微纳米HMX基PBX力学、导热性能及药片撞击感度

为了研究微纳米尺度下颗粒尺寸对于炸药撞击感度的影响规律及作用机制,将三种奥克托今(HMX,粒径为100~300 nm,1~2μm,10~20μm)基高聚物粘接炸药(PBX)造型粉压制成表观密度分别为1.74 g·cm~(-3)与1.50 g·cm~(-3)的PBX样品,研究了HMX粒径与表观密度对PBX样品压缩力学性能、导热性能以及药片撞击感度的影响。使用扫描电镜观察了样品受落锤撞击前后的微观形貌,并通过自行设计的试验装置测试了落锤撞击加载过程中样品的受力情况。结果表明,PBX样品的压缩强度、压缩模量、导热系数及热扩散系数均随HMX粒径的减小而显著增大。在相同表观密度下,PBX样品的撞击感度随HMX粒径减小而明显降低;对于含同种粒径HMX的PBX样品,撞击感度随表观密度的增加而略微升高。撞击作用下HMX粒径较大的样品主要发生孔穴压缩与颗粒破碎,HMX粒径较小的样品主要发生颗粒层的剪切滑移。在相同撞击条件下,作用于试样力的峰值随表观密度的增大或粒径的减小而增大。认为炸药颗粒细化所带来的撞击感度降低是细化后炸药内部孔隙尺寸减小、孔隙结构均匀化程度提高以及导热性能提升等因素共同作用的结果。     

微纳米RDX颗粒级配对压装PBX性能影响

为了提高高聚物粘结炸药(PBX)的力学性能,降低其机械感度,采用溶液-水悬浮法,制备了含微纳米RDX不同颗粒级配(100/0,95/5,90/10,80/20)的PBXs。用光学显微镜观测其表观形貌,并测试了机械感度、力学性能以及爆速等性能。结果表明,微纳米RDX颗粒级配的PBX造型粉颗粒偏小、形貌规则、呈类球形。纳微米RDX颗粒级配为5/95的PBX性能最佳,撞击感度由44%降低到12%,摩擦感度由24%降低到4%;抗压强度从5.55 MPa提高到6.57 MPa,抗拉强度由0.66 MPa提高到0.77 MPa,抗剪强度由1.76 MPa提高到1.96 MPa;爆速从8033 m·s~(-1)增加到8186 m·s~(-1)。     

高格尼能钝感浇注PBX设计及性能

通过系列浇注高聚物粘结炸药(PBX)的爆轰性能,拟合得到爆速与HMX含量的线性关系,研究了HMX颗粒特性及钝感剂含量对混合炸药机械感度的影响。结果表明,采用高品质HMX和3%的钝感剂时,混合炸药的安全性最好。在此基础上设计制备了一种组成及性能与B2273A(HMX/丁羟粘结剂90/10)接近的HMX基高固相浇注PBX炸药GO-1(HMX/丁羟粘结剂90/10)。其摩擦感度和撞击感度分别为5%和0,冲击波感度I50为17.7 mm,爆速为8587 m·s-1,格尼系数为2.80,爆轰性能、金属加速能力和安全性能优良,该炸药在枪击试验、烤燃试验中均为燃烧的低反应等级。     

水悬浮包覆造粒下含能黏结剂在PBX 炸药中的应用

为获得更高能量的压装混合炸药,采用含能黏结剂在水悬浮造粒方法下包覆HMX 制备PBX 炸药,对制 备出PBX 炸药的能量与机械感度性能进行研究。结果表明,同等配比情况下,使用含能黏结剂比使用惰性黏结剂制 备的PBX 炸药能量明显提高。与以聚氨酯热塑性弹性体(Estane)制备的LX-14Ⅱ相比,以GAP 基ETPE 制备的JO-13 爆速增加109 m/s、爆热增加226 kJ/kg(提高4.2%);以BAMO/AMMO 基ETPE 制备的JO-X 爆速增加182 m/s、爆 热增加318 kJ/kg(提高5.9%),在能量提高的同时,机械感度有所增大。     

