Electromagnetic waves in Faraday chiral media

Plane wave propagation in two kinds of Faraday chiral media, where Faraday rotation is combined with optical activity, is studied to examine methods of controlling chirality. The two types of media studied are magnetically biased chiroplasmas and chiroferrites. For propagation along the biasing magnetic field, four wavenumbers and two wave impedances are found which are dependent on the strength of the biasing field. Dispersion diagrams for the chiroplasma case are plotted. Propagation at the plasma frequency of the chiroplasma is also investigated     

Time-dependent scalar Beltrami-Hertz potentials in free space

We have solved the Beltrami-Maxwell equations for free space in terms of time-dependent scalar functions, the so-called scalar Beltrami-Hertz potentials. The two Beltrami fields have been represented in terms of scalar Beltrami-Hertz potentials. While the method is formulated for general sources, it is at its most powerful when the impressed source current densities are unidirectional: each Beltrami field, a complex-valued vector, can then be derived from a single scalar Beltrami-Hertz potential. We have calculated the corresponding scalar Green function explicity and given closed-form solutions for dipolar sources. Finally, the connection between the Beltrami-Maxwell formalism and conventional electromagnetic theory has been re-affirmed.     

Nonradiating and minimum energy sources and their fields:generalized source inversion theory and applications

A new general framework for characterizing scalar and electromagnetic (EM) nonradiating (NR) and minimum energy (ME) sources and their fields is developed that is of interest for both radiation and source reconstruction problems. NR sources are characterized in connection with the concept of reciprocity as nonreceptors. Localized ME sources are shown to be free fields truncated within the source's support. A new source analysis tool is developed that is based on the decomposition of a source and its field into their radiating and NR components. The individual radiating and reactive energy roles of the radiating and NR parts of a source are characterized. The general theory is illustrated with a time-harmonic EM example     

Canonical sources and duality in chiral media [antenna arrays]

The authors examine the characteristics of antenna arrays embedded in unbounded chiral media using the Green's dyadic for electric sources and the Green's vector for magnetic sources. The purpose is to bring to light the new characteristics of sources, both point and extended, which interact with this medium and to examine general characteristics of sources located in a medium with handedness. Very simple quality relations are presented that are characteristic of chiral media when the results are written in terms of the circular eigenmodes. Appropriate measures of chirality such as the chirality admittance and impedance and a dimensionless chirality factor are introduced as needed. It is shown that, in the far field, both point and extended sources, whether electric or magnetic, radiate two electromagnetic eigenmodes which are of opposing handedness. Sources that access only one of the eigenmodes of the medium are demonstrated. Several applications of the results and array performance in chiral media are noted     

Reconstruction of Vectorial Acoustic Sources in Time-Domain Tomography

A new theory is proposed for the reconstruction of curl-free vector field, whose divergence serves as acoustic source. The theory is applied to reconstruct vector acoustic sources from the scalar acoustic signals measured on a surface enclosing the source area. It is shown that, under certain conditions, the scalar acoustic measurements can be vectorized according to the known measurement geometry and subsequently be used to reconstruct the original vector field. Theoretically, this method extends the application domain of the existing acoustic reciprocity principle from a scalar field to a vector field, indicating that the stimulating vectorial source and the transmitted acoustic pressure vector (acoustic pressure vectorized according to certain measurement geometry) are interchangeable. Computer simulation studies were conducted to evaluate the proposed theory, and the numerical results suggest that reconstruction of a vector field using the proposed theory is not sensitive to variation in the detecting distance. The present theory may be applied to magnetoacoustic tomography with magnetic induction (MAT-MI) for reconstructing current distribution from acoustic measurements. A simulation on MAT-MI shows that, compared to existing methods, the present method can give an accurate estimation on the source current distribution and a better conductivity reconstruction.     

A source localization principle for linear shift-invariant systemswith application to point optical and radioactive sources

The source localization principle is an inequality between the means of scalar fields produced by different sources in any linear shift-invariant system. This principle is presented here as a pair of conditions (spatial and temporal) under which a point source produces a greater mean field over finite source-centered regions than all other sources. Biomedical applications involving point optical sources and radioactive sources are discussed     

Field Analysis of a Metal-Coated Planar Waveguide with Chiral Core

Eigenequations for a metal-coated planar chiral dielectric waveguide and a mirror-conjugate planar chiral dielectric waveguide are derived. The eigenequations are given in simple formulations. The results indicate that the perfect conductive (or magnetic) boundary can produce mirror-conjugate of chiral media and the left-handed and right-handed circularly polarized modes couple with each other due to the conductive boundary. The propagation characteristics of a metal-coated planar waveguide with chiral core are presented. An interesting phenomenon is observed that the field distributions vary with respect to the operating wavelength.     

