细支卷烟用二醋酸纤维素丝束的应用性能

为给细支卷烟(?=5.4 mm)滤棒设计开发提供更多参考,选取5种细支滤棒用二醋酸纤维素丝束规格,评价不同规格二醋酸纤维素丝束的成型能力,绘制二醋酸纤维素丝束成型能力特性曲线。将不同规格二醋酸纤维素丝束成型为不同压降细支滤棒,卷接为细支卷烟,以烟碱为目标物,考察不同规格二醋酸纤维素丝束细支滤棒的过滤能力。结果表明:(1)不同规格的二醋酸纤维素丝束成型能力特性曲线存在明显差异,所选取的5种规格二醋酸纤维素丝束覆盖压降范围从1 850 Pa到7 250 Pa,且总趋势为单旦增加、总旦降低的二醋酸纤维素丝束适宜成型低压降细支滤棒;(2)将所成型的不同压降滤棒卷接为卷烟样品,滤嘴对烟气烟碱过滤效率为11.9%~23.5%,在试验范围内,对于同一规格二醋酸纤维素丝束,随着滤棒压降升高,滤嘴对卷烟主流烟气烟碱的过滤效率升高;对于不同规格二醋酸纤维素丝束而言,总趋势为丝束单旦增加、总旦降低,所成型的细支滤棒对主流烟气的过滤效率降低。可根据细支卷烟设计目标,选择不同规格丝束成型适宜压降滤棒,获得满意的卷烟感官质量和适宜的主流烟气。     

壳聚糖在卷烟滤嘴中的应用

为降低吸烟的危害性进行了壳聚糖在卷烟滤嘴中的应用试验,即先将壳聚糖加入三醋酸甘油酯中,而后在滤棒成形时将含壳聚糖的三醋酸甘油酯作为增塑剂加入醋酸纤维滤棒中,再与烟支接装。检测结果表明,与对照相比,含壳聚糖的滤嘴卷烟的烟气自由基降低3.0%～26.6%,感官质量有所好转。     

新型选择性减害滤棒的研制

为了利用天然植物活性成分的抗氧化性,对抗氧化剂葡萄多酚(PT)、苹果多酚(PG)、茶多酚(CY)进行了筛选,采取直接添加、依托载体添加及制备成颗粒复合添加等多种添加工艺,并通过对抗氧化剂改性提高其在卷烟中的添加量,制备了新型选择性减害滤棒并卷制成样品烟支,对滤棒的各项常规物理指标和卷烟烟气的常规化学指标及自由基含量的变化进行测试。同时,采用加速氧化法对该种减害滤棒的抗氧化性能的稳定性进行了检测和评价。结果表明:采用直接添加和复合添加相结合的加工工艺,当有效成分含量为90%的改性抗氧化剂CY1在滤棒中的添加量达到3.0mg/支后,能够实现选择性显著降低烟气自由基近30%,同时不影响烟支外观和烟气常规技术指标,卷烟吸味也未因此有明显改变。     

应用含纳米贵金属催化材料降低卷烟烟气中CO技术研究

本研究利用常温多相催化氧化CO为CO₂的原理,在国际上首次研制出了适合于烟草工业应用的含纳米贵金属催化材料和二元复合滤棒,进行了降低卷烟烟气中CO的试验研究。系统地研究了材料制备方法、活性组分、焙烧温度和活性组分担载量对催化材料催化性能的影响,确定了较佳的催化材料制备方法和条件。确定了二元复合滤棒是适合于降低卷烟烟气中CO的工艺添加方式。研究了催化材料粒度和添加量以及添加助剂对降低卷烟烟气中CO的影响,确定了较佳的催化材料的组成和工艺参数。应用最终确定的含纳米工具书催化材料制作的二元复合滤棒接装试验卷烟,与对照卷烟相比,普通卷烟的CO释放量可降低26.9%,低侧流卷烟的CO释放量可降低45.4%,并且卷烟感官质量基本保持不变。应用研究成果研制开发了一种低焦油、低CO烤烟型卷烟,焦油、CO和烟碱的释放量分别为10.0mg/支、9.1mg/支和0.93mg/支,符合欧盟对低释放量卷烟的规定。      