制备工艺对HMX机械感度和热分解特性的影响

采用对原料奥克托今(HMX)筛分、球磨和溶剂/非溶剂重结晶等三种方法,制备出了不同形貌和粒度的HMX粉末。利用激光粒度仪和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对样品进行了表征,并进行了撞击感度、摩擦感度及DSC测试,计算了三种HMX样品的表观热分解活化能。结果表明,筛分法制备的HMX样品,随着样品d50的减小,其机械感度没有明显的变化规律;球磨法制备的HMX样品,随着样品d50的减小,其撞击感度降低、摩擦感度升高;溶剂/非溶剂法制备的HMX样品,随着样品d50的减小,撞击和摩擦感度均降低。球磨法制备的HMX热分解活化能的平均值为262.184kJ.mol-1,明显高于溶剂/非溶剂法(238.902kJ.mol-1)和筛分法(242.343kJ.mol-1)。     

含DAAzF的HMX基低感高能炸药研究

采用钝感炸药3,3′-二氨基-4,4′-偶氮呋咱(DAAzF)作为添加剂,设计了含DAAzF的奥克托今(HMX)基压装低感高能炸药配方,研究了配方的机械感度、冲击波感度、热安定性和爆轰性能.结果表明,细颗粒DAAzF能降低HMX的机械感度.在HMX基炸药中加入5%的DAAzF,可以得到一类爆速8650m·s-1以上、撞击感度低至0%且热性能好的压装型低感高能炸药.     

水悬浮工艺温度对HMX基PBX形貌及安全性能的影响

以Viton-A为粘结剂,通过溶液-水悬浮工艺制备HMX基PBX,重点研究了温度对HMX基PBX形貌及安全性能的影响。利用扫描电镜、XRD、DSC和撞击感度测试等方法对不同温度下制备的PBX进行性能表征。结果表明:当制备温度为60℃时,可以得到形貌完好的晶体颗粒,包覆前后HMX晶型结构没有发生变化,高聚物粘结炸药热安定性有明显提高,撞击感度特性落高H50由原来的20.88cm提高到57.2cm,安全性能有较大幅度的提高。本研究表明水悬浮法制备HMX基PBX的最佳包覆温度为60℃。     

CL-20/FOX-7基PBX的制备及其性能表征

为提高六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL?20)的安全性能,并保持其较高能量,以聚氨酯高聚物Estane为包覆剂,1,1?二氨基?2,2?二硝基乙烯(FOX?7)为含能降感成分,利用水悬浮包覆法制备了三种不同配比的CL?20/FOX?7基高聚物粘结炸药。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、撞击感度测试仪以及摩擦感度测试仪对样品的形貌结构、晶型、热分解特性以及样品的机械感度进行测试分析,用电测法对三种配比高聚物粘结炸药(PBX)爆速进行测试。结果表明,CL?20/FOX?7基炸药颗粒包覆效果较好,且CL?20和FOX?7均未发生转晶。三种CL?20/FOX?7基PBX表观活化能比细化CL?20分别提高了17.12,32.87 kJ·mol~(-1)和40.24 kJ·mol~(-1);活化焓(ΔH)较CL?20也明显提高;特性落高由细化CL?20的27.5 cm分别提高到58.3,56.5,54.2 cm。三种配比CL?20/FOX?7基PBX实测爆速分别为8474,8503,8577 mg·s~(-1),与PBXN?5相当,但特性落高较PBXN?5提升了48.5%以上,炸药安全性能明显提升。     

TKX-50基混合炸药的爆轰及安全性能

为了研究5,5'-联四唑-1,1'-二氧二羟胺盐(TKX-50)基混合炸药的爆轰及安全性能,以F2314氟橡胶为粘结剂,采用淤浆捏合法制备了典型TKX-50基混合炸药。按照国军标(GJB-772A-1997)和自建的标准测试方法对炸药的爆轰性能(爆速、爆压、爆热、圆筒比动能)和安全性能(撞击感度、冲击波感度、热刺激感度)进行了测试,并将实测性能与PBX-9501等炸药进行了对比分析。结果表明,在爆轰性能方面,与PBX-9501相比,制备的TKX-50基混合炸药实测爆速值为9037 m·s~(-1)(密度1.860 g·cm~(-3)),但其爆热(5055 J·g~(-1))、爆压(26.4 GPa)和做功能力(1.377 kJ·g~(-1))较低。在安全性能方面,TKX-50原材料经重结晶后撞击感度可显著降低,最低撞击能由5J提高至32J,TKX-50基混合炸药的冲击波感度(L_(50)=15.1 mm)低于HMX基混合炸药(L_(50)=22.6 mm)。此外,TKX-50的热分解温度(240℃)、5 s爆发点(277℃)均低于HMX(285℃,327℃),以TKX-50为基的混合炸药在热刺激下更容易发生剧烈反应。     

