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1.
Lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.12) catalyzes the incorporation of oxygen into polyunsaturated fatty acids, resulting in the formation
of their corresponding hydroperoxides. The ability of a commercial preparation of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) lipoxygenase to catalyze the oxidation of acylglycerols and phosphoglycerides was investigated. The oxidation rate
of trilinolein increased nearly 100% when 5 mM deoxycholate was added to the reaction medium. With further increases in the
concentration of deoxycholate, the oxidation rate decreased slightly. The pH profile of trilinolein oxidation was bell-shaped.
The rate of oxidation was maximal at pH 8, and it decreased to near zero at pH 5 and pH 11. Even under optimal conditions,
the rate of trilinolein oxidation was only 3% of that of linoleic acid, and analysis of time course data showed that, at most,
15% of available linoleate was oxidized. In contrast to the slow rate of trilinolein oxidation, tested phosphoglycerides and
diacylglycerols were oxidized at moderate rates. The rate of phosphoglyceride oxidation depended upon the structure of the
polar head group and varied between 7–28% of the rate of linoleic acid oxidation. Diacylglycerols reacted at a rate that was
40% of that of linoleic acid. Analysis of the time course of 1,3-dilinolein oxidation showed that as much as 67% of the available
linoleate could be converted to the corresponding hydroperoxide. Analyses by high-performance liquid chromatography revealed
that more than 20% of the 1,3-dilinolein was converted to unidentified products that are not hydroperoxides. 相似文献
2.
P. L. Guss T. Richardson M. A. Stahmann 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1968,45(4):272-276
Quantitative determinations of lipoxidase in wheat were made on five milling fractions from four wheat varieties, including
two hard red winter and two hard red spring wheats. Lipoxidase content decreased with increasing refinement and was lowest
in the flour fraction. In general, the mill fractions from spring wheats exhibited slightly higher lipoxidase content than
the corresponding mill fractions from winter wheats.
Aqueous extracts from soybeans (variety Hawkeye) and wheat (variety Selkirk, break shorts fraction) were adjusted in concentration
so that the lipoxidase activity with respect to linoleic acid was approximately the same. The diluted extracts were then tested
for their ability to oxidize other lipid substrates with the necessary 1,4 pentadiene system. Soybean lipoxidase was far more
reactive toward methyl linoleate and trilinolein than wheat lipoxidase. Mono- and dilinolein were relatively unreactive in
both systems although dilinolein was a better substrate in the soybean system than in the wheat. Neither system oxidized highly
unsaturated digalactosyl diglycerides alone. However the soybean extract oxidized this substrate to a small extent in the
presence of catalytic amounts of linoleic acid while, under identical conditions, the wheat extract remained inactive.
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the aqueous extracts of soybeans and wheat-milling fractions coupled with a staining
procedure specifically for lipoxidase indicated three to four isoenzyme bands in the soybeans and two to four isoenzyme bands
in the wheat-milling fractions. Isoenzymes may be responsible for differences in enzymatic activity on various substrates. 相似文献
3.
Lambertus M. van der Heijdt Fridolin van der Lecq Anand Lachmansingh Kees Versluis Anca van der Kerk-van Hoof Gerrit A. Veldink Johannes F. G. Vliegenthart 《Lipids》1993,28(9):779-782
The aim of this investigation was to determine whether the regioselectivity found for lipoxygenases in the formation of fatty
acid hydroperoxides from linoleic acid is reflected in the formation of dimeric products in secondary reactions involving
linoleic acid, product hydroperoxide and lipoxygenase. A method was therefore developed for the separation and identification
of dimers formed by fusion of two linoleic acid radicals or a linoleic acid radical and linoleate. The method includes solid-phase
extraction, preparative separation of products by thin-layer chromatography, derivatization to the corresponding fully hydrogenated
methyl esters and capillary gas chromatography (GC) coupled with electron impact mass spectrometry. We present evidence that
the formation of octadecadienoate dimers, during the secondary reaction of soybean lipoxygenase-1 or lipoxygenase-3, is a
nonenzymic process that can be envisaged by nonspecific association of intermediate fatty acid radicals (L*) that have dissociated from the enzyme. We could show that the relative amounts of different octadecadienoate dimers formed
remain unaltered, regard-less of pH and type of soybean isoenzyme used. Quantitative analysis by GC showed that under the
reaction conditions used, the formation of dimers branching at the 13-position is preferred. 相似文献
4.
