挤压态AZ81镁合金的超塑性及变形机制

研究了挤压态AZ81镁合金的超塑变形行为及其变形机制.首先将AZ81镁合金进行热挤压处理,然后在不同的温度和初始应变速率下进行了超塑性拉伸试验,计算了应变速率敏感性指数.通过观察和比较不同温度下材料的稳态流变现象,分析了超塑变形机制随着温度的上升而发生变化的原因.挤压态AZ81的超塑性变形机制是晶界滑移,而孔洞的形核与断裂是变形的协调机制.     

Effect of current pulses on fracture morphology in superplastic deformation of 2091 Al Li alloy

１　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＧｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙ［１～４］，ｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅｉｎｓｕｐｅｒｐｌａｓｔｉｃｄｅｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｉｓｉｎｔｅｒｇｒａｎｕｌａｒ．Ｂｕｔａｔａｃｅｒｔａｉｎｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎ，ｉｔｃａｎｅｘｈｉｂｉｔａｌｏｃａｌｉｎｔｅｒｉｏｒｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅ．Ｒｅｆ．５ｒｅａｌｉｚｅｄｔｈａｔｓｕｃｈａｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅｗａｓｃｒｅａｔｅｄｂｙａｈｉｇｈｌｏｃａｌｓｔｒｅｓｓｃａｕｓｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｒｏｔａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｒｅａｒｒａｎｇｅｍｅｎｔｏｆｔｈｅｇｒａ…     

An analysis of the effect of continuous nucleation and coalescence on cavitation during hot tension testing

A numerical model which treats continuous nucleation, growth, and coalescence of cavities was developed to describe the ductile failure of metals during superplastic and conventional hot deformation processes. The evolution of the fraction of coalesced cavities and the average cavity size as a function of strain were the principal model predictions. For typical material properties, it was found that cavity coalescence begins at low cavity volume fractions (∼1%), independent of the individual, isolated cavity growth rate and the cavity nucleation rate N. The true strain ε_CB at which coalescence begins was determined; above this strain, the fraction of coalesced cavities depended only on the difference (ε−ε_CB) and was independent of N. In addition, a relation to describe the evolution of the average cavity radius as a function of strain, the individual cavity growth rate, and the cavity volume fraction was derived from the numerical simulations and compared with published cavitation measurements. This comparison revealed that the model predictions provide a lower-bound estimate of the actual kinetics, primarily because of the assumption of a constant, steady state nucleation rate. It was also established that an upper-bound to the cavity growth behavior is obtained by assuming a pre-existing cavity array without continuous nucleation.     

Cavity growth in a superplastic Al–Mg alloy: II. An improved plasticity based model

The extent of cavity growth estimated from a combination of diffusional and plasticity based growth models generally underestimates the actual cavity growth in superplastic alloys. It has been shown that in a fine grain Al–Mg alloy, cavity growth begins by matrix/particle debonding at grain boundary particles (Mat. Sci. Forum, Trans. Tech. Pub. 304–306 (1999) 609), and also from pre-existing voids. In this study, cavity growth beyond interface decohesion is modeled in which deformation of the matrix surrounding the cavity is free from interface constraint, but it still experiences an accelerated local deformation rate. Stress and strain-rate in this region are intensified due to the perturbed flow field near the cavity, and not relaxed during the time frame for superplastic forming. This local deformation around the cavity is a function of strain-rate sensitivity, m, the level of strain concentration, and the cavity spacing. Two important effects not previously considered: (i) local stress concentration around the cavities, and (ii) continuous nucleation of new cavities, have been included in this work. Using this model that is suitable for low overall cavity volume (i.e. no cavity coalescence), faster growth rate is predicted for single cavities when strain-rate sensitivity is low and/or the population density of cavities is low (generally at slow strain-rates). By combining the predicted growth rate of individual cavities with the emerging cavity population density determined experimentally, a quantitative understanding of the various complex dependencies of cavitation has been obtained.     