粒度级配对HMX基浇注PBX性能的影响

为了研究粒度级配对浇注型HMX基浇注PBX性能的影响,制备出HMX/HTPB粘结体系质量比为88%/12%、200~300μm HMX/5μm HMX级配比分别为3∶1、2∶1及1∶1的3种PBX。对3种PBX进行了形貌表征、固化成型性分析及热分解性能、撞击感度测试。结果表明:级配方式为3∶1与2∶1的PBX在60℃、固化6h的条件下可以固化成型,形貌上无明显缺陷;级配方式为2∶1的PBX的表观活化能为493.59 k J·mol-1,热爆炸临界温度为295.69℃,特性落高H50为55cm,热稳定性与撞击感度均优于其他两种PBX,综合性能最好。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

Method for Measuring Velocity of Warhead Fragments Based on Photoelectric Detection

For measuring velocity and impacting position of single fragment of warhead, a non-contact measuring method is proposed, in which a six-light-screen array, a position indicator, a multi-channel chronograph and a computer are used.The principle of measurement is described. The key device of the system is a light screen array sensor which consists of six light screens allocated with certain geometrical parameters. When the fragment flies through the light screen array, the time of passing through each of the screens is recorded by the multi-channel chronograph. According to the time data and the geometrical parameters of the array, the velocity vector and the location of the fragment can be calculated immediately. The presented method can be used to locate the fragment and to measure the real velocity on its flying direction. It can also be used to measure the velocity of a fragment swarm after the system is engineered further.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

数码电子雷管中影响点火头性能因素分析

阐述了数码电子雷管中,点火药剂细结晶三硝基间苯二酚铅（LTNR）的制备工艺;从点火药剂的种类、加入黏合剂的质量分数、桥丝直径、点火头的电阻值、防潮漆的蘸涂等方面对点火头性能的影响因素进行了探讨;通过震动试验、并联起爆试验、延期精度检测与考核,试验结果表明：一次性合成的细结晶LTNR是制造数码电子雷管点火头较为理想的点火药剂,按技术要求生产的点火头性能指标能够满足行业标准要求。     

Stability of the Third Generation Intensifier under Illumination

The stability under illumination of transmission-mode GaAs photocathode sealed in the third generation intensifier is investigated by use of spectral response testing instruments. The variations of spectral response with the illumination times under weak and intense illumination are compared. The variations of photoemission performance parameters are also characterized. The results show that during initial several weak illuminations photocathode behaves no evident decay and a maximum sensitivity is achieved, while under intense illumination the sensitivity of photocathode begin to decrease largely at the first illumination. The calculated performance parameters show that the variation of surface escape probability with illumination times is a direct cause of instability of photocathode. It is also found that under intense illumination peak wavelength is moved towards short-wave and peak response is decreased, which shows that the ability of long-wave response of photocathode is decreased.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Design and Implementation of One Missile Visual Simulation System Based on OpenGL

The implementation of a missile＇s visual simulation system is explained that is developed with OpenGL（open graphic library） and the flight path and flight carriage in different stages of the missile are displayed. The establishment problems of the 3D scene are circumstantiated including the construction and redeployment of the model, creation of the virtual scene, setting of the multi-viewports and multi-windows etc. The missile＇s data driver, system flow, the modules and their mutual relations of the missile visual simulation system are discussed. The missile flight simulation results and effect of the scenes are given.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Dynamic Encryption Technology in Ad-hoc Networks

A new dynamic encryption application in ad-hoc networks is proposed. The advantages of this method are its being able to use the previous ciphertext as a seed of a new encryption process, rendering the encryption process effective in all communication process by continuous dynamic key generation together with synchronization, and its capability to cut back on system bandages to a greater extent, which is valuable for the ad-hoc circumstance. In addition, the rationality and effectiveness of this novel encryption method have been verified by the test results.