H. W. Gardner 《Lipids》1975,10(4):248-252
A mixture of positional isomers of linoleic acid hydroperoxide was produced from the oxidation of linoleic acid by lipoxygenase from corn or soybean. Chromatography on a column of silicic acid separated 13-hydroperoxy-11,9-octadecadienoic acid in 99+% purity from the mixture obtained by soybean lipoxygenase oxidation of linoleic acid. Attempts at isolation of pure 9-hydroperoxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid from hydroperoxides obtained by corn lipoxygenase oxygenation of linoleic acid were partially successful with isolation of the 9-hydroperoxide in 97% purity. 相似文献
5.
Harold W. Gardner Marilyn J. Grove Nancy P. Keller 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1998,75(12):1801-1808
Previous workers have reported that certain products of the lipoxygenase pathway are detrimental either to the development
and growth of Aspergillus species or to aflatoxin production by these organisms. Since Aspergillus often thrives on “dry” stored grains, depending on the level of the relative humidity, we sought to determine if lipoxygenase
could catalyze the oxidation of linoleic acid on these “dry” substrates equilibrated at various relative humidities. A desiccated
model system, previously adjusted to pH 7.5, was composed of soybean extract, linoleic acid, and cellulose carrier. The model
system was incubated for up to 24 h at four relative humidities ranging between 52 and 95% to determine the extent of oxidation
catalyzed by lipoxygenase, compared with heat-inactivated controls. Oxidation in the active samples was much greater than
in the controls at all relative humidities, and oxidation was principally enzymatic as demonstrated by chiral analysis of
the linoleate hydroperoxides formed. The main product was 13S-hydroperoxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid, accompanied by a significant percentage of 9S-hydroperoxy-10E,12Z-octadecadienoic acid. Since the products became more racemic with time of incubation, autoxidation appeared to be initiated
by the lipoxygenase reaction in dry media. Additionally, the biological relevance of lipoxygenase activity was tested under
these xerophilic conditions. Thus, enzyme-active and heat-inactivated defatted soy flour amended either with or without 3.5%
by weight linoleic acid was inoculated with fungal spores and incubated at 95% relative humidity. Although fungal growth occurred
on all treatments, samples inoculated with Aspergillus parasiticus showed significantly less aflatoxin in the enzyme-active samples, compared to inactivated flour. Addition of linoleic acid
had little effect, possibly because the defatted soy flour was found to contain 1.7% residual linoleic acid as glyceride lipid. 相似文献
6.
Joaquín J. Salas Mark Willams John L. Harwood Juan Sánchez 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1999,76(10):1163-1168
The present work was designed to characterize lipoxygenase activity in olive fruit pulp, in order to determine its significance
in the biosynthesis of virgin olive oil aroma. Lipoxygenase activity has been detected in particulate fractions of enzyme
extracts from olive pulp subjected to differential centrifugation. The activity in different membrane fractions showed similar
properties, with optimal pH in the range of 5.0–5.5 and a clear specificity for linolenic acid, which was oxidized at a rate
double that of linoleic acid under the same reaction conditions. The enzyme preparations displayed very low activity with
dilinoleoyl phosphatidylcholine, suggesting that olive lipoxygenase acts on nonesterified fatty acids. The enzyme showed regiospecificity
for the Δ-13-position of both linoleic and linolenic acid, yielding 75–90% of Δ-13-fatty acid hydroperoxides. Olives showed
the highest lipoxygenase activity about 15 wk after anthesis, with a steady decrease during the developmental and ripening
periods. Olive lipoxygenase displayed properties that support its involvement in the biogenesis of six-carbon volatile aldehydes,
which are major constituents of the aroma of virgin olive oil, during the process of oil extraction. 相似文献
7.