High-strain-rate superplasticity in oxide ceramics:a trial of microstructural design based on creep-cavitation mechanisms

From existing knowledge about high-temperature cavitation mechanisms,necessary conditions were discussed for the suppression of cavitation failure during superplastic deformation in ceramic materials.The discussion,where special attention was placed on the relaxation of stress concentrations during grain-boundary sliding and cavity nucleation and growth,leaded to a conclusion that cavitation failure could be retarded by the simultaneous controlling of the initial grain size,the number of residual defects,diffusivity,dynamic grain growth and the homogeneity of microstructure.On the basis of this conclusion,high-strain-rate superplasticity (defined as superplasticity at a strain rate higher than 0.01 s-1) could be intentionally attained in some oxide ceramic materials.This was shown in tetragonal zirconia and composites consisting of zirconia,α-alumina and a spinel phase.     

THE SUPERPLASTICITY AND DEFORMATION MECHANISM OF ULTRALIGHT BINARY Mg-8wt%Li ALLOY

1.IntroductionMagnesium--lithiumalloysarethelightestalloysamongthenonpoisonousmetalsandalloystll.Becauseoftheirlowdellsityandhighspecificstiffness,theyhavethepotentialforuseinaerospacesarmoredvehicle,automobileandelectricindustry.InordertoturnMg--Lialloysintospecificcomponentswithminimumamountofmachiningandjoining,itisdesirablethatMg-Lialloysexhibitsuperplasticity.UPtonow,superfinegraillscanbeobtainedinmagnesium-lithiumalloysbythefollowingways'(1)staticannealingafterthermomechanicaltreatment…     

2091铝锂合金超塑变形的晶内断裂

研究了２０９１铝锂合金超塑变形的断裂行为。扫描电镜观察表明,２０９１铝锂合金超塑变形中存在晶内断裂,光学金相观察表明断裂试样存在较活跃的动态再结晶和较多的大轴径比晶粒,透射电镜观察发现断裂试样内部存在较多的晶内位错。研究表明,由于再结晶缩小了大轴径比晶粒的横截面使其在超塑变形的晶粒转动中受到很大的弯曲应力而造成了晶内断裂。     

Numerical simulation and experimental study on cavity growth in uniaxial tension of superplastic magnesium alloy

1　INTRODUCTIONMagnesiumisthelightestmetalinallconven tionalcommercialstructuralalloys .Itshighspecificstrengthandrigidity ,gooddampingcapacitiesareat tractiveforvariousstructuralapplications[14 ] .Be causeofitshexagonalclosepacked (HCP )crystalstructurewithalimitednumberofoperativeslipsys temsatroomtemperature ,magnesiumalloysaremuchmoreworkableatelevatedtemperaturesasaddi tionalslipsystemsareavailable[57] .Applicationsofthesuperplasticformingtechnologyofmagnesiumal loyshaverecentlyattr…     

Electron backscattered diffraction study on superplastic coarse-grained Fe–27 at.%Al: processing effects

An electron backscattered diffraction technique has been used to investigate detailed crystallographic features of a superplastic coarse-grained Fe–27 at.%Al alloy. Alloy samples studied have been tensile tested to failure at 800°C in air under an initial strain rate of 1×10⁻⁴ s⁻¹. To examine processing effects, the hot isostatic pressing (HIP) has been applied prior to the superplastic deformation. The HIPed sample shows no observable pores in the fracture region while the sample without HIP reveals an elongated pore fracture structure. Nevertheless, HIP is shown to have no beneficial effects on the superplastic elongation, suggestive of the fact that the alleviation of cavity formation alone is insufficient in achieving better superplastic properties. After the superplastic deformation and the refined grains are formed, the presence of numerous small angle subboundaries in the large grain interior indicates the continuous event of recovery and recrystallization that occurs throughout the course of superplastic deformation. The post-deformation annealing yields a classic recrystallized large-grain structure, resulting from the surface-tension-induced boundary migration that reduces the grain surface-area. Conversely, the superplastic deformation of Fe–27 at.%Al involves a strain-induced boundary migration that causes the grain surface-area increase and results in a refined grain structure. The dynamic nature of recovery and recrystallization is therefore confirmed.     

