体外模拟法测定婴儿奶粉中蛋白质的消化率

采用体外模拟的方法测定了婴儿奶粉中蛋白质的消化率。此法的重现性试验的相对标准偏差为1．73％，表明重现性较好。测定结果表明：各种不同原料间蛋白质的消化率差异显差。此法快速，简便，重现性好，可应用于婴儿食品质量的评定。     

Influence of bioprocessing treatments on phytochemical and functional properties,in vitro digestibility,protein secondary structure and morphological characteristics of Indian barnyard millet flour

The objective of the present investigation was to assess the effects of different bioprocessing treatments on Indian barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea) at preliminary optimised conditions including soaking (12 h at 25 °C), germination (48 h at 25 °C), lactic acid fermentation (20 h at 38 °C) and combination of aforesaid treatments. Anti-nutritional factors were significantly (P < 0.05) lowered (5–70% reduction) during different treatments. Enhanced enzymatic activity further resulted in liberation of bound phytochemical compounds (phenolic acid and flavonoids) in addition to their synthesis, which enhanced the antioxidant potential by several folds. Variation in the hydrophobic-hydrophilic characteristics of barnyard millet flour during given treatments modified the techno-functionality in terms of hydration properties, surface characteristics, gelation and tristimulus colour parameters. In vitro starch and protein digestibility were significantly (P < 0.05) improved from 6.49 to 23.65 mg maltose released per 100 g and 72.21 to 80.48 g hydrolysed protein per 100 g, respectively. Morphological changes as revealed by scanning electron microscopy showed that bioprocessing of barnyard millet flour disrupted the starch-protein matrix, cell wall constituents and starch-fibre association which made the protein and starch molecules susceptible to in vitro digestibility conditions. Further, Pearson’s correlation matrix was employed to determine the relationship among different observations.     

Supplementation of pearl millet flour with soybean protein: effect of cooking on in vitro protein digestibility and essential amino acids composition

In vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) and amino acids profile of pearl millet (Dempy cultivar) supplemented with soybean protein (5–15%) were investigated. Supplementation of dempy flour with soybean protein steadily decreased IVPD with increasing the portion of soybean in the blend. The in vitro protein digestibilities of the cooked supplemented dempy flours were higher when compared with the raw ones, whereas the highest value was that of the 5% soybean protein. All essential amino acids of dempy flour were enriched on supplementation with soybean protein. The levels of amino acids increased with increasing the amount of soybean protein in the blend. Essential amino acids in dempy supplemented with 15% soybean are comparable to those in the FAO reference pattern. Supplementation increased significantly lysine to 1.5–2.4 folds. Essential amino acids content remained higher in the cooked composite flours when compared with the cooked native dempy flour.     

In vitro digestibility of protein and amino acids in protein mixtures

Six protein sources, casein, field peas, peanut meal, wheat flour, rapeseed and soya bean concentrate and their blends (ratio 1:1) were subjected to in vitro enzymic digestion. Wheat flour had the lowest in vitro digestibility (30% in 6 h) while the other sources had similar digestibilities (40%). Basic and aromatic amino acids were the most readily liberated from these protein sources. Some protein combinations, such as a rapeseed/field pea blend, gave in vitro digestibilities higher than calculated from individual proteins. The type of response observed could not be predicted from either nitrogen digestibility or amino acid composition of the individual sources. The digestibility of some amino acids was modified and this could be due to varying affinity of digestive enzymes for the protein.     

Effect of extrusion on in situ ruminal protein degradability and in vitro digestibility of undegraded protein from different feedstuffs

BACKGROUND: The effect of extruding maize, barley, whole soybean (WSB), peas, lupins and soybean meal (SBM) on their in situ ruminal protein degradability and in vitro digestibility of the rumen undegraded protein (RUP) was studied. Two mixtures containing 0.75 WSB or lupins and 0.25 maize were also formulated. RESULTS: Extrusion of maize resulted in an increase of its effective protein degradability from 0.538 to 0.734 (P < 0.001), whereas the opposite occurred with barley (from 0.854 to 0.797; P < 0.001). Extrusion increased the in vitro digestibility of the RUP of both cereals, increasing therefore the amount of barley crude protein (CP) digested in the intestines (PDI) from 62 to 176 g kg^?1 CP (P < 0.01), whereas maize resulted in lower (332 versus 229 g kg^?1 CP; P < 0.01). Extrusion decreased (P < 0.001) the protein degradability of the three legume seeds and increased (P < 0.001) the in vitro digestibility of the RUP, resulting in a PDI increase (P < 0.001), from 60 to 367 g kg^?1 CP for peas, from 69 to 265 g kg^?1 CP for WSB and from 107 to 205 g kg^?1 CP for lupins. This effect was enhanced when WSB was extruded jointly with maize. The extrusion of SBM also resulted in an increase in the PDI from 296 to 384 g kg^?1 CP (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Extrusion decreases the rumen protein degradability of legume seeds, soybean meal and barley, and increases the digestibility of the RUP, resulting in an increase in the feed protein digested in intestine. The extrusion of soybean seeds together with maize enhances these effects. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Walnuts (Juglans regia L): proximate composition,protein solubility,protein amino acid composition and protein in vitro digestibility