George J. Piazza Thomas A. Foglia Alberto Nuñez 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1999,76(5):551-555
Peroxygenase is an enzyme of higher plants that is capable of using hydroperoxide and hydrogen peroxide for oxidation of a
double bond to an epoxide. A microsomal fraction was prepared from dry oat (Avena sativa) seeds. The peroxygenase activity of this fraction was tested using fatty acid hydroperoxide 2a [13(S)-hydroperoxy-9(Z), 11(E)-octadecadienoic acid] and its methyl ester 2b as sources of peroxygen. These were prepared by the action of soybean lipoxygenase on linoleic acid. A high-performance liquid
chromatographic assay was used to differentiate between peroxygen cleavage and peroxygen cleavage with accompanying double-bond
oxidation Higher activity was obtained with 2b compared to 2a, and peroxygen cleavage activity was observed in both aqueous and organic solvent media. Double-bond oxidation activity was
high only in aqueous media and nonpolar organic solvents. Structural elucidation of the epoxidized product showed it to be
the oxylipid, methyl cis-9,10-epoxy-13(S)-hydroxy-11(E)-octade-cenoate 4b, demonstrating specificity for epoxidation of the cis double bond. Trihydroxy product was not detected, demonstrating that the epoxide was not hydrolyzed. 相似文献
8.
W. E. Neff E. Selke T. L. Mounts W. Rinsch E. N. Frankel M. A. M. Zeitoun 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1992,69(2):111-118
The oxidative stability of soybean oil triacylglycerols was studied with respect to composition and structure. Crude soybean
oils of various fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition, hexane-extracted from ground beans, were chromatographed to remove
non-triacylglycerol components. Purified triacylglycerols were oxidized at 60°C, in air, in the dark. The oxidative stability
or resistance of the substrate to reaction with oxygen was measured by determination of peroxide value and headspace analysis
of volatiles of the oxidized triacylglycerols (at less than 1% oxidation). The correlation coefficients (r) for rates of peroxide
formation (r=0.85) and total headspace volatiles (r=0.87) were related positively to oxidizability. Rate of peroxide formation
showed a positive correlation with average number of double bonds (r=0.81), linoleic acid (r=0.63), linolenic acid (r=0.85).
Rate of peroxide formation also showed a positive correlation with linoleic acid (r=0.72) at the 2-position of the glycerol
moiety. A negative correlation was observed between rate of peroxide formation and oleic acid (r=−0.82). Resistance of soybean
triacylglycerols to reaction with oxygen was decreased by linolenic (r=0.87) and increased by oleic acid (r=−0.76)-containing
triacylglycerols. Volatile formation was increased by increased concentration of linolenic acid at exterior glycerol carbons
1,3 and by linoleic acid at the interior carbon 2. Headspace analysis of voltiles and high-performance liquid chromatography
of hydroperoxides indicated that as oxidation proceeded there was a slight decrease in the linolenic acid-derived hydroperoxides
and an increase in the linoleic acid-derived hydroperoxides. The oxidative stability of soybean oil triacylclycerols with
respect to composition and structure is of interest to the development of soybean varieties with oils of improved odor and
flavor stability.
Presented at the 81st Annual American Oil Chemists' Society Meeting, Baltimore, MD, April 18–21, 1990. 相似文献
9.
大豆脂肪氧合酶酶促合成亚油酸氢过氧化物 总被引:8,自引:1,他引:8
研究了水相体系中大豆脂肪氧合酶酶促合成亚油酸(LA)氢过氧化物的反应,最佳反应条件为底物质量浓度4 11g/L,pH=9,5℃,反应时间120min,亚油酸氢过氧化物产率80%。当m(LA)∶m(surfactant)=1∶1时,Tween系列、CTAB、AOT、AEO4、OAPCG、S8390均能加速反应,其中AEO4使反应时间缩短至30min,产率提高12%。一些盐可以明显地加快反应进程,其中柠檬酸钠使反应时间缩短至15min。外源Fe3+在反应体系中的浓度为0 5μmol/L或外源Fe2+为5nmol/L时反应速度显著提高,消除了滞后期。 相似文献
10.