Superplastic deformation of 15 vol% SiCp/LY12 aluminum composite under an electric field

In this paper, influence of an external electric field on mechanical performance of deformation, cavity formation, and fracture mechanisms has been investigated during superplastic deformation of 15 vol% SiC_p/LY12 (LY12 matrix corresponds approximately to ASTM 2024) aluminum composite. The experimental results show that the appropriate electric field makes the strain-rate sensitivity index increase and the superplasticity improve. The results obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) show that the nucleation growth and linkage or coalescence of cavities is restrained by applying an external electric field; meanwhile, fracture transforms from intergranular tear to typical superplastic failure, that is, fracture by formation and coalescence of cavities at particles and boundaries.     

超塑成形理论与实践——王仲仁教授在超塑性研究领域的贡献

回顾了王仲仁教授在超塑性研究领域的一系列重要研究成果。Sn-Pb共晶超塑性材料薄壁管复合加载实验表明,在复杂应力状态下超塑材料遵守Mises屈服准则,并与Tresca屈服准则也接近,给出了超塑材料在应变速率强化条件下的屈服轨迹;研究了超塑变形过程中晶粒和孔洞的长大规律及其对变形中流动应力的影响,导出了包含晶粒长大和孔洞长大影响的超塑性本构关系;提出了测定超塑材料摩擦系数的理论校准曲线和应变速率敏感性指数的变截面拉伸试验法;开发了带有动凸模的微机控制的1000kN超塑成形机,研制了当时国内最大的微机控制的5000kN超塑成形机;在模具型腔超塑成形研究方面,成功挤压了130型汽车连杆锻模,是迄今为止尺寸最大的超塑成形模具钢型腔。     

Deformation characteristics and cavitation during multiaxial blow forming in superplastic 8090 alloy

This work examined the effect of multiaxial stress on deformation characteristics of a superplastic aluminum alloy 8090 by deforming the sheet into a die with a cylindrical cavity. Several interrupted tests were performed to bulge the sheets to various depths for different strain rates, the formed parts were utilized to evaluate the deformation status, thickness distribution, local strain states, and cavitation. It was found that evolution of cavity volume fraction with forming time could be related to the thinning behavior of the deformed sheet during forming. Decrease in cavity volume fraction at the central region was observed in the later stage of forming as the thickness of the deformed sheet remained constant for all test forming rates.     

镁合金超塑性变形的损伤演化效应

研究了AZ31B镁合金板材超塑性变形时的空洞损伤,对拉伸试样在超塑性变形各阶段轴剖面的空洞进行了观察,通过对空洞演化的分析建立了空洞体积分数与变形程度的定量关系,并推导出基于微损伤演化规律及统计细观损伤力学的损伤演化方程,通过试验得到适用于AZ31B镁合金板材超塑性变形损伤演化的特征参数C1、C2和损伤变量临界值DC.     

Cavity formation and early growth in a superplastic Al–Mg alloy

Knowledge of the exact physical mechanism of cavity formation and early growth is important for the prediction of the extent of internal damage following superplastic deformation. To this end, the early stages of cavitation in a superplastic Al–Mg–Mn–Cu alloy have been experimentally studied and reported here. Small cavities (<0.5 μm) were detected by scanning electron microscopy and the number of cavities per unit volume was monitored by image analysis through optical microscopy. Before deformation, some cavities were seen at the particle–matrix interfaces. However, during tensile deformation in the temperature range of 450–550°C (and strain rates ∼10⁻⁴ to 10⁻² s⁻¹), additional cavities emerge and grow. Most cavities are observed at the interface between particles and the matrix from submicrometer size range, and grow initially along the interface. This suggests that early cavity growth is by matrix/particle decohesion, possibly starting from interfacial defects, and this growth has rapid kinetics. The density of observable cavities increases with strain, i.e. “nucleation” is continuous. The number of cavities increases at higher strain rates and at lower test temperatures. This is due to the higher flow stresses, reduced strain-rate sensitivity and poorer diffusional accommodation process, which assist in the initial growth of the submicrometer and nanoscale interface defects. But the evidence for diffusional cavity growth in the initial stages was not found.     

