辣味食品辣度量化分级技术研究

本文针对贵阳地区消费人群对辣味食品辣度的感官评价进行了调查,定量分析了不同辣度辣味食品中辣椒碱的含量,依据感官辣度和辣味食品中辣椒碱的含量,对辣味食品的辣度进行了量化,并分为4级:1级(微辣;辣椒碱含量<0.30%)、2级(中辣;辣椒碱含量0.30%～0.50%)、3级(辣;辣椒碱含量0.50%～0.70%)、4级(很辣;辣椒碱含量>0.80%)。在考虑辣椒原料综合利用的基础上,设计了定量添加辣椒精以生产不同辣度辣味食品的工艺路线。     

辣白菜的辣度测定与分级研究

辣白菜是以白菜、辣椒为主要原料经发酵制得的一类调味品,其风味独特,味道鲜美,是餐桌上的调味佳品。通过控制辣椒添加量,制作多种辣味程度的辣白菜。当辣白菜总酸含量达到0.4%时测定其辣度,品评人员依照所制定的辣度分级标准对辣白菜的辣味进行感官评价。最终根据辣度值与感官评价结果,将辣白菜辣度划分为3个级别:微辣0SHU900、中辣900SHU1600、辣1600SHU2500。     

辣椒碱含量对醋酸发酵辣椒发酵过程的影响

醋酸发酵辣椒的工艺过程包括酒精发酵和醋酸发酵.采用感官评价法对贵州的主要辣椒品种进行辣度测定并研究了辣椒碱对醋酸发酵辣椒生产所需酵母菌、根霉菌和醋酸菌的生长影响情况.经试验得出,贵州产不同品种新鲜辣椒的辣度值在1000～10000 SHU之间.在此范围内,辣椒碱对醋酸发酵辣椒的发酵过程影响较小.     

辣椒及其制品辣度分级方法研究

对国外辣椒及其制品的分级情况进行了研究,并结合我国情况以HPLC精确测定辣素为指标,建立了套辣度分级的方法。同时对该方法在辣椒及其制品的分级应用方面进行了研究探讨。     

植物乳杆菌发酵的不同地区辣椒品质分析

以陕西、四川、云南种植的小米椒为对象,研究其在植物乳杆菌发酵过程中亚硝酸盐含量、pH值、辣素含量、挥发性成分及脆度的变化,在发酵结束后进行感官评价。结果表明:3种辣椒在15 d发酵过程中亚硝酸盐含量均呈先上升后下降的趋势,并在第15天降至2.0 mg/kg,达到安全食用标准。pH值显著降低,在第15天降至3.2。辣素含量变化不大,其中四川辣椒的辣素含量显著高于陕西和云南辣椒。辣椒脆度快速下降,最大承受压力逐渐减少。经固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用仪检测,发酵结束时陕西辣椒的挥发性成分与种类最多(54种),其中醇类和酯类物质含量显著增加,在第15天达到最大值。结合感官评定得分,3种辣椒中陕西辣椒发酵后口感最佳,辣度接受水平最好,其次为云南辣椒、四川辣椒。本研究结果为发酵辣椒产品的研发提供一定的理论依据。     

基于模糊聚类分析的辣椒制品表观辣度分级研究

借助模糊聚类分析方法,选取辣椒制品的总酸、氨基酸态氮、食盐、总糖、脂肪、辣椒素6项分类指标,对辣椒制品的表观辣度进行分级,辣椒制品表现出明显的模糊聚类特征。与运用感官评定方法的结果相比基本一致。     

应用电子鼻评价加工型辣椒果实辣度的方法

辣椒果实辣度的快速量化检测是加工企业辣椒原料选择的前提,制定鲜椒辣度评价标准是加工辣椒的品质保障。试验以9个已知辣度的辣椒品种果实为材料,通过感官评定和电子鼻测定建立快速量化的辣度评价方法。结果表明,电子鼻主成分分析贡献率大于99%,可以反映样品的综合信息,并有效区分辣椒果实的辣味;负荷加载分析结果表明,电子鼻对辣味最为敏感的传感器是W5S、W1W和W2W。通过电子鼻传感器W5S、W1W和W2W对辣椒果实的响应值,建立评价辣度的方法,即:不辣(1～10)、微辣(10.1～20)、辣(20.1～50)、超级辣(50.1～70)。应用该方法对来自11个加工辣椒基地的原料进行了检验,能够明显区分不同来源的辣椒果实的辣度差异。     

