野外便携式方向反射比测量系统及其应用

为满足风云系列静止气象卫星可见光近红外通道在大观测天顶角(45°)下进行场地定标的需求,设计了一套方向地表反射比测量杆(DREMP)并据此搭建了野外便携式方向反射比测量系统。系统由DREMP和光谱辐射亮度计、参考板3部分组成,可在2h内完成野外10km×10km范围内多于10个采样点的测量。使用野外便携式方向反射比测量系统在2009年中国遥感卫星辐射校正场敦煌场定标试验中完成了2天(8月28日和8月29日)22个采样点的测量,使用测量结果对AMBRALSBRDF模型准确性进行了检验,并对模型计算的卫星过境时刻方向反射比进行了修正。结果证明了AMBRALSBRDF模型的准确性在2.5%以内;显示了使用野外便携式方向反射比测量系统可使定标算法的精度和稳定性得到提高。     

FY-3A紫外臭氧垂直探测仪数据预处理及验证

开发了提取FY-3A紫外臭氧垂直探测仪遥感数据并进行处理的星上数据预处理软件。预处理包括引入仪器光谱响应度地面辐射定标数据,进行角度响应修正、非线性修正、换档比及漫反板衰减修正等。介绍了软件修正功能的原理,结合紫外臭氧垂直探测仪的在轨测量模式建立了相应数据修正算法和模型,并将修正算法和模型转化为功能丰富的星上数据预处理软件。使用该软件得到了在轨测试的太阳紫外光谱预处理数据,并以此为例给出了验证结果。分析比对表明,FY-3A星紫外臭氧垂直探测仪的全部软件功能均已得到实现,所测太阳紫外光谱与国外仪器数据比对其一致性达到±5%以内,验证了数据预处理软件的正确性。     

FY-3C/可见光红外扫描辐射计中红外通道太阳污染的识别和修正

基于风云-3C/可见光红外扫描辐射计(FY-3/CVIRR)的中红外通道(3.7μm)的太阳污染现象和发生规律,分析了太阳污染出现的时空特征,提出了初步判识并修正北半球太阳污染数据的方法,并就太阳污染对定标系数和黑体亮温的影响做了定量的评估。结果表明,对于FY-3C/VIRR的中红外通道,太阳光线照射到定标黑体时所形成的北半球高纬度太阳污染主要出现在太阳天顶角在85°~118°之间的位置时;由太阳污染导致的该区域地球观测亮温日平均偏差为4.5K左右,最大偏差达到15K左右。通过对逐日太阳污染数据进行识别,并采用污染前后定标系数进行线性求差值,可以初步修正太阳污染对定标系数带来的异常影响。     

太阳漫反射板衰减监测辐射计的设计及性能评估

论述了太阳漫射板星上定标原理,研究了太阳漫射板衰减监测方法。针对星上太阳漫反射板双向反射分布函数(BRDF)的衰变,设计了以太阳为参照,通过与星上漫反射板反射辐射量比对测量实现监测功能的多波段星上漫反射板衰减监测辐射计(SDDM)。介绍了星上定标与漫射板监测的关系,设计了SDDM积分球两开口入光+挡板的光机结构,消除了入射光角度变化与探测器响应的相关性。根据光机结构设置的监测过程,给出了SDDM的监测物理模型,并对SDDM滤光片探测器动态范围设置及信噪比进行了验证和分析。在实验室模拟了太阳照射SDDM太阳观测端口的角度变化,对其透过率模型进行了多次重复测量,结合漫射板相对双向反射比因子(BRF)测量不确定度、卫星姿态及漫射板安装误差进行分析,得到SDDM测量的漫射板监测不确定度优于0.88%。     

基于多种亮度稳定目标的FY-3C/中分辨率光谱成像仪的反射太阳波段辐射定标

分析研究了风云-3C中分辨率光谱成像仪(FY-3C/MERSI)发射一年以来反射太阳波段的辐射定标精度,利用位于全球范围内的沙漠、盐湖等12种亮度稳定目标,结合中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)的地表和大气参数产品和大气辐射传输模型,计算出了卫星过境时刻入瞳处的波段反射率,并将其作为在轨绝对辐射定标精度检验的参考真值,对2014年1月~10月期间,FY-3C/MERSI反射太阳波段的辐射定标精度进行了验证分析。结果表明,FY-3C/MERSI大部分波段在高低端的定标精度大小不一致。有些波段明显呈现高端定标偏差大,低端定标偏差小的特点;有些波段呈现高、低端定标偏差大,中间低的特点。在仪器发射一年以来,波段1~4,9~11,15~16和波段19仍能保持5%的定标精度。各波段定标精度的时间变化表明:在整个研究时期内,除蓝光波段和水汽吸收波段,其他波段的定标精度变化幅度基本在5%以内。实验结果显示:使用沙漠及盐湖等多种亮度稳定目标,有效地掌握了更宽动态范围内FY-3C/MERSI的辐射定标精度情况。     

