车用清洁代用燃料及发展趋势

介绍了几种车用清洁代用燃料——天然气、液化石油气、氢能源、二甲醚、醇燃料及生物燃料的特点。根据我国国情,在基本不改变现有发动机结构的情况下,发展混合燃料,尤其是柴油掺烧部分醇类及可再生生物燃料,是缓解我国目前能源短缺、减轻环境污染的行之有效的途径之一。     

气体燃料和气体燃料发动机的应用

为了节约能源和减轻汽车发动机排气对环境的污染，世界各国都在寻求使用天然气和液化石油气作为代用燃料。介绍了用作汽车发动机燃料的天然气和液化石油气的特性及使用这些燃料的发动机的结构特点。论述了气体燃料发动机的应用前景。     

新型清洁燃料二甲醚

二甲醚(DME)具有优良的燃烧性能,清洁,十六烷值高,动力性能好,污染少,稍加压即为液体易于储存,用作车用替代燃料具有天然气、甲醇、丙烷、丁烷、柴油等不可比拟的综合优势。常规的发动机代用燃料如液化石油气、天然气、甲醇等的十六烷值都小于10,只适用于点燃式发动机。DME十六烷值55～60,甚至高于柴油十六烷     

新型汽车代用燃料的开发和应用前景

本文论述了当今引人注目的新型汽车代用燃料——甲醇和乙醇、生物柴油、二甲醚、天然气合成油(GTL)、燃料电池用氢和甲醇以及清洁汽油的开发现状和应用。     

新型汽车代用燃料的开发和应用前景

常规车用燃料（汽油、柴油）主要来自石油．石油是不可再生的资源。进入新世纪，对汽车的尾气排放提出了更高的限制要求．从而对汽柴油质量也提出了越来越高的质量标准，在车用燃料环保、节能、高效的推动下，一些新型汽车代用燃料应运而生．研发和应用新型汽车代用燃料己成为发展新世纪清洁汽车燃料的一大热点。     

美国汽车代用燃料发展现状

文中从液化石油气,压缩天然气,醇类燃料,天然气合成油燃料,生物柴油,电动汽车,燃料电池等方面介绍了美国汽车代用燃料的现状。     

代用燃料汽车区域化运行研究的基础问题

代用燃料汽车成为未来世界汽车发展的主要趋势,但在代用燃料汽车从点到面的先区域化示范、后大面积应用推广过程中,存在诸多政策瓶颈、技术难关和市场考验的问题。为此,提出了“政府为主导,企业为主体,市场化运作”的代用燃料汽车区域化运行的发展模式,并对政府主导的组织协调体系、政策法规、标准体系、代用燃料汽车安全运营监管体系、燃料品质监控管理体系、维修管理方法与服务体系、综合效果评估体系、代用燃料汽车区域化运行信息平台等,代用燃料生产加工及运输企业、代用燃料汽车整车制造厂及配套企业、加注站及其设备生产制造企业、代用燃料汽车改装及售后服务企业、代用燃料汽车运营企业、整车及专用装置和加注站设备相关检验检测机构,以及市场化运作中应重视和解决的基础问题进行了探索性的描述,从宏观、微观、中观角度,全面剖析了代用燃料汽车产业化进程的重点和难点问题,构建了代用燃料汽车区域化运行的倒漏斗模型。     

天然气/柴油混合燃料发动机的特性研究

单一气体燃料发动机是针对某一种气体燃料的理化特性而专门设计制造的发动机，它可以最大限度地发挥气体燃料的优势，多用于气源供应充分的固定场所（如油气田电站或气源供应稳定的城市公交车辆），但单一气体燃料发动机汽车也存在着续驶里程短、不易压燃等缺点，特别是低负荷工况性能不佳。而与液体燃料组合而形成的混合燃料汽车则消除了这些缺陷，使其具有更强的生命力。为此，根据天然气的燃烧性能，研究了天然气/柴油混合燃料发动机的特性。结果表明：柴油引燃具有多处繁星式点火且点火能量大的特点，因而天然气作为点燃式发动机燃料，爆震和失火倾向大大减小，使其在中高负荷时不但废气排放量降低，而且动力性能较好，而在低负荷时采用纯柴油或者其他措施运行。     