Walnuts contained 16.66% protein and 66.90% lipids on a dry weight basis. Non‐protein nitrogen values ranged from 6.24 to 8.45% of the total nitrogen when the trichloroacetic acid concentration was varied within the range 0.25–1.0 M . Albumin, globulin, prolamin and glutelin respectively accounted for 6.81, 17.57, 5.33 and 70.11% of the total walnut proteins. Walnut proteins were minimally soluble at pH 4.0. The majority of total walnut protein polypeptides had estimated molecular weights in the range 12 000–67 000. The Stokes radius of the major protein in walnuts (glutelin fraction) was 66.44 ± 1.39 Å. Lysine was the first limiting essential amino acid in total walnut proteins as well as in the globulin and glutelin fractions. Leucine and methionine plus cysteine were the second limiting essential amino acids respectively for the prolamin and albumin fractions. Hydrophobic and acidic amino acids dominated the amino acid composition in all protein fractions. Native and heat‐denatured walnut glutelins were easily hydrolysed by trypsin, chymotrypsin and pepsin in vitro. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

NaCl对热诱导牛肉肌原纤维蛋白氧化及消化率的影响

摘 要: 目的 分析不同盐浓度下肌原纤维蛋白氧化和消化率的变化规律。方法 以加热后的牛肉肌原纤维蛋白为研究对象, 探究不同NaCl浓度(0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8 mol/L)对其氧化程度的影响, 并采用体外模拟消化试验, 分析不同NaCl浓度对热诱导牛肉肌原纤维蛋白(85℃水浴)消化率的影响。结果 NaCl会造成肌原纤维蛋白氧化且可显著提高肌原纤维蛋白消化率。当NaCl浓度从0逐渐增加到0.8 mol/L时, 肌原纤维蛋白消化率表现为先升高后降低的趋势, 当浓度达到0.4 mol/L时其消化率达到最高的79.78%, 较0 mol/L的55.37%提高了0.45倍。羰基、活性巯基、多肽释放量和游离氨基酸的含量也保持相同趋势, 在NaCl浓度达到0.4 mol/L时, 羰基含量高达7.95 nmol/mg prot,活性巯基含量高达0.42mmol/g,多肽含量达到最高3.475 mg/mL, 游离氨基酸含量达到4740.23 μg/mL。结论 NaCl会造成蛋白质氧化, 适度的NaCl可以促进热诱导牛肉肌原纤维蛋白的消化吸收, NaCl浓度为0.4 mol/L时消化率达到最高。该结果对研究低钠肉制品具有一定指导意义。     

Determination of formulation and processing factors affecting slowly digestible starch,protein digestibility and antioxidant capacity of extruded sorghum–maize composite flour

High‐temperature high‐pressure extrusion of sorghum–maize composite flour, of potential for healthy food manufacture, was investigated by factorial experimental design to determine the effect of level of sorghum in dry mix (15–60%); final barrel zone temperature (120–150 °C); total moisture in barrel (21.4–25.8%); total input rate (2.3–6.8 kg h^?1); and screw speed (250–450 rpm) on extrudate slowly digestible starch (SDS), phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, protein digestibility, density and expansion ratio. Extrudate SDS increased with increasing sorghum level and decreased as the barrel temperature increased. Total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity were positively associated with sorghum level. Protein digestibility was associated negatively with sorghum level and positively with barrel temperature. Extrudate density was associated positively with total moisture and negatively with barrel temperature and input rate. Sorghum in dry mix, final barrel zone temperature and total moisture in barrel were the three most significant independent variables influencing extrudate dependant variables.     