FY-3C MERSI太阳反射波段的交叉定标

为了实现中分辨率光谱成像仪(Medium Resolution Spectral Imager,MERSI)太阳反射波段的星上绝对辐射定标,本文采用国际通用的6个北非沙漠目标即伪不变目标,以高质量的SeaWiFS数据为参考,对FY-3C MERSI数据进行交叉定标。首先利用高质量的SeaWiFS数据构建天顶双向反射分布函数模型;其次,构建两个传感器的参数化光谱匹配因子;最后,基于前两部分工作进行交叉定标。本文构建的天顶反射模型可以准确地表达伪不变目标的天顶反射率,波段预测误差基本都在3%之内;考虑观测几何条件和吸收气体含量的参数化光谱匹配因子可以有效地预测MERSI的天顶反射率;交叉定标结果的时间序列十分稳定且无明显趋势,与伪不变目标的天顶辐射信号长期稳定且规律性变化的特点相一致,与L1定标结果存在一个系统偏差。该方法充分考虑和解决了交叉定标研究中轨道漂移、观测几何条件和光谱响应差异带来的不确定性问题,能够对卫星辐射性能进行有效的在轨监测和订正。     

星载成像仪观月数据提取和辐照度转换方法研究

为了实现星载成像仪的月球绝对辐射定标,在轨对月观测数据的预处理环节需要完成两方面的任务:一是从全部的冷空视场数据中,准确判识出月亮进入冷空视场的时刻;二是将对月观测原始计数值换算为全圆盘辐照度,以便与月球辐射模型比较。具体到中分辨率光谱成像仪(MERSI),本文从MERSI观测模式出发构建出月亮进入冷空视场的阈值判识模型。根据MERSI对月观测的成像几何和定标公式,分别以单探元多帧扫描图像和多探元单帧扫描图像为基础,构建出月球全圆盘辐照度算法。结果显示,阈值判识模型可以实现从平均约30d的观测数据中,准确标记出约1min的月亮图像数据。两种计算辐照度的方法得到的辐照度平均差异约0.9%。所提方法可以将原始的对月观测数据计算为辐照度值,为进一步的绝对辐射定标及误差分析提供基础,同时,也可以为类似的成像遥感器的月亮定标工作提供参考。     

应用内外定标修正实现红外测量系统辐射定标

由于现有的大口径短波红外测量系统的辐射定标需要制备大口径红外平行光管,不仅机动性差且成本较高,故提出了一种基于内、外定标修正的辐射定标新方法。该方法将一个中、高温腔型黑体置于红外系统内部,通过切换反射镜,将中、高温腔型黑体辐射引入红外光学系统,并对部分光路进行中、高温段的内定标。然后,使用大面源黑体对全系统进行中温段的外定标;提取并处理公共温度范围的内、外定标数据以获取内、外定标之间的修正系数。最后,对中、高温段的内定标数据进行修正从而获取全系统的辐射定标数据。使用该方法对某Φ400mm口径的红外测量系统进行了辐射定标,并根据定标结果反演了黑体的辐射亮度和温度。结果显示:辐射亮度反演的最大误差为1.67%,温度反演的最大误差为1.02℃。实验结果证明了该方法可以准确、有效地对大口径短波红外测量系统进行辐射定标。     

探空温度传感器的太阳辐射误差修正方法研究

由于太阳辐射的影响,探空温度传感器高空测量时的辐射误差可达3 K量级。为提高传感器测量精度,提出一种太阳辐射误差修正方法。首先通过计算流体动力学(CFD)方法计算珠状热敏电阻的太阳辐射误差,然后采用准牛顿法(BFGS)拟合仿真数据并得到太阳辐射误差修正方程,最后通过低气压风洞和太阳模拟器实验平台对修正方程的准确性进行验证。实验结果表明,在太阳高度角和海拔高度范围分别为0°～60°和10～32 km时,珠状热敏电阻辐射误差修正值与实验测量值之间差值的平均值为0.124 K,均方根误差为0.083 K,验证了辐射误差修正方法的可行性。     