沟槽醋酸纤维滤棒的开发

为提高卷烟滤嘴的过滤性能,由醋酸纤维丝束滤芯、C型沟槽纯纤维素纸(定量80g/m2)和成形纸开发出醋酸纤维沟槽滤棒。该滤棒结构为沟槽滤棒与普通醋纤滤棒的二复合(1∶1)滤棒。试验结果表明,与普通醋纤滤嘴相比,C型沟槽滤棒的硬度可提高2～3个百分点;在卷烟感官质量基本保持不变的情况下,对卷烟烟气的过滤性能显著提高,同等条件下可再降低烟气焦油量2～3mg,降低幅度为13.66%～24.69%。     

细支卷烟用R型截面二醋酸纤维素丝束的应用性能

为进一步拓宽细支卷烟（φ=5.4mm）滤棒设计思路,设计开发细支滤棒用规格为8.6R13 000的R型截面二醋酸纤维素丝束,绘制其成型特性曲线,评价其成型能力。将8.6R13 000规格二醋酸纤维素丝束成型为不同压降细支滤棒,并以Y型截面醋纤丝束（6.0Y17 000、8.0Y15 000）为对照,卷接为细支卷烟,考察不同截面丝束、不同压降细支滤棒的烟碱过滤效率。结果表明:（1）与Y型截面二醋酸纤维素丝束相比,R型截面二醋酸纤维素丝束成型特性曲线存在显著差异,8.6R13 000规格二醋酸纤维素丝束覆盖压降范围从1 447Pa到6 428Pa,覆盖范围明显增大,且适用于更低压降细支滤棒;（2）R型截面二醋酸纤维素丝束滤嘴对烟气烟碱过滤效率为13.8%到17.6%,随着滤棒压降升高,烟碱过滤效率升高,且与Y型截面二醋酸纤维素丝束相比,R型丝束的过滤效率明显偏低。本文设计开发了细支卷烟用R型截面二醋酸纤维素丝束,并对其应用性能进行了评价,为不同风格细支卷烟开发提供了参考。      

爆珠对滤棒、卷烟物理性能及卷烟主流烟气的影响

为明确爆珠对滤棒、卷烟物理性能和卷烟主流烟气的影响,分析了爆珠滤棒与无爆珠滤棒和卷烟的物理指标差异以及卷烟主流烟气常规指标差异,测试了爆珠破碎前后卷烟物理指标和主流烟气指标的变化。结果表明:①爆珠滤棒的压降标准偏差分别比相同丝束填充量滤棒和相同压降滤棒增大39和17 Pa,圆度分别降低0.039和0.079百分点。②在烟支净含丝量相同的前提下,爆珠卷烟的质量与吸阻稳定性均变差,烟气烟碱量比相同丝束填充量滤棒卷烟降低0.04 mg/支,烟气焦油量和一氧化碳量比相同压降滤棒卷烟升高0.2 mg/支。③爆珠破碎后,卷烟吸阻明显降低,吸阻稳定性明显变差,主流烟气中的总粒相物、焦油、烟碱和一氧化碳分别增加1.31、1.2、0.06和0.4 mg/支。④在爆珠未破碎状态下,保持烟支净含丝量和烟支吸阻一致可以保证爆珠卷烟与常规卷烟主流烟气指标的一致性;在爆珠破碎状态下,要保证爆珠卷烟与常规卷烟主流烟气指标的一致性性,爆珠滤棒的压降应比常规滤棒高376 Pa以上。     

不同规格中细支卷烟醋纤丝束性能研究

为给中细支卷烟(φ=7.0mm)滤棒设计开发提供更多参考,选取3种典型规格醋纤丝束成型为目标压降中细支滤棒,卷接为中细支卷烟,以烟碱为目标物质,考察过滤能力。结果表明:(1)不同规格醋纤丝束成型能力特性曲线存在明显差异,所选取6种规格醋纤丝束覆盖压降范围为2 170~5 880Pa,且总趋势为高单旦、低总旦规格醋纤丝束适宜成型低压降中细支滤棒;(2)所成型目标压降滤棒烟碱过滤效率为22.0%~27.0%,同一规格醋纤丝束,随着滤棒压降升高,滤嘴对卷烟主流烟气烟碱的过滤效率随之升高,且总趋势为高单旦、低总旦醋纤丝束适宜于成型低过滤效率细支滤棒。可根据中细支卷烟设计目标,选择不同规格丝束成型适宜压降滤棒,获得满意的卷烟感官质量和适宜的主流烟气过滤效率。     