含有三环烯的汽油配方申请美国专利

<正>美国专利局2013年8月27日发布了一项壳牌石油公司的发明专利。该专利是一种具有三环烯的生物衍生物,该衍生物可与汽油燃料混合使用。在该汽油配方中,可能还包含一个或多个其它生物燃料组分或含氧化合物:例如,它可以含有乙醇,或者是在含有乙醇的同时还含有一个或多个其它生物燃料。该发明还提供了一种用于制备该混合燃料的方法。这种混合燃料适用于点燃式发动机,且在汽油燃料配方中使用三环烯可以起到多重作用,其中包括提高发动机的润滑性。     

新型汽车代用燃料的开发和应用前景

分述了当今引人注目的新型汽车代用燃料甲醇和乙醇，生物柴油，二甲醚，天然气合成油(GTL)，燃料电池用氢、甲醇和清洁汽油的开发现状和应用前景。     

IGNITION DELAY CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME TURKISH VEGETABLE OIL-DIESEL FUEL BLENDS

Vegetable oils have chances to be used in Diesel engines as alternative fuels contributing to the solution of some agricultural, environmental and economical problems. Direct use of them has some technical problem yet but as blended fuels with diesel fuel or esters they have places on the application area. In this paper the effect of the compression ratio on ignition delay is investigated in an ASTM-CER engine working with four different types of vegetable oil of Turkish origin (sunflower, corn, soybean, and olive oil) blended with grade No.2-D diesel fuel at a ratio of 20/80 (v/v) and the results are compared with baseline diesel fuel. Longer ignition delay periods have generally been obtained for blend fuels ranking from olive oil to sunflower oil as compared to diesel fuel.     

IGNITION DELAY CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME TURKISH VEGETABLE OIL-DIESEL FUEL BLENDS

ABSTRACT

Vegetable oils have chances to be used in Diesel engines as alternative fuels contributing to the solution of some agricultural, environmental and economical problems. Direct use of them has some technical problem yet but as blended fuels with diesel fuel or esters they have places on the application area. In this paper the effect of the compression ratio on ignition delay is investigated in an ASTM-CER engine working with four different types of vegetable oil of Turkish origin (sunflower, corn, soybean, and olive oil) blended with grade No.2-D diesel fuel at a ratio of 20/80 (v/v) and the results are compared with baseline diesel fuel. Longer ignition delay periods have generally been obtained for blend fuels ranking from olive oil to sunflower oil as compared to diesel fuel.     

IGNITION DELAY AND SOOT EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF METHANOL-DIESEL FUEL BLENDS

Alcohols, as alternative fuels, may contribute to the solution of environmental and economical problems to a certain extend. But, they seem to have little chances to be directly used in Diesel engines because of their low cetane number. However, as blended fuels with diesel fuel they have places on the application area. In this study, the effect of the compression ratio on ignition delay and soot emission for methanol-diesel fuel blends with various blending ratios is investigated on an ASTM-CFR engine and the results are compared with baseline diesel fuel. Longer ignition delays and less soot emissions have been obtained for blend fuels as compared to diesel fuel.     

IGNITION DELAY AND SOOT EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF METHANOL-DIESEL FUEL BLENDS

ABSTRACT

Alcohols, as alternative fuels, may contribute to the solution of environmental and economical problems to a certain extend. But, they seem to have little chances to be directly used in Diesel engines because of their low cetane number. However, as blended fuels with diesel fuel they have places on the application area. In this study, the effect of the compression ratio on ignition delay and soot emission for methanol-diesel fuel blends with various blending ratios is investigated on an ASTM-CFR engine and the results are compared with baseline diesel fuel. Longer ignition delays and less soot emissions have been obtained for blend fuels as compared to diesel fuel.     

THE IMPORTANCE OF PYROLYSIS IN DIESEL IGNITION OF RESIDUAL FUEL OILS

Recent attempts to increase yields of distillate fuels from crude oil have resulted in a decline in the ignition quality of residual fuel oils and claims of ignition problems in large marine Diesel engines. This has revived an interest in fundamental studies of the ignition of liquid fuels and in new ways of defining and measuring ignition quality.

