足燃气轮机的使用要求.快速成形技术提高了精铸业制造复杂零件的能力,使复杂模型的直接制造成为可能.快速成形技术与现有的铸造工艺相结合,为铸件的研制节省了时间和成本,为后续产品中精密铸件的顺利完成打下了良好的基础.     

快速成形技术在快速模具制造中的应用

快速成形技术是20世纪80年代发展起来的一种集计算机辅助设计、精密机械、数控、激光技术和材料科学为一体的全新制造技术.由于其高度柔性和快速性,得到了广泛的研究和应用.以快速成形为技术支撑的快速模具制造作为缩短产品开发时间及模具制作周期的先进制造技术已成为当前的重要研究课题和制造业核心技术之一.本文介绍了立体光刻技术、薄材叠层成形、选区激光粉末烧结、熔融沉积成形等快速成形典型工艺方法,阐述了用快速成形技术直接、间接制造金属模具和非金属模具的原理、工艺和研究现状,并对快速成形技术在模具制造中的应用前景作了展望.     

金属材料激光快速成形的研究进展

激光快速成形技术以其特有的技术优势,已经成为金属材料快速成形的研究热点.叙述了金属材料激光快速成形在国内外的发展概况,表明在国外激光快速成形金属材料在理论、工艺及制造方面已经取得了非常显著的成果,其制造的结构件已经在航空航天领域取得了重要应用,而该技术在国内仍处于理论研究和试制阶段；介绍了激光快速成形钛合金和高温合金的研究现状,表明国内对钛合金的激光快速成形已进行了较为系统的研究,取得了一些重要成果,制作了典型结构件,对高温合金,裂纹是其激光成形技术的关键问题；对激光快速成形的发展进行了展望.     

激光制造技术的现状及发展趋势

激光制造技术的研究、开发和应用十分活跃.简要介绍了激光连接、金属零件激光快速成形、激光表面改性、激光微纳制造的研究进展和发展趋势.     

基于选择性激光烧结的铸造熔模快速制造技术

快速原型制造技术（快速成形技术）是国际上２０世纪８０年代末期以来制造领域的一个研究热点,其分层制造的思想成功地解决了复杂三维实体的制作难题。同时,由于其根据零件的ＣＡＤ模型直接生成三维实体,因此可以极大缩短零件的制造周期。本文详细阐述了快速成形技术的一个重要分支－－选择性激光烧结技术用于快速制造铸造熔模的方法,并介绍了一个应用实例。     

聚合物材料在快速原型制造技术中的应用

介绍聚合物材料作为成形原料在主要的快速原型制造(RPM)工艺中的应用情况。具体按照立体印刷成形(SLA)、层合实体制造(LOM)、选域激光烧结(SLS)及熔融沉积造型(FDM)这4种工艺的不同，阐述与各工艺对应的聚合物材料的种类、聚合物材料成形过程中可能出现的问题及解决方案。总结了聚合物材料原型的应用情况和聚合物材料在RPM技术应用中存在的问题。     

基于激光快速成形技术的快速工／模具制造

概括了基于激光快速成形技术的快速工／模具制造的两种方法－间接法和直接法，对两种工／模具投靠技术作了较具体的介绍，并分析了特点。     

IGNITING SHS BY LASER AND ITS APPLICATION TO SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING OF METALLTC POWDER MATERIAL

How to directly fabricate metallic functional parts with selective laser sintering (SLS) process is a potential technique that scientists are researching. Existent problems during directly fabricating metal part by use of SIS are analyzed. For the sake of solving the problems, a new idea of adding self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) material into metallic powder material to form new type of SIS metallic powder material is put forward. This powder material can release controllable amount of heat during its interaction with the laser beam energy to reduce the requirement to laser power during directly sintering metallic part, to prolong the time of metallic liquid phase existing, and to improve the intensity and accuracy of SIS part. For this reason, SHS material‘s interaction with the CO2 laser beam energy is researched, which proves that CO2 laser beam energy may instantly ignite SHS reaction. On the basis of the above-mentioned researches, the effect of sintering the metal powder material mixing SHS material with CO2 laser is also researched,which shows: there is an optimal blending ratio of various material in the new metallic powder material. Under the optimal blending ratio and SIS process parameters, this new metallic powder material can indeed release amount of heat and SHS reaction may be controlled within the laser sintering. This research result makes it possible that the metallic part is directly sintered with small CO2 laser (less than 50W), which may greatly reduce the volume, cost and running expenditure of SIS machine, be propitious to application.     

IGNITING SHS BY LASER AND ITS APPLICATION TO SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING OF METALLIC POWDER MATERIAL

1.IntroductionSelective laser sintering (SLS) is one of typical rapid prototyping (RP) technology. SLS adopts the idea of a delamination manufacturing, which is not limited by complicated degree of part shape and not needs any frock & mould, to directly fabricate three dimension (3D) solid parts with powder materials. Theoretically, any powder materials, which can felt each other after they are heated, may be SLS materi-als. Range of SLS materials have covered with polymer powder, cerami…     

钛合金的激光表面处理研究进展

介绍了钛合金的各种激光表面改性技术及其研究进展,讨论了激光表面改性处理工艺参数对钛合金性能的影响。并介绍了其应用前景。利用激光表面处理可克服钛合金硬度低、易发生粘着磨损等缺点,同时可提高其耐蚀性及抗高温氧化等性能。此外,利用脉冲激光沉积技术在改善钛合金的生物活性等方面也取得了好的结果。     

激光成形制备生物医用钛合金材料研究进展

激光成形制造技术是在快速原型技术的基础上结合激光加工技术发展起来的一项高新制造技术.它能够通过不同的加工方式调整结构及功能零件的性能,满足复杂致密或者多孔钛合金生物医用材料的成形需求,实现医用钛合金零件的个性化设计和制备,因此在医用钛合金人工肢体和植入体领域方面具有巨大的应用潜力.目前在制备生物医用钛合金材料领域研究较多的激光成形制造技术主要有激光立体成形和选择性激光烧结/熔化.本文综述了这两种激光成形制造在生物医用钛及钛合金制备方面的应用情况和研究现状,并指出了该领域未来的发展趋势.     