A structured fixed-rate vector quantizer derived from avariable-length scalar quantizer. I. Memoryless sources

A low-complexity, fixed-rate structured vector quantizer for memoryless sources is described. This quantizer is referred to as the scalar-vector quantizer (SVQ), and the structure of its codebook is derived from a variable-length scalar quantizer. Design and implementation algorithms for this quantizer are developed and bounds on its performance are provided. Simulation results show that performance close to that of the optimal entropy-constrained scalar quantizer is possible with the fixed-rate quantizer. The SVQ is also robust against channel errors and outperforms both Lloyd-Max and entropy-constrained scalar quantizers for a wide range of channel error probabilities     

GPR Without a Source: Cross-Correlation and Cross-Convolution Methods

Several formulations exist for retrieving the Green's function from cross correlation of (passive) recordings at two locations. For media without losses, these known formulations retrieve Green's functions from sources on a closed boundary. Until recent, these formulations were only developed for acoustic waves in fluids and elastodynamic waves in solids. Now, Green's function representations for electromagnetic (EM) waves in matter exist and can be exploited for passive ground-penetrating radar (GPR) applications using transient or ambient noise sources, either natural or man-made. We derive general exact EM Green's function retrieval formulations based on cross correlations and cross convolutions of recorded wave fields. For practical applications, simplified forms are derived that directly apply to field recordings due to unknown uncorrelated noise or transient sources. Only naturally present sources are needed, which allows for all kinds of applications of ldquoGPR without a source.rdquo We illustrate the consequences of using the simplified forms for Green's function retrieval with 2-D numerical examples. We show that in dissipative media, the Green's function is most accurately retrieved using the cross-convolution method when the sources are located on a sufficiently irregular boundary.     

A pyramid vector quantizer

The geometric properties of a memoryless Laplacian source are presented and used to establish a source coding theorem. Motivated by this geometric structure, a pyramid vector quantizer (PVQ) is developed for arbitrary vector dimension. The PVQ is based on the cubic lattice points that lie on the surface of anL-dimensional pyramid and has simple encoding and decoding algorithms. A product code version of the PVQ is developed and generalized to apply to a variety of sources. Analytical expressions are derived for the PVQ mean square error (mse), and simulation results are presented for PVQ encoding of several memoryless sources. For large rate and dimension, PVQ encoding of memoryless Laplacian, gamma, and Gaussian sources provides rose improvements of5.64, 8.40, and2.39dB, respectively, over the corresponding optimum scalar quantizer. Although suboptimum in a rate-distortion sense, because the PVQ can encode large-dimensional vectors, it offers significant reduction in rose distortion compared with the optimum Lloyd-Max scalar quantizer, and provides an attractive alternative to currently available vector quantizers.     

An Equivalent Surface Source Method for Computation of the Magnetic Field Reduction of Metal Shields

A numerical method for computation of the resultant quasi-static magnetic field in the vicinity of parallel wires and metal shields is presented. The primary magnetic field source is time-harmonic currents in wires. This field is modified by conducting magnetic and/or nonmagnetic shields. The material is assumed to be linear under the applied source field. The shielding effectiveness can be estimated by a comparison between the primary and the resultant field. The reaction magnetic field is expressed by a sum of fields caused by equivalent single- and double-layer sources distributed on the shield surface. Integral equations for unknown distributions of these equivalent sources are derived from the Green's second identity implemented inside and outside the shields. These equations are coupled integral equations, and are solved by the moment method. Numerical results of the resultant (shielded) magnetic field obtained with the proposed method are compared with the results of: 1) analytically solvable problems; 2) measurements; and 3) two different numerical methods.      

Metaparticles of Pulsed Wave Fields

Properties of elementary particles of pulsed (localized) electromagnetic and acoustic wave fields directionally radiated by aperture sources (antennas, lasers, acoustic diaphragms) in free space and homogeneous isotropic media, for which the term metaparticle is used, are considered. The structure of the wave field and the energy transferred by the metaparticles are presented. The results obtained for the presented scalar theory of metaparticles of pulsed transverse electromagnetic (TEM) waves and longitudinal elastic acoustic waves can be extended to vector pulsed wave modes guided by layered inhomogeneous guiding media and guiding technical devices (waveguides).     

Plane Waves Propagating in Chiral Plasma and Chiral Ferrite Media

Plane wave propagation in chiral plasma and chiral ferrite media is studied in kDB coordinate system. General wave equations and characteristic equations of plane waves propagating along an arbitrary direction in chiral plasma and in chiral ferrites are derived in simple formulations respectively. Four wavenumbers and their corresponding dispersion characteristics are resulted for propagation both along and normal to the biasing magnetic field. When plane wave with negative helicity propagates along the biasing magnetic field in chiral ferrites, backward waves emerge. However backward waves occur with both positive and negative helicities when propagating along the biasing magnetic field in chiral plasma.     