瓜尔胶对木薯淀粉消化性、糊化特性、水分运动性的影响

研究瓜尔胶对木薯淀粉消化性的影响,采用Englyst法测定淀粉的消化性,比较与分析了瓜尔胶/木薯淀粉体系的糊化特性、水分运动性、微观结构的差异,从而探究瓜尔胶对木薯淀粉消化性的影响机理。结果表明:瓜尔胶添加量较低时,糊化后冷却至37℃的体系结构疏松、具有较高的水分运动性,瓜尔胶促进淀粉的酶解,抗消化淀粉含量较低;继续提高瓜尔胶添加量时,糊化后冷却至37℃的体系结构越加紧密、水分运动性降低,瓜尔胶形成空间位阻,降低酶与底物的可及性,瓜尔胶反而抑制淀粉的酶解,抗消化淀粉含量较高。      

Sensory,functional characteristics and in vitro digestibility of snacks supplemented with non-traditional ingredient raw and processed fenugreek

Fenugreek seeds were germinated, soaked and roasted and were evaluated for nutritional properties. Raw and processed fenugreek seeds were used to develop snack product. Snacks were examined for the sensorial, functional, antinutritional properties and in vitro digestibility. Using sensory analysis, 5% level of substitution of raw and processed fenugreek was accepted for the development of extruded snacks. Lateral expansion was highest for snacks prepared from processed fenugreek (163.0% to 206.1%) than raw fenugreek (162.5 to 168.7%), and vice versa for bulk density. The antioxidant activity and total phenolic content were highest for snacks prepared from germinated fenugreek (7.30% to 9.87% and 1.352 to 3.561 mg GAE g⁻¹ of sample) and lowest for snacks prepared from raw fenugreek (6.68% to 7.03% and 1.29 to 2.76 mg GAE g⁻¹ of sample). Not only extrusion but also processing such as soaking, roasting and germination reduced the antinutritional content of the snack product. Both in vitro digestibilities increased with extrusion cooking. In vitro digestibility was also found to be higher in snacks prepared from processed fenugreek than raw fenugreek. Therefore, development of such functional foods using processed fenugreek would raise the consumer demand and benefit the population by increasing the health status.     

双螺杆挤压对花生蛋白体外消化率影响研究

采用双螺杆挤压技术,研究喂料速度、物料含水量、螺杆转速、挤压温度对花生蛋白体外消化率影响。在单因素试验基础上,通过二次通用旋转试验确定花生蛋白体外消化率最佳挤压工艺条件:喂料速度0.3kg/min、物料含水量37.5%、螺杆转速130r/min、挤压温度145℃,在该工艺条件下,花生蛋白体外消化率可达93.91%。     

Amino acid profile,protein digestibility,thermal and functional properties of Conophor nut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) defatted flour,protein concentrate and isolates

Functional properties, amino acid compositions, in vitro protein digestibility, electrophoretic and thermal characteristics of conophor defatted flour (CDF), conophor protein concentrate (CPC), isoelectric protein isolate (CII) and neutral protein isolate (CNI) were evaluated. The isolates (CII and CNI) showed significantly lower (P < 0.05) water and oil absorption capacities, emulsifying and gelling capacities, but higher emulsion stability and foaming capacity. In vitro protein digestibility, enthalpy and denaturation temperature varied between 52.28% and 73.4%, 1.62–4.04 J g^?1 protein and 79.7–89.3 °C, respectively. The native proteins were comprised of subunits with molecular weights ranging between 15.3 and 129.3 kDa. The major amino acids in all the samples were aspartic acid, glutamic acid and arginine, whereas the percentages of essential amino acids in CDF, CPC, CII and CNI were 39.35%, 40.46%, 44.54% and 46.04%, respectively. Conophor protein products could be used as functional ingredients in food formulations and for enriching low quality protein diets.     

挤压膨化对大米粉糊化度及蛋白质体外消化率的影响

以大米粉为原料,采用挤压膨化法研究挤压膨化对大米粉糊化度及蛋白质体外消化率的影响,通过单因素及正交实验分析了物料含水量、螺杆转速、第五区温度对大米粉糊化度及蛋白质体外消化率的影响,分析得出挤压膨化大米粉的最佳参数为:物料含水量为18%,螺杆转速为190 r/min,第五区温度为190℃;在此实验条件下进行验证实验,糊化度为90.72%,蛋白质体外消化率为82.80%,挤压膨化后大米粉蛋白质体外消化率比未经挤压处理的大米粉蛋白质体外消化率提高了10.31%。本研究为大米精深加工提供一定的参考。      

鲢鱼酶解物对冻融鱼糜制品品质及其蛋白质体外消化率的影响

选择复合蛋白酶水解鲢鱼制酶解产物,以添加了商业抗冻剂(商抗,4%蔗糖+4%山梨醇)的鱼糜制品作对照,综合评价添加了鲢鱼酶解产物的鱼糜制品冻融前后品质及其蛋白质体外消化率的变化。试验结果表明:冻融后,鱼糜制品中添加2%的酶解产物可以增加鱼糜凝胶持水性,降低蒸煮损失,并且不会导致鱼糜制品带上酶解产物本身的淡黄色;同时,2%酶解产物添加组能有效减缓鱼糜制品凝胶强度、硬度和弹性的降低及其蛋白质消化率的下降程度;2%酶解产物添加组在冻融前后感官评分均较高,酶解产物的添加避免了商业抗冻剂给产品带来的明显甜味。研究表明,鲢鱼酶解产物可作为潜在的抗冻剂应用于鱼糜及其制品的工业化生产。     