Partial purification of the lipoxygenase from alfalfa seed was accomplished by fractionation of the protein with (NH4)2SO4, phosphate, heavy metal salts and ultracentrifugation. About 24% of the original activity was recovered. The partially-purified
alfalfa lipoxygenase enzyme was free of hydroperoxide-decomposing activity and was used to determine the positional specificity
of linoleic acid oxidation by alfalfa lipoxygenase. Combined gas liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze
known mixtures of 10- and 12-hydroxystearic acid derivatives and was satisfactory for the quantitative determination of the
ratio of each component. This combination was used to analyze mixtures containing position isomers of hydroxy fatty acids
without separation of each individual compound by other methods. Hydroperoxides produced from linoleic acid oxidation catalyzed
by alfalfa lipoxygenase were converted by sodium borohydride reduction, catalytic hydrogenation and bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide
silylation to their corresponding trimethylsilyl either esters and the positional distribution was studied. The 9- and 13-linoleate
hydroperoxides produced by alfalfa lipoxygenase were in equal concentrations (50∶50) whereas the distribution for soybean
lipoxygenase was 70% 13- and 30% 9-hydroperoxides.
Paper No. 3780 of the journal series of the Pennsylvania Experiment Station. 相似文献
11.
Naturally occurring tetraalkylsubstituted furan fatty acids (F-acids) were tested as potential substrates for soybean lipoxygenase-1.
For this purpose, F-acid methyl ester and phosphatidylcholines containing F-acids at thesn-2 position of the glycerol residue wer incubated with the enzyme. Oxidation of F-acids only occurs in the presence of linoleic
acid as co-substrate. Linoleic acid is converted by lipoxygenase to the corresponding hydroperoxide that oxidizes the F-acid,
probably in a radical reaction, to form an unstable dioxoene compound. This intermediate the forms, dependent on pH, unsaturated
furanoid acids or isomers with cyclopentenolone structure that can be detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS).
F-acids located at thesn-2 position of a synthetic phosphadidylcholine (PC), containing linoleic acid in thesn-1 position, are co-oxidized to a greater extent by incubation with soybean lipoxygenase-1 than are F-acids bound to PC with
myristic acid in thesn-1 position when subjected to the enzyme in the presence of a great excess of linoleic acid. The results suggest that F-acids
may play a strategic role in antioxidative processes in plant cells. 相似文献
12.
Sulfite initiated the peroxidation of linoleic acid and linolenic acid emulsions via a free radical mechanism. Peroxidation
of these fatty acids required oxygen and sulfite and occurred with concomitant oxidation of sulfite to sulfate. In reaction
mixtures containing linoleic acid, the formation of conjugated diene equaled the formation of hydroperoxide. In reaction mixtures
containing linolenic acid emulsions, thiobarbituric acid reactive materials were also formed. Peroxidation was pH-dependent;
peroxidation of linoleic acid proceeded between pH 4 and 7, but linolenic acid peroxidation was significant only if pH was
below pH 6. The linoleic acid hydroperoxides thus formed were reduced and methylated to methyl hydroxystearate. Analysis of
methyl hydroxystearate by gas chromatographymass spectrometry indicated that sulfite-induced peroxidation gave rise to the
9- and 13-hydroperoxy isomers. In addition to the hydroperoxides, sulfite adducts were detected. Hydroquinone, butylated hydroxytoluene
and α-tocopherol effectively inhibited both sulfite oxidation and hydroperoxide formation. Conjugated diene formation also
was inhibited by 4-thiouridine, suggesting that the reaction is mediated by the sulfite radical. No significant inhibition
was observed with the addition of superoxide dismutase, catalase, or the hydroxyl radical scavengers, mannitol ort-butanol. A possible mechanism is presented to account for sulfite-induced peroxidation of linoleic acid. 相似文献
13.