基于熵权的TOPSIS和聚类分析评价方法的发酵辣椒品种适用性研究

目的 研究不同品种辣椒品质差异,构建发酵辣椒原料加工适应性综合评价方法。方法 选取46个不同品种辣椒,测定了农艺性状、色泽、质构特性和辣度等指标,通过TOPSIS法和聚类分析对不同辣椒的品质指标进行分析,并评判辣椒品种的加工适应性。结果 不同品种辣椒果实重量、色泽、硬度、辣度差异明显;根据生产用发酵辣椒原料特性,通过熵权TOPSIS法对不同品种辣椒进行评价,综合得分显示朝天椒相似接近度最大的品种是23号万家红,为0.8200;小米辣相似接近度最大的品种是15号云南小米辣10号,为0.7322;是适宜工业化使用的发酵辣椒品种;聚类分析将46种辣椒分为4类,各类别间的差异与辣椒的加工适应性相关。结论 建立发酵辣椒原料综合评价方法,为选择发酵用辣椒品种提供理论依据,助力发酵辣椒加工产业发展。     

唾液流率与辣味强度分级的相关性分析及模型建立

本研究旨在通过测定受试者食用不同浓度的辣椒碱溶液后的唾液流速,探讨辣度与唾液流速的相关性,建立快速测定食品辣度的方法。以人食辣后引起唾液分泌增加的生理变化作为辣味强度的影响指标,通过受试人员的唾液分泌量计算不同辣味强度下的唾液流率,对辣味强度和唾液流率之间的关系进行拟合,基于拟合模型,构建快速、准确标定辣度的唾液流率分级体系,并用感官评定法验证模型定级结果。结果表明:辣味强度显著影响唾液流率（P<0.05）,可以通过唾液流率对辣度进行准确快速的分级。根据唾液流率范围,将辣度分成了5级:1级微辣[斯科维尔指数（SHU）10~500（含）]:唾液流率（g/min）0.496 ~1.395（含）;2级轻辣[SHU500~1000（含）]:唾液流率（g/min）1.395~2.153（含）;3级中辣[SHU1000~1500（含）]:唾液流率（g/min）2.153~2.749（含）;4级重辣[SHU1500~3000（含）]:唾液流率（g/min）2.749~3.569（含）;5级猛辣（SHU>3000）:唾液流率（g/min）>3.569。通过收集5~10人食辣后唾液分泌量,结合辣味强度与唾液流率之间的数量关系即可快速对测试者所尝食物辣度进行定级;唾液流率辣度定级结果与感官评定结果处于同一辣味量度等级,能反映出人食辣后的真实辣度感受。     

辣椒碱辣感阈值影响因素的分析

通过将辣椒碱置于不同的环境条件下,对辣椒碱的辣感阈值进行测定,以研究环境因素对辣椒碱的感官性质的影响.结果表明:呈味物质柠檬酸、蔗糖、硫酸喹啉、氯化钠在浓度增大时,辣椒碱的辣感阈值均有所增大.     

川菜菜品的辣味物质分析与辣度分级

采用高效液相色谱法测定部分川菜菜品中辣味物质（辣椒素及二氢辣椒素）的含量,根据高效液相色谱分析结果结合感官评价进行辣味分级。根据辣度的强弱分为5级（特辣,辣椒素类物质含量≥0.291 8 g/kg）、4级（辣,辣椒素类物质含量0.092 4～0.291 8 g/kg）、3级（中辣,辣椒素类物质含量0.019 5～0.092 4 g/kg）、2级（微辣,辣椒素类物质含量0.001 95～0.019 5 g/kg）、1级（不辣,辣椒素类物质含量＜0.001 95 g/kg）5 个等级。在123 个样品中,1级样品占39.84%,2级样品占18.70%,3级样品占26.83%,4级样品占12.20%,5级样品占2.44%。实验还分析了辣椒及其制品对样品辣味的影响,样品的辣味不仅与辣椒及其制品的种类和使用量有关,还与加工方式、原料大小、加工温度、调味料等密切相关。     

基于高效液相色谱法的麻辣火锅底料辣度分级模型建立及其在熬煮过程中的变化

基于高效液相色谱法结合感官评价结果,采用SPSS中的Fisher判别分析方式,对火锅底料进行辣度分级,得到麻辣火锅底料的辣度分级模型;研究熬煮过程中辣椒素类物质（capsaicinoids,Cap-S）的含量变化,得到其影响辣度分级的规律。结果表明,仅用感官评价对火锅底料进行辣度分级受感官评价人员的影响较大,结论准确度不高;若以火锅底料中Cap-S含量为分级标准,其正判率界值为24%＞20%,可以很好地将辣度分为5 个等级,分级模型较为合理。火锅底料熬煮过程会影响Cap-S的迁移,Cap-S在油相和水相中处于动态平衡状态,同时调味料中的Cap-S逐渐迁移到汤底中,使得熬煮过程中辣度总是不断发生变化。高效液相色谱法结合感官评价结果对火锅底料进行辣度分级,可以很好地区分火锅底料的辣度,指导消费者购买合适的食品。     