可在轨溯源的太阳反射波段光学遥感仪器辐射定标基准传递链路

分析了现行光学遥感仪器辐射定标方法的局限性,以满足定量化遥感的精度及多数据融合比对研究的需求。设计了以空间低温辐射计为初级辐射基准,以太阳为光源,包括太阳单色仪、太阳光谱仪、传递辐射计、太阳漫反射板等组件在内的可在轨溯源的光学遥感仪器辐射定标基准传递链路。首先以低温辐射计和太阳光源建立的光谱辐射基准定标传递辐射计和太阳光谱仪;然后利用传递辐射计定标太阳漫反射板,建立对地光谱辐亮度基准;继而将基准传递至地球光谱成像仪作为对地观测标准,从而实现对其它卫星光学遥感器的交叉定标。对光学遥感仪器辐射定标基准传递链路各个环节的分析显示,辐射定标基准传递链路的测量相对不确定度为0.75%。结果表明,以此辐射基准传递链路构建覆盖我国空天一体的遥感定标网络可为建立平行于地面基准体系的空间数据质量保障体系奠定技术基础。     

Measuring the density of a molecular cluster injector via visible emission from an electron beam

A method to measure the density distribution of a dense hydrogen gas jet is presented. A Mach 5.5 nozzle is cooled to 80 K to form a flow capable of molecular cluster formation. A 250 V, 10 mA electron beam collides with the jet and produces H(α) emission that is viewed by a fast camera. The high density of the jet, several 10(16)?cm(-3), results in substantial electron depletion, which attenuates the H(α) emission. The attenuated emission measurement, combined with a simplified electron-molecule collision model, allows us to determine the molecular density profile via a simple iterative calculation.     

Performance of visible and mid-infrared scattering-type near-field optical microscopes

We describe the principles of two scattering‐type near‐field optical microscopes (s‐SNOMs), one operating at 633 nm wavelength, the other at selectable wavelengths in the range 7.3–11.3 µm, and compare the measurement experience. Both use interferometric detection of scattered radiation, and are therefore capable of amplitude and phase‐contrast imaging. In this study both instruments use the same or even identical commercial probe tips, and measure a single, three‐component, test sample. Our results show that the imaging process of s‐SNOM is wavelength‐independent, namely, that the resolution is determined by the properties of the tip only, and that the contrast is given by the complex refractive index of the sample, predictable from a simple, analytical model of tip–sample interaction. A novel, ‘edge‐darkening’ artefact is described which may appear in s‐SNOM and that is wavelength‐independent.     

可见光通信与双目视觉的室内定位

提出一种基于可见光通信与双目视觉测量的高精度室内定位方法,旨在为室内移动机器人提供一种精度高、成本低、不易受干扰的室内定位方案。该方法利用双目视觉传感器对LED光源进行成像测量,利用惯性测量单元传感器记录成像测量的三维姿态角,并通过可见光通信技术获取LED光源的坐标信息,最终计算双目视觉传感器相对于LED光源的三维坐标。根据该方法研制了一款基于可见光通信与成像的定位模块,该模块可以利用单个或两个LED光源进行成像定位。当定位模块采用1280×720分辨率的图像时,在2 m×2 m×3 m室内环境中可实现厘米级移动定位,定位频率大于5 Hz;当利用两个相距60 cm的LED光源进行定位时,在三维方向上的定位误差均小于5 cm,同时能够提供小于1.4°的定向纠正。该方法可以为室内移动机器人提供厘米级定位导航服务。     

In-vivo analysis of angiogenesis and revascularization of transplanted pancreatic islets using confocal microscopy

A technique to measure angiogenesis and revascularization in pancreatic islets transplanted at the renal subcapsular site in the rat has been developed. In-vivo imaging of the microcirculation of transplanted pancreatic islets was conducted using a confocal scanning laser microscope (CSLM) to achieve optical sectioning through the graft in order to perform a computer reconstruction of the three-dimensional neovascular morphology. Individual islets were harvested by enzymatic digestion of excised pancreas from Fischer 344 rats. Isolated islets were cultured for 24 h, and approximately 300–350 islets were transplanted at the renal subcapsular site of the left kidney in an anaesthetized rat. Six to 14 days post-transplantation, the animal was anaesthetized and prepared for in-vivo imaging of the microvasculature on a Zeiss LSM-10. Optical contrast of the microvasculature was enhanced by the administration of fluorescein-labelled dextran into the circulating blood. The transplant site was identified and serial sections were obtained through the vascular bed at varying z-intervals. Complementary fluorescence video images were also obtained via a silicon intensifier tube camera mounted on the CSLM. At completion of the imaging procedure, the kidney was returned into the body cavity, the area was sutured and the animal was allowed to recuperate for subsequent examinations. Image processing algorithms, such as grey-level thresholding, median filtering, skeletonization and template matching, were applied to compute the vessel density and diameters and extrapolated to measure 3-D vessel lengths and the tortousity index of the neovasculature.     