Pin-Der Duh Wen Jye Yen Pin-Chan Du Gow-Chin Yen 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1997,74(9):1059-1063
The antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of mung bean hulls was investigated. Extracts at a concentration of 100 ppm exhibited stronger antioxidant activity than 100 ppm dl-α-tocopherol (Toc) or 100 ppm butylated hydroxyanisole on the peroxidation of linoleic acid. Moreover, a synergistic effect was observed when 100 ppm of the extract was mixed with 100 ppm Toc. Also, the extracts showed good inhibitory activity in soybean oil oxidation, which was examined by peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid, and gas chromatography of oxidized fatty acid methyl esters. The extracts can reduce the formation of both primary and secondary oxidation products of soybean oil. The extracts had reducing power and scavenged 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, which may in part be responsible for their antioxidant activity. Based on the results obtained, mung bean hulls are a potential source of natural antioxidants owing to their marked antioxidant activity. 相似文献
14.
Young Woo Park Min Kyu Jeong ChanUk Park JaeHwan Lee 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2011,88(3):373-380
Profiles of triacylglycerols (TAG) and fatty acids were compared in soybean oil thermally oxidized at 180 °C for 60 min or
methylene blue photosensitized for 10 h. Headspace oxygen in thermally oxidized and photosensitized soybean oil decreased
significantly (p < 0.05) as oxidation time increased. Relative contents of linoleic and linolenic acids decreased and those of oleic acid
increased during oxidation. In both thermal and photosensitized oxidation, TAG with lower than 44 equivalent carbon number
including dilinoleoyllinolenoylglycerol (LLLn, 40), trilinolein (LLL, 42), oleoyllinoleoyllinolenoylglycerol (OLLn, 42), dilinoleoyloleoylglycerol
(LLO, 44), and dilinoleoylpalmitoylglycerol (PLL, 44) significantly decreased, while those with dioleoyllinoleoylglycerol
(OOL, 46) increased significantly in relative peak areas (p < 0.05). Photosensitized oxidation decreased TAG containing linoleic and linolenic acids significantly faster than thermal
oxidation in soybean oil (p < 0.05), which may be due to the singlet oxygen reaction. Photosensitized soybean oils can be differentiated from thermally
oxidized samples using the distributions of TAG by principal component analysis. 相似文献
15.
E. A. Emken 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1978,55(4):416-421
The high specificity and activity of lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.1.13) have not been widely exploited in commercial applications. An analytical application of substrate specificity is exemplified by the Canadian Food and Drug Official Method FA 59 for determining unisomerized linoleic acid in hydrogenated fats. An attractive potential application of lipoxygenase is the lipoxygenase oxidation of linoleic acid for conversion of a renewable resource into a valuable chemical intermediate. Hydroxy-conjugated octadecadienoic acids (HCD) have been prepared by oxidation of a 10% soybean soapstock solution with an aqueous soy flour extract followed by reduction of the hydroperoxide. High yields and a 20-min reaction time are features of this procedure. These laboratory-scale experiments indicate that the processing cost to produce hydroxy-conjugated octadecadienoic acids can be estimated at 21 cents per lb. This cost does not include the cost of the soapstock. The combined hydroxy, conjugated diene, and fatty acid groups in HCD give it the potential of being a versatile chemical intermediate. HCD is readily converted to hydroxystearate or conjugated triene and can compete directly with tung oil acids or hydrogenated castor oil acids. Other reactions can be visualized based on functional group modification to yield products with potential application in the formulation of coatings, lubricants, emulsifiers, and plasticizers. 相似文献
16.