As part of an extensive study of the ignition of a range of residual fuels oils and during the development of novel teats of ignition quality it became obvious that thermal cracking of the fuel could play an important part in the pre-ignition chemistry. This paper reports kinetic data from simple experiments performed on the pyrolyses of residual fuel oils. Small samples and high heating rates were used to try to match the conditions inside a Blow-speed Diesel engine. This data has been used to assess the contribution that thermal cracking makes to ignition processes.

Pyrolyses were carried out on a small silica-coated platinum coil in the inlet of a gas chromatograph. Light hydrocarbon pyrolysis products were formed, and the extent and rate of cracking determined at four temperatures.

Assuming that reaction took place on a surface surrounding the oil and that a constant supply of reactants were available, pseudo zero order rate constants for the initial part of the reaction were evaluated. They showed an Arrhenius relationship with temperature giving an overall apparent activation energy of 110 kJ mol^-1. Extrapolating rate constants to temperatures expected in Diesel engines, and assuming typical droplet sizes end ignition delays, it was shown that thermal cracking of fuels was possible before ignition and that it is likely that these reactions will have a strong influence on the processes leading to ignition. It was also shown that the presence of oxygen greatly increases the rate of thermal cracking.     

THE IMPORTANCE OF PYROLYSIS IN DIESEL IGNITION OF RESIDUAL FUEL OILS

ABSTRACT

Recent attempts to increase yields of distillate fuels from crude oil have resulted in a decline in the ignition quality of residual fuel oils and claims of ignition problems in large marine Diesel engines. This has revived an interest in fundamental studies of the ignition of liquid fuels and in new ways of defining and measuring ignition quality.

As part of an extensive study of the ignition of a range of residual fuels oils and during the development of novel teats of ignition quality it became obvious that thermal cracking of the fuel could play an important part in the pre-ignition chemistry. This paper reports kinetic data from simple experiments performed on the pyrolyses of residual fuel oils. Small samples and high heating rates were used to try to match the conditions inside a Blow-speed Diesel engine. This data has been used to assess the contribution that thermal cracking makes to ignition processes.

Pyrolyses were carried out on a small silica-coated platinum coil in the inlet of a gas chromatograph. Light hydrocarbon pyrolysis products were formed, and the extent and rate of cracking determined at four temperatures.

Assuming that reaction took place on a surface surrounding the oil and that a constant supply of reactants were available, pseudo zero order rate constants for the initial part of the reaction were evaluated. They showed an Arrhenius relationship with temperature giving an overall apparent activation energy of 110 kJ mol^-1. Extrapolating rate constants to temperatures expected in Diesel engines, and assuming typical droplet sizes end ignition delays, it was shown that thermal cracking of fuels was possible before ignition and that it is likely that these reactions will have a strong influence on the processes leading to ignition. It was also shown that the presence of oxygen greatly increases the rate of thermal cracking.     

Octane Rating of Gasoline and Octane Booster Additives

Gasoline is a petroleum-derived liquid that is used primarily as a fuel in internal combustion engines (ICE), particularly spark ignition Otto Engine. Gasoline is a blend of hydrocarbons with some contaminants, including sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and certain metals. The four major constituent groups of gasoline are olefins, aromatics, paraffins, and napthenes. Octane number (ON) is measure of the ignition quality or flammability of gasoline. The ONs are Research Octane Number (RON) and Motor Octane Number (MON). RON is measured relative to a mixture of isooctane and n-heptane. Antiknock Index (AKI) is a measure of a fuel's ability to resist engine knock or octane quality. The AKI is an arithmetic average of RON and MON. The ON decreases with an increase chain length in the hydrocarbon molecule. The ONs increase with carbon chain branching. Another way of increasing the ON is used gasoline octane boosters as additives, such as tetraethyl lead (TEL), methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), and ferrocene. Aromatic alcohols, ethanol, and methanol also increase the ON of gasoline. The advantage to adding oxygenates, such as MTBE, methanol, and ethanol, to gasoline is that they cause very little pollution when they burn and are cleaner fuels.     

The Construction of an Improved Automated Atomizer for Evaluating Jet Fuel Flammability

The flammability characteristics of jet fuel aerosols are significant parameters for the development of fire safe fuels. In our laboratory's efforts to evaluate the success of specific chemical additives designed to reduce the ignition of jet fuel aerosols, we have developed a unique, completely automated atomizer for producing aerosols and measuring their mist flammability properties.