脉冲激光冲击金属板料变形的数值模拟

激光冲击板料变形是利用高能脉冲激光和材料相互作用诱导的高幅冲击波的力效应使板料产生塑性变形的新技术.利用ABAQUS软件对激光冲击下板料的变形过程进行了数值模拟,比较了不同激光参数对板料变形量的影响,并在激光单点冲击成形的基础上探讨了激光多点冲击成形.     

金属零件3D打印技术的应用研究

金属零件3D打印技术作为整个3D打印体系中最为前沿和最具潜力的技术,是目前先进制造技术的重要发展方向。随着科技发展对材料的不断需求,利用快速成形技术直接制造金属功能零件将会成为该技术的主要发展方向。3D打印技术正在快速改变着人们传统的生产方式和生活方式。以数字化、网络化、个性化、定制化为特点的3D打印制造技术被外界认为将推动第三次工业革命。激光工程化净成形技术（LENS）,激光选区熔化技术（SLM）及电子束选区熔化技术（EBSM）3种技术是金属零件3D打印技术的典型代表。对金属零件3D打印技术,包括基本的技术原理及其技术应用领域进行了介绍,最后对金属零件3D打印技术的发展进行了展望。     

激光弯曲工艺中板材厚度的影响规律

用大变形弹塑性有限元法对金属板材柔性成形新工艺———激光弯曲进行了动态数值模拟。从热学及热力学的观点出发,阐明了该工艺的变形机理,建立了弯曲过程中的应力模型;论证了板料厚度对温度梯度和弯曲角度的影响,提出了能够实现激光弯曲工艺的最小相对光束半径的新概念,为该工艺进一步深入研究奠定了基础。模拟结果与试验吻合较好。     

Development and characterisation of direct laser sintering Cu-based metal powder

Direct laser sintering of metal powder is a promising manufacturing process to produce rapid moulds (or rapid tooling) because complex three-dimensional (3-D) metal parts can be created directly from computer-aided design (CAD) data without machining or use of additional tooling. However, material and process are still the crucial issues that restrict its wider adoption although the technology has been introduced more than 7 years. This paper characterises a self-developed Cu-based metal powder used for direct laser sintering. The material system is Cu-based alloy metal powder, which consists of two metal powders: high-purity Cu powder and pre-alloyed SCuP metal powder. The scanning electron microscope (SEM), XRD and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses show that the bonding mechanism of this process is liquid-phase sintering. The pre-alloyed SCuP metal powder with lower melting point (645 °C) acts as the binder during laser sintering, while the Cu powder with higher melting point (1083 °C) acts as the structure. The element phosphorus in the powder can act as flux to protect the Cu oxidisation. A case study on fabricating the inserts of a mobile phone cover mould was also carried out. The inserts were created in ambient atmosphere at room temperature. The total sintering time is 40 h. Sixty five percent relative theoretical density and average surface roughness R_a 14–16 μm were achieved with negligible distortion and curling. Epoxy infiltration was employed as post-process to improve the density and the strength of the sintered tooling. The mould inserts were used to inject ABS-PC mobile phone cover after polishing. No defects were found after moulding of 500 components.     

Study on the microfabrication technique by femtosecond laser two-photon photopolymerization

With rapid progress in ultra-short laser technology, two-photon photopolymerization (TPP) has been introduced into the domain of microfabrication. Its characters and process are described in this paper, as well as its experimental system. Through suitable experiments, it is identified that the spatial resolution of this technique can be increased as the scanning speed of focal spot and numerical aperture of objective lens rise, or as the laser power decreases. Finally, the paper presents some microstructures fabricated by this technique, such as micro-impeller, photonic crystal, micro-wells array, and so on, which illustrate its practicability in fabricating micro–nanostructures.     

Study on the designing rules and processability of porous structure based on selective laser melting (SLM)

Porous structures are widely used in medical implant, aerospace and other light-weight manufacturing fields. The research on processability and fabricating process are of great importance to laser addictive manufacturing of porous structure, therefore formulating several rules for SLM fabrication of porous structure is necessary. This article had studied the designing rules and the key points to fabricate the porous structure precisely based on selective laser melting (SLM). In order to obtain the fabricating effect of the pre-designed porous structure, besides optimizing fabricating process, there are still a few problems to be solved gradually, including the critical inclined angle, the fabricating resolution, powder adhesion, designing unit cell and porous structure that fit for SLM process. Through the experiments of fabricating overhanging structures with different inclined angles, the critical inclined angle for designing the porous structure was got. Through designing the thin walls and cylinders with different geometrical dimensions, the SLM fabricating resolution is obtained. Then, based on the critical inclined angle and the geometrical resolution, the octahedral unit cell structure and corresponding design rules that fitted for SLM process were proposed. At last, the experiment of fabricating porous structure was conducted and the pore's sizes were also measured. The results proved that the porous structure can be well fabricated by SLM. This study provides theoretical basis for designing and manufacturing of controllable porous structure based on SLM technique.