Capsicum--production, technology, chemistry, and quality. Part IV. Evaluation of quality

Capsicum fruits are popular worldwide and are used in the cuisines of both the developing and the developed countries. With its different varieties, forms, and uses, the spice capsicum contributes to the entire gamut of sensory experience--color as finely ground paprika powder or extract in sausages, goulash, cheese, and snacks; both pungency and color as the many varieties of chillies used in Mexican, African, Indian, and southeast Asian cuisines; color, aroma, and mild pungency as the fresh green chillies used in many of the growing countries; and appearance, color, aroma, and texture as fresh fruit in salads and as a pickled and canned product. In three earlier parts in this series, the varieties, cultivation, and primary processing; the processed products, world production, and trade; and the chemistry of the color, aroma, and pungency stimuli have been reviewed. In this part, the evaluation of quality through instrumental determination of the causal components and the sensory evaluation of color, aroma, and pungency are discussed. Several methods for quantitative determination of the stimuli and the sensory evaluation of the responses to the stimuli are reviewed. The problems of sensory evaluation of color, aroma, and pungency, the dominant attributes for validation of the instrumentally determined values for carotenoids, volatiles, or particular fractions, and total and individual capsaicinoids are specifically discussed. Summarized details of selected instrumental methods for evaluating the stimuli, which are either validated by correlation to sensorily perceived responses or to adopted standards, are given along with representative data obtained for discussing the adequacy and reliability of the methods. Pungency as a specific gustatory perception and the many methods proposed to evaluate this quality are discussed. A recommended objective procedure for obtaining reproducible values is discussed, and a method for relating different panel results is shown. With such a method, highly significant correlations have been shown between estimated total capsaicinoids and the determined pungency. The estimation of total capsaicinoids by any simple, reliable method is shown to be adequate for quality control of pungency of Capsicum fruits.     

辣椒素类物质辣味的研究进展

辣椒素类物质是一类带有香草基团和中长链脂肪酰胺结构的生物碱,其中辣椒素和二氢辣椒素辣度最高。部分辣椒素类物质可激活相关受体,引起痛觉与热觉神经信号的传导,使人感到辣味。斯科维尔指数法是评价辣度最常见的方法,但评价结果仅与辣味物质的含量有关,无法真正反映样品的辣度,而时间-强度法可获得多个与辣度相关的定量指标,具有更高的参考价值。除增加辣椒素类物质的含量外,使用水基分散系、提高体系温度、增感作用的产生甚至其他感觉刺激均可显著提升辣椒素类物质辣味感知强度,在感官评价中应当特别注意。综上,本文总结辣椒素类物质的结构、分布,辣味呈现机制、评价方法以及影响辣味感知的因素等方面,以期为食品辣味强度预测和辣味食品的开发提供参考。     

花椒麻度分级的改良斯科维尔指数法建立研究

针对辣椒辣度的斯科维尔指数（Scoville heat units,SHU）法存在对基质影响因素的忽略及检验结果缺乏统计学依据的问题,通过将单样品评价改为样品液与制备基质对照液的成对比较检验,以及增加评价小组人数或评价轮次改进实验设计等,建立了与辣味同为三叉神经感的花椒麻味感觉强度的间接测量方法--改良SHU法。应用新方法对花椒（Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.）麻度进行测量与分级,并同时采用紫外分光光度计法对花椒中的酰胺含量进行了测定。结果表明：麻味感觉强度值与花椒酰胺的物理含量之间具有一定的一致性,但对某些品种而言,相近的或者较低的花椒酰胺含量表现出更强的麻感,较高的酰胺含量却能表现出较低的麻感。说明,花椒麻味感觉强度不仅与其所含的花椒酰胺总含量相关,也与花椒酰胺的构成及其结构相关。该方法的建立对花椒麻度相关研究以及应用麻度作为核心指标进行花椒及其制品质量评价与控制具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

市售剁辣椒脆性品质评价研究

该试验通过对市售的10种含油量高的油性剁辣椒和10种不含油或含油量极低的水性剁辣椒进行全质构分析（TPA）,对测试结果与感官评定进行相关性分析,并建立以剁辣椒脆度的感官评分为因变量的回归方程。试验结果发现,剁辣椒的硬度、剪切强度、韧性与剁辣椒的感官评分之间有良好的正相关性,证明剁辣椒的脆性在一定程度上能代表剁辣椒的品质。并对剁辣椒脆度的感官评分与仪器测定的指标进行逐步回归分析,较为准确的计算出当水性剁辣椒硬度＞5 719 g,剪切强度＞272.8 g,韧性＞35.15 g·s时,剁辣椒的脆性非常好;当油性剁辣椒硬度＞7 372 g,剪切强度＞316.42 g,韧性＞44.76 g·s时,剁辣椒的脆性非常好。     

