Treating the core deficits of developmental dyslexia: Evidence of transfer of learning after phonologically- and strategy-based reading training programs.

Individuals with dyslexia have difficulty generalizing from word identification training. This study compared 2 forms of word identification training to promote transfer of learning by children with dyslexia. 62 children were randomly assigned to 1 of the training programs or to a study skills control program. One program trained phonological analysis and blending skills and provided direct instruction of letter–sound correspondences; the other trained the acquisition, use, and monitoring of 4 metacognitive decoding strategies. Results provided clear evidence of transfer of learning after treatment of the core reading deficits of these children. Both training approaches were associated with large positive effects, transfer on several measures, and generalized achievement gains. The phonological program resulted in greater generalized gains in the phonological domain and the strategy program in broader-based transfer for real words. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Drug-induced scleroderma and sclerodermiform conditions

In Tamhane, Hochberg, and Dunnett (1) we focused primarily on step-down test procedures based on contrasts among the sample means to find the minimum effective dose in a dose-response study. In the present article we use the global tests of Bartholomew (2,3) and Hayter (4) in these step-down procedures. We also propose a new step-down procedure that permits tests based on a class of contrasts [step and basin contrasts of Ruberg (5) are examples of such contrasts] that could not be used with the step-down procedures studied in our previous paper because of lack of control of the familywise error rate. A simulation study to compare the four procedures proposed in the present paper with the top four procedures from the previous article is carried out. It is found that the step-down procedure based on Bartholomew's test and the new step-down procedure based on step and modified basin contrasts generally perform better than the other procedures for a wide range of dose-response profiles.     

Non-constrained elbow arthroplasty for mutilans deformity in rheumatoid arthritis: a report of six cases

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effect on uterine receptivity of a decrease in E2 levels during the preimplantation period with the use of a step-down regimen in high responders undergoing IVF. DESIGN: Prospective controlled clinical study. SETTING: The Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad. PATIENT(S): High responders in whom at least one previous IVF attempt failed in which 3-4 good-quality embryos were transferred and E2 levels were >3,000 pg/mL on the day of hCG administration. INTERVENTION(S): Gonadotropins were administered according to two different protocols. Blood samples were collected and IVF was performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Serum E2 levels and reproductive outcome of IVF. RESULT(S): Estradiol levels on the day of hCG administration and throughout the preimplantation period and the number of oocytes collected were significantly lower with the use of the step-down regimen than during the previous failed cycle in which the standard protocol was used. The fertilization rate was similar and the number of good-quality embryos transferred was comparable. However, the implantation and pregnancy rates were significantly improved in patients who underwent the step-down regimen compared with those who received the standard protocol. CONCLUSION(S): With the use of a step-down regimen with FSH in high responders, our clinical results demonstrate that uterine receptivity can be improved when E2 levels are decreased during the preimplantation period.     

谐波超标原因分析及抑制措施

介绍了电力系统谐波产生的原因及危害,根据武山铜矿110kV总降变电所谐波测试数据,分析了存在的问题,采用Fc无功补偿及滤波装置抑制电网谐波,改善了电能质量,确保了供电安全,取得了显著的节能效果和经济效益。     

A comparison of high-energy oblique lung irradiation techniques

The present studies investigate the effects of early nerve growth factor (NGF) administration on the ontogenetic profile of learning and retention capacities in mice. The learning paradigm used required the animals to withhold an escape response from a vibrating platform to avoid a punishment (step-down passive avoidance). In Experiment 1, acquisition of step-down passive avoidance was essentially the same in 11- and 15-day-old mice whereas only the latter showed significant retention after 24 h. In younger animals, data pointed to a facilitating effect of familiarization with the test environment. In Experiment 2 ICV NGF treatment on postnatal day 9 increased step-down latencies in both reinforced and nonreinforced pups on day 11. Moreover, NGF mice exposed in nonreinforcement condition on day 11 failed to acquire the avoidance response 24 h later, suggesting that the treatment anticipated the appearance of latent inhibition. Results of Experiment 3, investigating the effects of different durations of preexposure to the test apparatus on passive avoidance acquisition 24 h later, supported the specificity of NGF effects on the emergence of latent inhibition. These findings suggest that neural populations responsive to NGF trophic effect are involved in the maturation of early learning and retention capacities in rodents.     