Visualization of Faraday rotation and optical activity at oblique incidence

Gyrotropic and chiral media are known to rotate the polarization of electromagnetic waves, yielding the Faraday-rotation and optical-activity effects, respectively. In this paper, we analyze these effects based on the constitutive tensors of both media, and propose closed-form expressions for the rotation angles of waves impinging at oblique incidence. The analysis and predictions, based on the kDB system, are illustrated by showing the propagation of a Gaussian beam through layered gyrotropic and chiral media. In particular, the reciprocal character of optical activity, and the nonreciprocal character of Faraday rotation, are clearly shown.     

Bi-isotropic mixtures

Bi-isotropic heterogeneous media are analyzed. Bi-isotropic materials are characterized by four scalar parameters in the constitutive relations: permittivity, permeability, chirality, and nonreciprocity. These contain the reciprocal chiral (Pasteur) medium and nonreciprocal nonchiral (Tellegen) medium as special cases. The polarizabilities of general bi-isotropic spheres and ellipsoids are derived, and these results are used in the analysis of bi-isotropic mixtures. The generalized Maxwell-Garnett formulae are derived for mixtures with spherical or ellipsoidal inclusions in isotropic background medium. The ellipsoids are allowed also to have any orientation distribution. Rayleigh mixing rules are also presented and they are seen to be a natural extension of the Rayleigh rule in the dielectric case. Numerical illustrations show the effect of shape, amount, and nature of inclusions on the bi-isotropic mixture parameters; this is essential information in the engineering problem of tailoring bi-isotropic composite materials     

Exact image theory for the calculation of fields transmitted through a planar interface of two media

Exact image theory, recently developed for the calculation of fields reflected from a planar interface between two homogenous media, is extended for transmitted field calculation. The image of a point source is found to be a line source located in complex space for proper convergence. Unlike for the reflection image, the transmission image line is seen to be curved in complex space for efficient computation. Expressions are derived for the transmission image of the most general three-dimensional electric and magnetic sources and for media with bothepsilonandmudiscontinuous across the interface. The new theory is verified with several asymptotic tests and properties of the transmission image function are discussed. As an application, radiation from a resonant horizontal loop antenna into the ground is calculated and results are seen to agree with those given in the literature.     

A graphical user interface (GUI) for plane-wave scattering from a conducting, dielectric, or chiral sphere

Various numerical techniques have been developed for modeling electromagnetic field propagation in various novel complex media. The validity of these techniques is usually verified by comparison to the exact solutions of canonical problems. Recently, research has focused on chiral media, a subclass of materials known as bianisotropic materials, and numerical techniques have been developed in order to calculate the interaction of electromagnetic fields with chiral objects. One canonical problem for these techniques is plane-wave scattering from a chiral sphere. This work presents a software package that displays and saves the calculated data for the scattering from a chiral, dielectric, or perfectly conducting sphere using a friendly graphical user interface (GUI).     

双层手征介质板中电偶极天线的辐射特性

本文首先给出了电流源激励下双层手征介质中的并矢格林函数表达式。应用鞍点积分法,导出了有金属板衬底的双层手征介质中电偶极天线的辐射场表达式。分析了有、无空气隙时手征导纳对电偶极天线的方向图,＝0方向的最大场强和谐振频率的影响程度。结果表明,通过改变手征导纳参数,可以有效地调节电偶极天线的辐射特性。     

A structured fixed-rate vector quantizer derived from avariable-length scalar quantizer. II. Vector sources

For Pt.I see ibid., vol.39, no.3, p.851-67 (1993). The fixed-rate scalar-vector quantizer (SVQ) for quantizing stationary memoryless sources is extended to a specific type of vector source in which each component is a stationary memoryless scalar subsource independent of the other components. Algorithms for the design and implementation of the original SVQ are modified to apply to this case. The resulting SVQ, referred to as the extended SVQ (ESVQ), is then used to quantize stationary sources with memory (with known autocorrelation function). Numerical results are presented for the quantization of first-order Gauss-Markov sources using this scheme. It is shown that the ESVQ-based scheme performs very close to entropy-coded transform quantization while maintaining a fixed-rate output and outperforms the fixed-rate scheme that uses scalar Lloyd-Max quantization of the transform coefficients. It is also shown that this scheme performs better than implementable vector quantizers, especially at high rates     

任意分层手征介质球域中并矢格林函数理论和应用

本文首先应用散射迭加法，给出了含源任意分层手征介质球域中的并矢格林函数，以手征介质球壳为例，分析了位于球中心处点偶极天线的辐射特性，以及归一化辐射阻抗随球壳厚度的变化规律，在平板近似条件下，研究了手征导纳对手征介质球壳传输特性的影响，并且讨论了手征介质球壳内、外表面与空气之间阻抗匹配时，点偶极天线远区辐射场的极化特性。结果表明，通过改变球壳的归一化厚度，可以调节辐射场的极化状态。