我国首次明确水权转让费

水利部近日印发的《关于水权转让的若干意见》中明确规定，水权转让费最低限额不得低于对占用的等量水源和相关工程设施进行等效替代的费用，水权转让费必须由受让方承担。     

国际河流开发项目中初始水权分配模型研究

国际河流开发项目中的水权分配还处于理论探索和试点阶段,跨国流域水权分配极易引起上下游国家的矛盾与冲突。目前,国内外普遍主张在水权配置实践中建立一套公平协商机制,然而协商机制周期长、成本高、效率低。在水权分配指标体系中设置了“国际河流水资源利用法律约束限制”和“弱势区域保护度”等能较好体现国际河流水资源分配特点的指标,建立基于TOPSIS法和熵权集成的国际河流水权分配模型。试图对公平协商过程进行理论概括,力争使模型分配结果接近于协商后让不同国家能够普遍接受的配     

信息

我国首次明确水权转让费　　水利部近日印发的《关于水权转让的若干意见》中明确规定,水权转让费最低限额不得低于对占用的等量水源和相关工程设施进行等效替代的费用,水权转让费必须由受让方承担。所谓水权转让费,是指所转让水权的价格和相关补偿。水权转让费的确定应考虑相关工程的建设、更新改造和运行维护,提高供水保障率的成本补偿、生态环境和第三方利益的补偿,转让年限,供水工程水价以及相关费用等多种因素。关于水权转让的年限,《意见》指出,水行政主管部门或流域管理机构要根据水资源管理和配置的要求,综合考虑与水权转让相关的水…     

水冲突视角下的国际河流水权及其分配原则

在对国际河流水权和水权分配等相关概念进行界定的基础上,从避免水资源冲突的角度对国际河流水权制度的演变及其分配原则进行分析,归纳了6个基本分配原则,总结了各种分配原则的特点及适用性,并对国际河流水权分配的发展趋势进行了合理预测。随着全球水资源压力的逐步增大,国际河流水权分配日益受到重视,但其分配原则的适应性与可操作性也需要不断完善与改进,全流域统一分配今后必将逐渐盛行。     

日本水权的功能研究

日本水权体系在惯行水权的基础上发展出了许可水权、公共水权、地下水和温泉水权等组成的复杂体系,日本水权的功能正在呈现出由开放性利用向许可性利用转变、由水资源独占性利用向共同性利用转变、由注重水资源的经济性利用向注重水资源的综合利用转变,对我国当前生态文明建设背景下的水权制度完善具有重要的启示意义。     

温州乐清环河景观设计

自古以来城市与河流结下了不解之缘，城市依水系而发展，商业随水系而繁荣，河流的水源使城市得到了发展，养育了居住在这片土地上的人们。然而，城市的发展，工业的高速运作使得河流的水质与原生态的河流环境状况日益下降。人们希望更大程度地开发和利用河流。     

世界银行——解决中国水稀缺：关于水资源管理若干问题的建议（二）

四．加强水权管理,建立水市场 分配水权、建立水市场可提高中国用水的经济效率,有助于解决其水短缺问题。自2000年以来,中国一直在建立水权管理制度,并在一些试点地区取得了明显的进展。中国已在国家层面初步建立起了水权管理的法律法规和体制框架。但还需要采取进一步的措施以加强水权管理,完善水市场。     

日本地下街的崛起与发展经验探讨

日本地下街在经过七十余年的持续发展后，已经成为日本城市建设一个很独特与重要的商业公共空间，同时在地下街的经营管理、开发规模与法制规定发展上，也取得世界领先的地位，本文回顾了日本地下街的发展过程，同时以日本地下街在管理、开发与营运、内部环境与城市关系等方面的发展经验，分析日本地下街发展而成的特色，以期能够对我国城市管理与地下街开发提供参考。     

日本消防水源管理规定

正日本《消防法》规定:"消防水源设施标准由消防厅提出,消防水源设施由各市、镇、村设置、维修及管理。管道管理者负责管道的设置、维修及管理。"消防长及消防署长对于水池、泉水、井水、储水槽及其他可供消防使用的水源设施,在征得所有者同意后,可指定为消防水源设施,并使之处于     

地下热能的合理应用

1．水源热泵技术概念 水源热泵技术是利用地球表面浅层水源如地下水、河流和湖?白中吸收的太阳能和地热能而形成的低温低位热能资源，并采用热泵原理，通过少量的高位电能输入，实现低位热能向高位热能转移的一种技术。     

Regional water quality management for the Karun–Dez River basin, Iran

To achieve water quality goals in a river basin, a water quality management model (WQMM) has been developed through the geographic information system (GIS) approach and a mathematical water quality model. The developed model has been applied to the Karun and Dez Rivers, where water quality has decreased due to heavy pollutant loads from Khuzestan province cities and surrounding areas. Pollution sources, land use, geographic features and measured water quality data of the river basin were incorporated into the Arc‐View GIS database. With the database, the management model calculated management type and management cost for each management project in the river basin. Until now, river management policy for polluted rivers in Iran first penalizes pollution sources and then constructs treatment plants for the pollution sources whose wastewater is released untreated and for which the wastewater quality goal of the Iranian Department of Environment is not met. Different management projects with a time programme were proposed and they were compared with the results of the river quality without any management approach. It became clear that the results based on the management approach were much better than those for the unmanaged condition from the viewpoint of the achievement of water quality goals and cost optimization.     