无功补偿技术在主降压变电所的应用

结合主降压变电所实际运行情况,介绍了无功补偿控制原理、方案制定、优化和控制设备的选择等。应用无功补偿技术后,提高了系统功率因数,降低了电能损耗,稳定了电网电压,提高了经济效益。     

Control theory, labeling theory, and the delivery of services for drug abuse to adolescents

This article uses panel data and multiple regression of follow-up on baseline variables to test hypotheses that over time: (1) control theory variables are related to decreases in drug use and to each other, (2) labeling theory variables regarding drug use are related to increases in drug use, increases in each other, and negatively to control theory variables, (3) participation in a nonsystem juvenile justice diversion program is related to an increase in drug use, more deviant self-labels, and weaker societal bonds, and (4) the effects of the diversion program differ across gender of respondent. Baseline and follow-up data were collected on a randomly selected comparison group of adolescents (N = 100, 46 females) and a diversion program sample of adolescents (N = 88, 46 females). Slope differences across samples were tested using interaction terms. Where significant interaction terms were found, additional separate sample regression equations were performed. All four hypotheses received some support.     

Preventing and reducing alcohol and other drug use among high-risk youths by increasing family resilience

This study examines the effects of a community-based program designed to delay onset and reduce the frequency of alcohol and other drug (AOD) use among high-risk youths, ages 12 to 14, through strengthening family resilience. It is part of a larger five-year demonstration project funded by the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP). The program was implemented in multiple church communities in rural, suburban, and inner-city settings. Program components of this study included parent or guardian and youth training, early intervention services, and follow-up case management services. The results show that the program produced positive direct effects on family resilience. The evaluation also found positive moderating effects on delayed onset of alcohol and other drug use and frequency of alcohol and other drug use among youths in the form of conditional relationships with changes in those family resilience factors that were targeted by the program.     

Impact of Irrigation Management Transfer on Land and Water Productivity and Water Supply in the Gediz Basin, Turkey

In the 1990s, Turkey started a fast transfer program in which a large proportion of government-managed irrigation systems were put into the hands of Water Users’ Associations (WUAs) in a very short space of time. One of the first systems to be handed over was the Gediz Basin. This study aims to set out the effects of the transfer of irrigation management in this basin on water and land productivity and water supply. For this purpose, the indicators of productivity and water supply proposed by the International Water Management Institute have been used to show changes between the pretransfer, transfer, and post-transfer periods. WUA averages for the post-transfer period calculated from the results ranged $2,076–$2,898?ha?1 for output per command area, $2,747–$4,585?ha?1 for output per irrigated area, $0.26–$0.68?m?3 for output per irrigation supply, $0.30–$0.63?m?3 for output per unit water consumed, 0.88–1.49 for relative water supply, and 0.99–1.99 for relative irrigation supply. During the period evaluated by the study, there was a decline in water supply indicators, as against a steady increase in the productivity of water and land use. The basic reason for this decrease in supply is the long-lasting and ongoing drought in the region.     

35t／h循环流化床锅炉的磨损与防治

探讨35t/h循环流化床锅炉的磨损机理，论述了应用新型材料减缓锅炉受热面水冷壁管的磨损和延长锅炉使用寿命。     

Discrete dynamic systems: the effect of perceptual structuring on composition and transfer of knowledge about operating sequences

This paper reports two experiments in which we explored the impact of perceptual grouping of elements on the organization and use of knowledge about how to operate a device. Experiment 1 explored the effects of different perceptual display regions on the creation of chunks when sequences of inputs had to be reproduced. The effects of regions were not homogeneous, but rather their influence depended on interactions between different modalities and learning conditions. Experiment 2 investigated the influence of grouping-induced composition of knowledge elements on the transfer of sequential knowledge. Two different learning criteria were used in the acquisition phase to manipulate the degree of composition of knowledge elements. In the transfer phase, subjects could transfer (1) the whole sequence of one region, (2) two partial sequences of adjacent regions, or (3) single components. It was found that regional invariance and immediate succession of components were both important for transfer performance. These results suggests that the temporal order of regions is important for the organization and use of sequential knowledge, and not the grouping of elements by itself.     