High-throughput accurate-wavelength lens-based visible spectrometer

A scanning visible spectrometer has been prototyped to complement fixed-wavelength transmission grating spectrometers for charge exchange recombination spectroscopy. Fast f/1.8 200 mm commercial lenses are used with a large 2160?mm(-1) grating for high throughput. A stepping-motor controlled sine drive positions the grating, which is mounted on a precision rotary table. A high-resolution optical encoder on the grating stage allows the grating angle to be measured with an absolute accuracy of 0.075 arc sec, corresponding to a wavelength error ≤0.005?A?. At this precision, changes in grating groove density due to thermal expansion and variations in the refractive index of air are important. An automated calibration procedure determines all the relevant spectrometer parameters to high accuracy. Changes in bulk grating temperature, atmospheric temperature, and pressure are monitored between the time of calibration and the time of measurement to ensure a persistent wavelength calibration.     

Five-parameter grain boundary analysis of a grain boundary–engineered austenitic stainless steel

Two different grain boundary engineering processing routes for type 304 austenitic stainless steel have been compared. The processing routes involve the application of a small level of strain (5%) through either cold rolling or uni-axial tensile straining followed by high-temperature annealing. Electron backscatter diffraction and orientation mapping have been used to measure the proportions of Σ3ⁿ boundary types (in coincidence site lattice notation) and degree of random boundary break-up, in order to gain a measure of the success of the two types of grain boundary engineering treatments. The distribution of grain boundary plane crystallography has also been measured and analyzed in detail using the five-parameter stereological method. There were significant differences between the grain boundary population profiles depending on the type of deformation applied.     

An excimer source of visible light

A gas-discharge excimer radiation source in the visible spectral region has been developed on the basis of a mixture of cadmium diiodide vapors and helium excited by a repetitively pulsed barrier discharge. The source radiation spectrum consists mainly of superimposed spectral bands of emission of cadmium iodide in the range 470–700 nm. The mean radiation power from the source surface (114.5 cm²) is 55 W, the pulse power is 105 kW, and the efficiency is ～10%. Approximately 90% of the radiation power is concentrated in the red region, which is much higher than in high-pressure sodium lamps at comparable energies deposited into the working mixtures. Such sources can be used to efficiently control photosynthesis and the growth and development of plants and algae.     

基于压缩感知的红外与可见光图像融合

基于压缩感知理论提出了一种红外与可见光图像的融合新方法。该方法将Contourlet变换(CT)和小波变换(WT)相结合,以进一步增加变换后系数的稀疏性,同时对采样模式和融合规则进行改进。首先对图像进行Contourlet变换,再对各高层分解系数进行正交小波变换;然后使用各层采样率不同的分立双放射形采样矩阵对系数采样,并用不同的规则对各层采样值进行融合;最后使用非线性共轭梯度法重构融合图像。实验结果表明,在采样率为0.5时,本文方法融合图像的细节信息比小波方法和小波变换压缩感知(WTCS)方法更加丰富;在所有采样率上,本文方法的融合效果比WTCS法在互信息、空间频率和融合信息逼真度等客观融合质量评价指标上均提高约10%。     

Fabrication of artificial arteriovenous fistula and analysis of flow field and shear stress by using μ-PIV technology

Radio-cephalic arteriovenous fistula (RC-AVF) is an operation performed to achieve vascular access for hemodialysis. Although RC-AVF is a reliable and well-known method, this technique presents high rates of early failure depending on the vessel condition. These failures are due to blood shear stress around the anastomosis site and the vascular access failure caused by thrombosis secondary to stenosis formation, as well as vascular access reocclusion after percutaneous interventions. In this work, we fabricate in vitro 3D RC-AVF by using polydimethylsiloxane and 3D printing technology to understand the underlying mechanism and predict AVF failure. Micro- Particle image velocimetry (μ-PIV) focusing on the cardiac pulse cycle is used to measure the velocity field within the artificial blood vessel. Results are confirmed by numerical simulation. Accordingly, the in vitro AVF model agrees well with the simulations. Overall, this research would provide the future possibility of using the proposed method to reduce in vivo AVF failure for various conditions.     

S0910型滚动轴承振动测量仪改造的噪声测量仪

对S0910型滚动轴承振动测量仪进行改造,使之成为一种能现场测量滚动轴承噪声的测量仪.详细阐述了对S0910滚动轴承振动测量仪的机械系统和电器系统的改造,重点介绍了隔声系统的结构和作用,最后用改造的噪声测量仪进行滚动轴承噪声测量试验,证明该噪声测量仪有一定的现场测量轴承噪声的能力,但测量范围和精度有待进一步提高.