In the presence of oxygen, a crude soy extract converted 13-hydroperoxy-cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoic acid into numerous products, from which 9-oxo-trans-12,13-epoxy-trans-10-octadecenoic acid was isolated. Additionally, the soy extract oxidized linoleic acid to the oxo-epoxyoctadecenoic acid,
presumably via a sequential reaction involving lipoxygenase oxidation of linoleic acid followed by degradation of the resultant
linoleic acid hydroperoxide. However, the linoleic acid substrate yielded two isomeric linoleic acid hydroperoxides and because
of this, two isomeric oxoepoxyoctadecenoic acids.
Presented in part at the 13th Congress, International Society for Fat Research, Marseilles, France, August 30–September 4,
1976. 相似文献
17.
Soybean lipoxygenase (LOX; EC 1.12.11.12) catalyzes the oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, acylglycerols and phosphoglycerols,
producing a regio-and enantiospecific hydroperoxide product. The goal of this work was to measure the relative rate of LOX-catalyzed
oxidation of mixtures of lipids containing linoleate, using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and a light-scattering
detector (LSD). Previous literature sugested that reversed-phase HPLC with silicabased columns could be used for the separation
of individual fatty acids, acylglycerols, phosphoglycerides and their oxidation products. However, these columns produced
ineffective separations of phosphoglycerides unless choline chloride and a strong base, such as KOH, are present in the mobile
phase. Such modifiers precluded the use of the LSD. It was found that a reversed-phase column based upon an organic polymer
support, rather than on silica, was able to separate these mixtures with a ternary solvent gradient of methanol/water/acetonitrile
without the need for the addition of modifiers. The oxidation time course of a mixture of linoleic acid, trilinolein and 1-linoleoyl-2-stearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine was followed using the developed HPLC method. The results showed that trilinolein and phosphatidylcholine
reacted at one-tenth the rate of linoleic acid. The diacylglycerol, 1,3-dilinolein, was oxidized at a rate that was approximately
40% that of linoleic acid, with the formation of mono-and dihydroperoxides as well as other unidentified products. 相似文献
18.
Carolyn B. Kenaston Karl M. Wilbur Athos Ottolenghi Frederick Bernheim 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1955,32(1):33-35
Summary The thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reaction for fatty acid oxidation has been compared with Lundberg and Chipault's method for
peroxides, the Kreis test for aldehydes, and with the degree of conjugation, using fatty acid esters exposed to ultraviolet
light for various periods. The TBA test paralleled the other methods for methyl linolenate and methyl linoleate but was essentially
negative for methyl oleate oxidation.
The sensitivity of the TBA test for linolenate was 30–80 times that for linoleate at the same peroxide values. The TBA test
appears to be a reliable method of estimating the oxidation products of linolenic and linoleic acids in tissues and other
biological material.
Supported by a grant from the Atomic Energy Commission. 相似文献
19.
Oxidative stability of conjugated linoleic acids relative to other polyunsaturated fatty acids 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Contrary to current opinion, conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) as a mixture of several isomers have been previously shown to
function as prooxidants in the form of free fatty acids and methyl esters in heated canola oil. Furthermore, CLA oxidizes
considerably faster than linoleic acid. However, stability of CLA relative to other polyunsaturated fatty acids remains undetermined.
The present study was therefore undertaken to examine the relative oxidation rate of CLA compared with that of linolenic acid
(LNA), arachidonic acid (AA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in air at 90°C. CLA, both in the form of free fatty acids and
triacylglycerols, were extremely unstable to the same extent as DHA, but they oxidized considerably faster than LNA and AA.
The mechanism by which CLA were readily decomposed was probably due to formation of the unstable free-radical intermediate. 相似文献
20.
Lipoxygenase activity was not detected in preparations from several varieties of rapessed. Erucic acid, one of the main components
of rapessed oil, competitively inhibited both soybean and peanut lipoxygenases. Various other long-chain monoenoic fatty acids
were assayed for their effects on lipoxygenase activity with linoleic acid as substrate. Fatty acid chain length, from C16, to C24, was not a significant factor, but position of the point of unsaturation did affect enzyme activity. The position of the
double bond from the carboxyl group seemed to be more significant than the distance between the point of unsaturation and
the methyl terminal group in terms of inhibition. 相似文献