LY12铝合金在超塑性变形中的空洞行为

通过单向超塑性拉伸试验,研究了供应态LY12铝合金棒材超塑性变形中空洞的形成和发展过程及其应变速率对空洞演变的影响、空洞对超塑性变形能力的影响等。研究结果表明,供应态LY12铝合金在超塑性变形过程中产生的空洞主要是O型和V型空洞,分别产生于三叉晶界处、第二相粒子附近和晶界内,这些空洞可能导致晶界的不协调滑动;在低应变速率条件下,由于粘性层较厚,使晶界滑移很容易进行,LY12铝合金的超塑性变形能力较高,但试样断面上产生较多的空洞,使试样室温性能恶化;在高应变速率条件下,LY12铝合金具有较好的超塑性和室温性能。分析认为,在高应变速率条件下,晶界上的粘性层很薄,在晶粒的相互挤压和转动中很容易细化,使材料的超塑性变形能力增强;在超塑性变形中的空洞,可以看成是保证得到高塑性所必需的组织成分。一定程度的空洞并呈细小而分散状独立存在时,对晶界滑动是非常有利的。     

SuperplaSticity and superplastic instability of AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet

1 Introduction Due to its light mass, high specific strength, good damping characteristics, strong thermo-conductivity and electromagnetic shielding, magnesium alloys have been regarded as “the green material” with the greatest application potential in …     

温轧态Al—Li—Cu—Mg—Zr合金超塑变形后空洞行为与残余强度的研究

研究了温轧态Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Zr合金经不同拉伸条件超塑变形后残余强度及其与空洞行为的关系结果表明在一定应变量范围内,以高的应变速率变形的试样比以低的应变速率变形的试样空洞少,残余强度高;在变形到较大的应变量时,先快后慢的两段速率拉伸变形与一段速率拉伸相比,试样中空洞少,残余强度高结合该合金变形初期发生的形变促使连续再结晶过程,讨论了拉伸条件与空洞行为及残余强度的关系     

Extrusion-like chip formation mechanism and its role in suppressing void nucleation

The mechanism of chip formation transforms from concentrated shearing to an extrusion-like behavior at a critical combination of undeformed chip thickness and tool edge radius. Finite element analysis shows that material is removed by severe deviatoric stress within the boundary of elastic-plastic deformation during extrusion-like chip formation while this boundary is constantly redistributed to accommodate chip growth. Simultaneously, the deformation region is contained within active compressive components and hydrostatic pressure as chips are extruded. Under such operating conditions, void nucleation is prevented according to the Le-Chatelier's principle. Exceptional surface finish was produced experimentally through the extrusion-like chip formation mechanism.     

On the applicability of a mesoscopic interface sliding controlled model for understanding superplastic flow in bulk metallic glasses

It is demonstrated that a mesoscopic interface sliding controlled flow model, which has already been shown to account for superplastic deformation in different types of crystalline materials, is also capable of describing superplastic flow in bulk metallic glasses. The only difference is that the random high-angle grain boundaries in crystalline materials along which deformation is concentrated, have to be replaced by the transient interfaces which are formed by interconnecting shear transformation zones in the region of homogeneous flow in bulk metallic glasses. Comparison with experimental results concerning superplastic flow in eight bulk metallic glasses shows that the numerical solutions obtained in the paper for the transcendental stress–strain rate equation of superplastic deformation lead to accurate predictions.     

Al-Mg合金动态再结晶诱发超塑性时的空洞行为

在Ａｌ－Ｍｇ合金超塑变形过程中,发现了一类反常的空洞演化规律,也就是空洞随真应变的增加而呈现“波浪型”的演化规律。通过对微观组织特征和力学性能曲线的综合分析,认为这种特殊的空洞演化规律,主要是动态再结晶所致,也就是动态再结晶对空洞生长具有抑制作用。通过对空洞形貌的定量图像分析,还得到了新的空洞演化模型。