石墨烯纳米材料对卷烟主流烟气苯并[a]芘和苯酚的降低作用研究

研究了石墨烯纳米材料对卷烟主流烟气中苯并[a]芘和苯酚释放量的影响作用。将石墨烯纳米材料用作卷烟滤棒的添加剂制备了石墨烯纳米-醋酸纤维二元复合滤棒并制备卷烟制品,利用气相色谱-质谱联用法和高效液相色谱法,对添加石墨烯纳米材料前后卷烟样品主流烟气中苯并[a]芘和苯酚含量进行检测,结果表明:石墨烯纳米材料对苯并[a]芘和苯酚释放量具有明显的选择性降低作用且时效性较长;石墨烯纳米材料对苯并[a]芘的降低幅度可达31.3%,对苯酚的降低幅度可达32.8%;卷烟的物理指标不因石墨烯的添加发生明显变化,且能够保持卷烟原有的吸味风格。     

含有醋酸纤维素的纤维纸及滤棒的开发与性能研究

为进一步发挥纸质滤棒的过滤作用、改善纯木浆纸质滤棒卷烟感官质量,在纯木浆纤维中加入一定量二醋酸纤维素纤维,采用湿法造纸和在线干法压纹工艺,开发一种含有醋酸纤维素的纤维纸(CAP原纸)及醋酸纤维素纤维纸滤棒(CAPF滤棒),并对CAPF滤棒的物理指标、卷烟烟气的常规化学指标及7种成分的变化进行测试评价。结果表明:与醋酸纤维滤棒相比,使用CAPF滤棒,卷烟焦油降低了15%~41%,每毫米长度CAP滤嘴降焦效率提高1.5%以上;卷烟主流烟气7种成分中NH3和B[a]P降低了15%以上,NNK降低了20%以上;与传统纯木浆纸质-醋纤复合滤棒相比,使用CAPF滤棒,卷烟感官评价分值提高0.9分。CAPF滤棒的卷烟感官质量与醋纤滤棒卷烟的感官质量相近。     

Roll-your-own smoke yields: theoretical and practical aspects

OBJECTIVE—To identify the key parameters that influence smoke yields from roll-your-own (RYO) cigarettes and to compare smoke yields of cigarettes made under laboratory conditions with those made by habitual RYO consumers.
DESIGN AND SETTING—One-way parametric variations in the laboratory-based production of RYO cigarettes complemented by a consumer survey conducted in a busy street at Romford, Essex, United Kingdom.
SUBJECTS—26 habitual RYO consumers.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES—Cigarette weights, puff numbers, and yields (carbon monoxide, nicotine, and tar).
RESULTS—Smoke yields vary for specimen changes in weight of tobacco used, paper porosity, and the incorporation of a filter in the cigarette. Yields of cigarettes produced by 26 RYO smokers ranged from 9.9 to 21.0 mg tar per cigarette and from 0.9 to 1.8 mg nicotine per cigarette, and were generally lower than yields of laboratory-produced RYO cigarettes.
CONCLUSIONS—Laboratory studies can provide useful information concerning the parameters that affect smoke yields of RYO cigarettes such as the incorporation of a filter to reduce yields. However, such studies must be complemented by surveys of cigarettes made by actual current RYO smokers. In one such investigation, it was found that the mean tar yields from cigarettes produced by 57% of the smokers were above the current maximum of 15 mg per cigarette for manufactured cigarettes. Currently 8% of manufactured cigarettes in the UK have a declared nicotine yield of greater than 1.1 mg per cigarette whereas 77% of RYO smokers produced cigarettes with a nicotine yield greater than this value.


Keywords: roll-your-own cigarettes; smoke yield; carbon monoxide; tar; nicotine     

Determination of 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mainstream smoke from domestic cigarettes

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of environmental pollutants created primarily from incomplete combustion of various organic materials including tobacco. Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of various classes of compounds, including numerous PAHs, in both the mainstream and the sidestream smoke fractions. We measured the levels of 14 PAHs in mainstream smoke from unfiltered custom cigarettes made from individual tobacco types and 30 brands of domestic blended cigarettes using standardized smoking conditions, extraction from the Cambridge filter pads, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Differences in smoke PAHs from cigarettes with selected tobacco blends were identified and illustrate how blend composition contributes to the overall mainstream smoke PAH profile. The PAH levels varied among the different commercial cigarette brands, with the amount of total mainstream smoke PAHs ranging from 1 to 1.6 microg per cigarette. Under machine smoking conditions, the mainstream smoke from domestic cigarettes had individual PAHs ranging from benzo[k]fluoranthene at levels below 10 ng/cigarette to naphthalene at levels of around 500 ng/cigarette. Low delivery cigarettes smoked with blocked filter vent holes dramatically increased the mainstream smoke PAH deliveries with respect to their unblocked counterparts. Inhalation of PAHs and other harmful chemicals from cigarette smoke are unique as they represent a routine voluntary exposure to common environmental pollutants.     