Transfer of learning among motor patterns with different relative timing.

The generalized motor program concept with invariant relative timing leads one to expect nearly perfect transfer of training to a motor pattern with another duration and considerably less transfer to a pattern with a different relative timing. In two experiments, subjects were asked to learn spatial–temporal patterns of limb action at the elbow. These expectations about differential transfer were examined by the use of two target patterns that differed only by a nonlinear transformation of the time scale. Both experiments failed to provide evidence that transfer breaks down if relative timing is changed. These outcomes are taken to suggest that the often observed invariant relative timing might not be a mandatory phenomenon due to the restriction of a generalized motor program to one particular temporal pattern. Rather, this invariance could perhaps be thought of as a strategic phenomenon caused by preferences for certain temporal organizations contingent upon particular spatial patterns. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Impacts on Children of a Policy to Promote Employment and Reduce Poverty for Low-Income Parents: New Hope After 5 Years.

The impacts of New Hope, a program to increase parent employment and reduce poverty, were measured 5 years after parents were randomly assigned to program or control groups. New Hope had positive effects on children's school achievement, motivation, and social behavior, primarily for boys, across the age range 6-16. In comparison to impacts measured 2 years after program onset, effects on achievement were robust, but effects on social behavior were reduced. The program produced improvements in family income and use of organized child care and activity settings, suggesting possible pathways by which the New Hope package of policies influenced children's behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Short- and long-term effects of training phonological awareness in kindergarten: evidence from two German studies

Two training studies replicated and extended a Scandinavian study by Lundberg, Frost, and Petersen (1988). In Study 1, a 6-month metalinguistic training program was given to kindergartners (mean age: 5 years 7 months) who were later compared to a control group in the regular kindergarten program. Tests of phonological awareness and other metalinguistic and cognitive variables were given before and after training; a metalinguistic transfer test was given after training. Reading and spelling skills were assessed at the end of Grades 1 and 2, respectively. The training program was improved and monitored more closely in Study 2. Both studies revealed short- and long-term effects, consistent with Lundberg et al. (1988) and extending findings from Anglo-American and Scandinavian populations to German children.     

Working memory training in older adults: Evidence of transfer and maintenance effects.

Few studies have examined working memory (WM) training-related gains and their transfer and maintenance effects in older adults. This present research investigates the efficacy of a verbal WM training program in adults aged 65–75 years, considering specific training gains on a verbal WM (criterion) task as well as transfer effects on measures of visuospatial WM, short-term memory, inhibition, processing speed, and fluid intelligence. Maintenance of training benefits was evaluated at 8-month follow-up. Trained older adults showed higher performance than did controls on the criterion task and maintained this benefit after 8 months. Substantial general transfer effects were found for the trained group, but not for the control one. Transfer maintenance gains were found at follow-up, but only for fluid intelligence and processing speed tasks. The results are discussed in terms of cognitive plasticity in older adults. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Inhibition by gonadotropins of interleukin-1 production by rabbit granulosa and theca cells: effects on gonadotropin-induced progesterone production

BACKGROUND: School-based drug prevention programs have been criticized on methodologic grounds because the unit of analysis is often not the unit of randomization, thus increasing the likelihood of Type I errors. Application of multilevel analytic strategies appropriately corrects this biasing tendency. This study demonstrates the practical use of such analysis. METHODS: Data from 2,370 seventh-grade students participating in a substance use prevention trial were analyzed using a multilevel strategy. We examined the effectiveness of a social pressure resistance training and a normative education (NORM) intervention against an information-only control group. RESULTS: The NORM condition revealed 1-year program effects for cigarette and marijuana use with individuals as the unit of analysis and only marginal effects with classroom as the unit of analysis. No program effects were found using school as the analysis unit. A multilevel strategy revealed program effects for cigarettes and marijuana with both class and school as grouping levels. The effect for alcohol use was significant at the 2-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions establishing conservative drug use norms in classrooms may be an effective strategy in reducing substance use onset among adolescents. Utilization of appropriate analytic strategies is important in the analysis and interpretation of data containing nested structures.     