辣椒制品模糊辣度的表示与测定

以新鲜辣椒为原料,通过单因素试验可知辣椒制品中食盐、白糖、食用油、总酸含量是对感观辣度有减弱作用的影响因素,采用四元二次正交旋转组合设计研究这4个因素对剁辣椒制品感观辣度的影响,并获得了其减弱程度的线性关系:单因素含量越高,对感观辣度的减弱作用越大,并且有交互影响.据此,以斯科维尔(Scoville)指数为基础,根据传统辣度概念“不辣、微辣、轻辣、中辣、很辣、猛辣”相对应的“0度(表示为0°M)、1度(表示为1°M)、2度(表示为2°M)、3度(表示为3°M)、4度(表示为4°M)、5度(表示为5°M)”模糊辣度分级来表示辣椒制品的感观辣度,获得0～5°M的模糊辣度指数的计算公式,从而排除了感观辣度确定时人为因素的影响和消除了以辣椒素计算辣椒制品辣度的片面性.     

Relationship between pungency and food components – A comparison of chemical and sensory evaluations

The influence of food ingredients (water, starch, fat, and sugar), individually and in combination, on the sensory perception of the pungency of capsaicin was studied in model food systems using the time-intensity method. Furthermore, the transferability of the results obtained using model food matrices to complex matrices, such as convenience salsas, was investigated. Significant differences between the samples (p < 0.05) were examined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey-HSD post hoc test. A highly complex matrix and a high starch content reduced the perception of pungency in both the model food matrices and the convenience salsa products. Therefore, the time-related maximum intensity of pungency (I_max) was affected by other factors in addition to the capsaicin concentration.The total capsaicinoid content in the salsas was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS) and correlated to the results of the sensory evaluation. The best correlation (R² = 0.8029) was observed for the total capsaicinoid content and the maximum intensity of pungency (I_max) in comparison to the duration of the total pungency perception T_Dur (R² = 0.5176) and the area under the curve (R² = 0.6898). The calculated regression models serve as an example of how empirical calculations can be generated and used in a specific context.     

Determination of absolute threshold and just noticeable difference in the sensory perception of pungency

Absolute threshold and just noticeable difference (JND) were determined for the perception of pungency using chili pepper in aqueous solutions. Absolute threshold and JND were determined using 2 alternative forced-choice sensory tests tests. High-performance liquid chromatography technique was used to determine capsaicinoids concentration in samples used for sensory analysis. Sensory absolute threshold was 0.050 mg capsaicinoids/kg sample. Five JND values were determined using 5 reference solutions with different capsaicinoids concentration. JND values changed proportionally as capsaicinoids concentration of the reference sample solutions changed. Weber fraction remained stable for the first 4 reference capsaicinoid solutions (0.05, 0.11, 0.13, and 0.17 mg/kg) but changed when the most concentrated reference capsaicinoids solution was used (0.23 mg/kg). Quantification limit for instrumental analysis was 1.512 mg/kg capsaicinoids. Sensory methods employed in this study proved to be more sensitive than instrumental methods. Practical Application: A better understanding of the process involved in the sensory perception of pungency is currently required because "hot" foods are becoming more popular in western cuisine. Absolute thresholds and differential thresholds are useful tools in the formulation and development of new food products. These parameters may help in defining how much chili pepper is required in a formulated product to ensure a perceptible level of pungency, as well as in deciding how much more chili pepper is required in a product to produce a perceptible increase in its pungency.     

Determination of Recognition Threshold and Just Noticeable Difference in the Sensory Perception of Pungency of Zanthoxylum bangeanum

Zanthoxylum bungeanum, also called the Szechuan pepper, is a pungent-flavored spice. Together with the chili pepper, it constitutes the typical flavor of famous Chinese Szechuan cuisine. With the worldwide popularity of Sichuan cuisine and pungent food, the research on sensory perception of pungency of Z. bungeanum becomes more important and necessary. This article first determined the sensory recognition threshold and just noticeable difference of pungency of Z. bungeanum. The pungent extract, containing hydroxyl α-sanshool (63.6%), hydroxyl β-sanshool (22.8%), and hydroxyl γ-sanshool (7.4%) from Z. bungeanum was used as the tested sample prepared in ethanol–water solution. Ten selected assessors participated in three sessions of sensory tests in standard sensory evaluation booths established according to ISO 8589 by following two-alternative forced choice procedure. The data showed that the recognition threshold was 0.036 mg pungent extract per 1 mL ethanol–water solution and just noticeable difference exponentially increased with the increase of the concentration of pungent extract solution. The response of pungency among assessors followed Weber’s Law with a stable Weber fraction (0.118) from 0.0360 to 0.500 mg pungent extract per 1 mL. Nevertheless, the fraction changed when the concentration of pungent extract solution was above 0.500 mg per 1 mL.