Incomplete compensation does not imply reduced harm: yields of 40 smoke toxicants per milligram nicotine in regular filter versus low-tar cigarettes in the 1999 Massachusetts Benchmark Study.

The yields of 40 toxic smoke constituents per mg nicotine were computed in three matched pairs of higher- and lower-tar cigarettes tested in the 1999 Massachusetts Benchmark Study. In the three pairs, 19, 20 and 17 compounds, respectively, exhibited significantly greater yields per mg nicotine in the lower-tar than the corresponding higher-tar brand. Based on the assumption that toxicant yields per mg nicotine were independent of smoking intensity, the minimum degree of nicotine compensation necessary to obtain equal or greater dosages of these toxic compounds from the lower-tar cigarette ranged from 0% to 73%. A smoker who compensates only incompletely for nicotine may thus obtain a higher dosage of a specific smoke toxicant from a lower-tar cigarette than from a higher-tar cigarette. From the toxicological standpoint, incomplete compensation for nicotine does not necessarily translate into harm reduction.     

圆周及滤嘴通风对卷烟主流烟气碱性香味成分释放量的影响

为研究圆周及滤嘴通风率对卷烟主流烟气中碱性香味成分释放量的影响,采用CH2Cl2浸提、GC/MS分析的方法测定了不同圆周和滤嘴通风相互搭配的卷烟样品主流烟气中21种碱性香味成分的释放量。结果表明:(1)每克烟丝释放的各类碱性香味成分以及碱性香味成分总量,随卷烟圆周的增大均呈增加的趋势,随卷烟滤嘴通风的增大均呈降低趋势;(2)方差分析结果显示,吡啶类、吡嗪类和喹啉类香味成分释放量以及碱性香味成分释放总量在不同滤嘴通风率间的差异均达极显著水平,吡嗪类、喹啉类香味成分释放量在不同圆周间的差异均达极显著水平;(3)增加相同的滤嘴通风,吡嗪类香味成分释放量降低幅度最大,其次为吡啶类和喹啉类香味成分。     

卷烟烟碱向主、侧流烟气中的转移率

为了解燃吸过程中卷烟烟丝烟碱向其主、侧流烟气中的转移率,在2005年监测卷烟中注射了不同量的烟碱,调节含水率后,对其烟丝及主、侧流烟气中的烟碱含量进行了分析。结果表明:卷烟烟碱向主、侧流烟气中的平均转移率分别为9.97%和33.42%;在8.25~20.32mg/支烟碱含量范围内,主、侧流烟气中的烟碱含量均与卷烟烟碱含量线性正相关。     

Determination of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide yields in the mainstream smoke of selected international cigarettes

Objective: Survey of nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide (CO) smoke deliveries from 77 cigarette brands purchased in 35 countries was conducted using a standardised machine smoking method. The goal of this study was to determine regional variations and differences in the tar, nicotine, and CO smoke yields of a cigarette brand manufactured by a leading transnational corporation and of non-US locally popular cigarette brands.

Design: The majority of the cigarettes were purchased in each of the participating countries by delegate members of the World Health Organization and forwarded to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for analysis. Smoke deliveries were determined using a standardised smoking machine method and subsequent gravimetric and gas chromatography analysis.

Results: The smoke deliveries varied widely. Mainstream smoke deliveries varied from 6.8 to 21.6 mg tar/cigarette, 0.5 to 1.6 mg nicotine/cigarette, and 5.9 to 17.4 mg CO/cigarette. In addition to the smoke deliveries, the cigarettes were examined to determine physical parameters such as filter composition, length, and ventilation levels.

Conclusion: Analysis of the smoke deliveries suggested that cigarettes from the Eastern Mediterranean, Southeast Asia, and Western Pacific WHO regions tended to have higher tar, nicotine, and CO smoke deliveries than did brands from the European, American, or African WHO regions surveyed.