降压式18脉冲自耦变压器优化设计

针对目前18脉冲自耦变压器输出电压难以调节的问题，在保持现有18脉冲自耦变压器优势的基础上，提出一种新型降压式18脉冲自耦变压器拓扑结构并对其进行优化.变压器通过每相原边延长绕组与副边移相绕组的连接实现对输出电压的宽范围降压调节.考虑到延长绕组与副边移相绕组连接抽头的位置变化对变压器性能的影响，以变压器降压比及延长绕组连接抽头的位置系数为变量，理论推导不同情况下变压器的通用设计公式，并进行仿真分析，得到相同降压比条件下降压式自耦变压器等效容量最小的最优连接抽头位置.最后通过实验验证了设计的合理性.      

Teaching with concrete and abstract visual representations: Effects on students' problem solving, problem representations, and learning perceptions.

In 3 experiments, we examined the effects of using concrete and/or abstract visual problem representations during instruction on students' problem-solving practice, near transfer, problem representations, and learning perceptions. In Experiments 1 and 2, novice students learned about electrical circuit analysis with an instructional program that included worked-out and practice problems represented with abstract (Group A), concrete (Group C), or abstract and concrete diagrams (Group AC), whereby the cover stories were abstract in Group A and concrete in Groups C and AC. Experiment 3 added a 4th condition (C-A) with a concrete cover story and abstract diagrams. Group AC outperformed Groups A and C on problem-solving practice in Experiments 1 and 2 and outperformed Group C on transfer across the 3 experiments; Group AC also outperformed Group C-A in Experiment 3. Further, Group A outperformed Group C on transfer in Experiments 2 and 3 and outperformed Group C-A in Experiment 3. Transfer scores were positively associated with the quality of the diagrams and the number of abstract representations drawn during the transfer test. Data on students' learning perceptions suggest that the advantage of Group AC relies on the combined cognitive support of both representations. Our studies indicate that problem solving is fostered when learners experience concrete visual representations that connect to their prior knowledge and are enabled to use abstract visual representations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Preventing adolescent drug abuse through a multimodal cognitive-behavioral approach: Results of a 3-year study.

Students (N?=?4,466) attending 56 schools in New York State were involved in a 3-year study testing the effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral approach to substance abuse prevention. In a randomized block design, schools were assigned to receive (a) the prevention program with formal provider training and implementation feedback, (b) the prevention program with videotaped provider training and no feedback, or (c) no treatment. After pretest equivalence and comparability of conditions with respect to attrition were established, students who received at least 60% of the prevention program (N?=?3,684) were included in analyses of program effectiveness. Significant prevention effects were found for cigarette smoking, marijuana use, and immoderate alcohol use. Prevention effects were also found for normative expectations and knowledge concerning substance use, interpersonal skills, and communication skills. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

One-year outcomes of Project Towards No Drug Abuse

OBJECTIVES: This paper presents the 1-year outcomes evaluation of Project Towards No Drug Abuse (Project TND), a large-scale indicated drug abuse prevention program in southern California applied to continuation high school youth, who are at high risk for drug abuse. METHODS: The efficacy of nine-lesson health motivation--social skills--decision-making curriculum was evaluated in a three-condition experimental design. Twenty-one schools were randomly assigned by block to one of three conditions--standard care (control), classroom program, and classroom program plus a semester-long school-as-community component. A pretest was followed by a 3-week-long drug abuse prevention program and then a posttest at 14 continuation high schools. The 7 standard care schools received only the pretest followed by the posttest (same time duration). Subjects were followed up 1 year later. RESULTS: Changes in use of cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, and hard drugs were assessed in a pretest-1-year follow-up time interval. The follow-up rate was 67% (analysis n = 1,074). Indicated preventive effects were found on alcohol and hard drug use. No differences were found across the two program conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Project TND is the first program to demonstrate 1-year self-reported behavioral effects on alcohol use and hard drug use among older, high-risk youth by using a school-based, limited-session model.