Physicochemical properties,anti-nutritional and bioactive constituents,in vitro digestibility,and techno-functional properties of bioprocessed whole wheat flour

This study investigated the impact of bioprocessing techniques (germination, solid-state fermentation, the combination of germination, and solid-state fermentation) on the physicochemical properties, anti-nutritional and bioactive constituents, in vitro digestibility, and techno-functional properties of whole wheat grains were investigated. Bioprocessed whole wheat flour (WWF) samples and the raw flour (control) were prepared using standard procedures. Proximate, anti-nutritional, mineral and amino acid (AA) compositions, protein digestibility, antioxidant activities, starch characteristics, and techno-functional properties were studied using standard methods. The bioprocessing methods increased (p ≤ 0.05) the protein (13.37–16.84 g/100 g), total dietary fiber, mineral constituents, resistant starch (7.19–9.87 g/100 g), slowly digestible starch, phenolic content, antioxidant activities (ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity), most AAs, and protein digestibility. Also observed were decreases (p ≤ 0.05) in rapidly digestible starch, phytic acid, tannin, and trypsin inhibitor activity. The adopted bioprocessing techniques modified the thermal, functional, color, and pasting properties of the WWF and resulted in molecular interactions in some functional groups, as revealed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, compared to the raw flour. The combination of germination and fermentation improved the physicochemical (titratable acidity = 4.93%), protein (16.84/100 g) and starch digestibility (resistant starch = 9.87%), antioxidant (FRAP = 78.90 mg/GAE/100 g), and mineral contents (calcium = 195.28 mg/100 g), modified the pasting (peak viscosity = 90.34 RVU), thermal (peak temperature = 64.82°C), and color properties of WWF with reduced anti-nutritional factors. The combination of these processing techniques could serve as a natural and low-cost technique for the modification of whole wheat functionality and subsequently as an improved functional ingredient during food product development.     

脱酰胺处理对不同谷物蛋白体外消化率的影响

脱酰胺处理是蛋白质改性一种方式,经脱酰胺后,蛋白的理化性质和营养性质都会发生改变。本实验研究了酸法脱酰胺处理对大米、小麦、玉米蛋白体外消化率的影响,并从蛋白质的溶解度、表面疏水性、巯基和二硫键含量以及超微结构等理化性质方面来探究脱酰胺影响体外消化率的作用机理。试验结果表明:随着脱酰胺程度的加大,大米蛋白、小麦蛋白和玉米蛋白质巯基和二硫键之间的相互转化不明显(P0.05),两者的含量基本维持不变;三种谷物蛋白的溶解度在胃蛋白酶最适p H 1.5和胰蛋白酶最适p H 7的条件下逐渐增大;蛋白质的表面疏水性随脱酰胺度的增加逐渐减小;体外消化率也分别从原来的66.5%、79.5%和78.5%提高到了79.5%、89.0%、和89.2%,超微结构从原来的致密聚集变得多孔疏松,更利于蛋白质的消化。     

环氧氯丙烷交联淀粉的制备及其体外消化性能的研究

以环氧氯丙烷为交联剂,制备土豆交联淀粉。用正交实验考察环氧氯丙烷用量、氢氧化钠用量、反应温度和反应时间四个因素对交联度的影响,确定最佳工艺条件,并对体外消化条件进行优化,对不同交联度淀粉的消化速度进行研究。体外淀粉消化条件的优化实验显示,消化产物测定的最佳条件为：波长485nm,显色温度100℃,显色时间30min,葡萄糖浓度范围0～80μg/mL,其回归方程为y=0.0044x-0.005,R2=0.9988,且样品溶液在2h内显色稳定。各因素对交联淀粉制备影响的重要性依次为环氧氯丙烷用量、氢氧化钠用量、温度及反应时间;最佳工艺条件为：以50g土豆淀粉计,环氧氯丙烷用量为1.00mL,氢氧化钠用量为0.75g,温度50℃,时间6h,土豆交联淀粉和交联前相比,消化性降低了13.7%～34.5%,且与交联度呈负相关。     

马铃薯抗性淀粉结构特征及体外消化特性的研究

目的 研究马铃薯抗性淀粉的结构特征与体外消化特性.方法 以马铃薯淀粉为对照,采用红外光谱仪、X射线衍射仪技术(X-ray diffraction,XRD)、差示扫描量热法(differential scanning calorimetry,DSC)等手段研究马铃薯抗性淀粉的碘吸收特性、颗粒形貌、晶型结构形态、热特性.通...