     

醋纤和改性丙纤滤嘴对卷烟烟气成分的影响比较

采用气相色谱/质谱法对改性烟用聚丙纤维(PP)滤嘴和二醋酸纤维(CA)滤嘴卷烟烟气成分进行了对比分析。结果表明,个别PP滤嘴的降焦效果虽然已经接近CA滤嘴,但其降低烟气有害成分的能力明显不如CA滤嘴。     

国内外主要品牌卷烟主流烟气中烟草特有N-亚硝胺的对比分析

本文采用气相色谱-热能分析仪(GC-TEA)对卷烟主流烟气中主要4种烟草特有N-亚硝胺(TSNAs)进行了分析;优化了前处理过程及仪器分析条件;建立了使用经抗坏血酸处理的玻璃纤维滤片收集卷烟主流烟气,用二氯甲烷萃取卷烟主流烟气中的TSNAs,萃取液经碱性氧化铝层析柱纯化,TSNAs通过GC-TEA定量检测的分析方法;并对国内外较有代表性的98种卷烟样品中的TSNAs进行了系统的分析测定。结果表明,混合型卷烟主流烟气中TSNAs的含量显著高于烤烟型卷烟;国外混合型卷烟中NNK的含量高于国内混合型卷烟。这些研究结果为制定我国卷烟烟气中TSNAs含量限量标准、建立技术壁垒提供了可靠的技术基础。      

Effects of low nicotine content cigarettes on smoke intake.

Cigarettes with selective reductions in nicotine delivery have been considered as potential tools to prevent or treat nicotine dependence or to reduce harm by virtue of reduced nicotine and nitrosamine delivery. An important question is whether individuals smoke these products more intensively, as has been shown to occur with ventilated-filter cigarettes. To investigate this issue, we compared conventional highly ventilated filter cigarettes, having very low tar and nicotine yields when smoked by Federal Trade Commission method (1 mg tar, 2 mg carbon monoxide [CO],.2 mg nicotine), with low nicotine content cigarettes, manufactured from a genetically modified strain of tobacco, which had higher tar but lower nicotine yield (14 mg tar, 13 mg CO,.02 mg nicotine). A total of 16 cigarette smokers participated in two 8-hr sessions (order counterbalanced) during which they smoked each type of cigarette ad libitum. Expired-air CO, plasma nicotine, and smoking topography measures were collected. Subjects showed significant increases in smoking when using the highly ventilated filter cigarettes, and puff volume was significantly greater than with the low nicotine content cigarettes. Subjects achieved an expired-air CO level 74% as high as with the low nicotine content cigarettes; the latter produced CO levels similar to those measured at baseline when subjects smoked their habitual brands of cigarettes. Plasma nicotine levels obtained when subjects smoked the highly ventilated filter cigarettes also were significantly higher than when they smoked the low nicotine content cigarettes. These results indicate that the delivery of substantial amounts of smoke, with selective reductions in nicotine yield, appears to prevent compensatory smoking behavior. Further studies should determine whether similar results are obtained in naturalistic environments.     

Release of carbon granules from cigarettes with charcoal filters

OBJECTIVE: To inspect cigarettes with a triple granular filter for charcoal granules on the cut filter surface and, if present, to determine whether the charcoal granules on the filter are released during smoking. DESIGN: 400 Lark cigarettes in 20 packs were examined individually by each of three investigators for the presence of charcoal granules on the cut surface of the cellulose acetate filter. Without removing the cigarettes from the pack, the filters were examined with a stereo zoom microscope for charcoal granules. The percentage of cigarettes that had charcoal granules was defined, and charcoal granules on each filter were counted. Randomly selected cigarettes were then smoked by consenting adult smokers to assess whether the charcoal granules were released during smoking. Lark cigarettes were smoked with a conventional cigarette holder that had been configured to contain an in-line membrane. After smoking, the membrane was analysed microscopically for charcoal granules and other components of the filter that had been released during smoking. RESULTS: Charcoal granules were observed in 79.8% (319/400) of the cigarettes examined. The number of granules per cigarette was 3.3 (SD 3.7). Gaps between the tipping papers--the wrapping papers that surround the filter--were often seen (70%; 242 (71); n = 400 cigarettes). Further, the charcoal cavity was about 60% empty. For all smokers (n = 8/8), charcoal granules were released during smoking. The number of charcoal granules captured on the membranes was 22.5 (16.2) per cigarette. CONCLUSIONS: Charcoal granules are incorporated into cigarette filters to aid in removing toxins in cigarette smoke. In studies of Lark, a popular American cigarette with a charcoal filter, charcoal granules were observed on the filter surface, and were released from the filter when the cigarettes were smoked. During smoking, the toxin-containing charcoal granules are inhaled or ingested. The specific adverse health effects of inhaling or ingesting carbon granules have not been addressed; nevertheless, the smoker, as an educated consumer, should be informed of the possible health risks.