泾河平凉段水环境容量分析与对策

水环境容量是衡量一个水域水质状况的重要指标,泾河作为平凉市的主要河流,其环境状况与人们的生产、生活息息相关。将泾河平凉段分为三个控制单元,分别分析其属性和水质达标情况,在对污染源进行调查研究之后,采用一维模型计算其水环境容量,并将其与现行排污量进行比较,得出该流域的剩余水环境容量,同时提出了泾河平凉段水环境治理的具体对策。     

Estimating the effect of water quality on surface water supplies

River quality models derived by regression analysis are often quick and cheap to produce. They can be used as a basis for forecasting river quality and to calculate the effects of water quality constraints on the operation of water supplies drawn from rivers and impoundments. Results for nitrate show that to operate intakes according to river quality is a poor method of controlling quality in impoundments.     

Temporal trend and source apportionment of water pollution in different functional zones of Qiantang River, China

The increasingly serious river water pollution in developing countries poses great threat to environmental health and human welfare. The assignment of river function to specific uses, known as zoning, is a useful tool to reveal variations of water environmental adaptability to human impact. Therefore, characterizing the temporal trend and identifying responsible pollution sources in different functional zones could greatly improve our knowledge about human impacts on the river water environment. The aim of this study is to obtain a deeper understanding of temporal trends and sources of water pollution in different functional zones with a case study of the Qiantang River, China. Measurement data were obtained and pretreated for 13 variables from 41 monitoring sites in four categories of functional zones during the period 1996-2004. An exploratory approach, which combines smoothing and non-parametric statistical tests, was applied to characterize trends of four significant parameters (permanganate index, ammonia nitrogen, total cadmium and fluoride) accounting for differences among different functional zones identified by discriminant analysis. Aided by GIS, yearly pollution index (PI) for each monitoring site was further mapped to compare the within-group variations in temporal dynamics for different functional zones. Rotated principal component analysis and receptor model (absolute principle component score-multiple linear regression, APCS-MLR) revealed that potential pollution sources and their corresponding contributions varied among the four functional zones. Variations of APCS values for each site of one functional zone as well as their annual average values highlighted the uncertainties associated with cross space-time effects in source apportionment. All these results reinforce the notion that the concept of zoning should be taken seriously in water pollution control. Being applicable to other rivers, the framework of management-oriented source apportionment is thus believed to have potentials to offer new insights into water management and advance the source apportionment framework as an operational basis for national and local governments.     

浅析上海水资源状况（上）

上海水资源量来自当地径流、可开采地下水、过境水3个方面,对其水量在时间、空间的分布情况作了详尽介绍,并从骨干河道和湖泊、太湖流域、黄浦江及上游支流、长江河口水等方面分析了上海水质,进而得出上海是个水资源丰沛的城市、有待我们去保护、综合开发和利用水资源的论点.     

圆明三园进出水口探析

圆明三园作为京西海淀山水御园,河网密布,水系勾连,引玉泉山水、万泉河水入园,辅以自有泉水,遂有河湖溪渠,山泉瀑布之胜景。三园周边环绕护园河,外围河水通过水闸、涵洞、暗沟等流入三园,主水自藻园门东进水闸而入,自长春园东墙出水闸闸、七孔闸、绮春园东墙二孔闸、五孔闸出,合“西北为首,东南为尾”之势。由样式雷图及文献可见,三园进出水口数量约30处,起到进水、出水、沟通水系、连接园区的作用,三园进水、出水呈现出相似而又不同的规律。     

Measurement of protein-like fluorescence in river and waste water using a handheld spectrophotometer

Protein-like fluorescence intensity in rivers increases with increasing anthropogenic DOM inputs from sewerage and farm wastes. Here, a portable luminescence spectrophotometer was used to investigate if this technology could be used to provide both field scientists with a rapid pollution monitoring tool and process control engineers with a portable waste water monitoring device, through the measurement of river and waste water tryptophan-like fluorescence from a range of rivers in NE England and from effluents from within two waste water treatment plants. The portable spectrophotometer determined that waste waters and sewerage effluents had the highest tryptophan-like fluorescence intensity, urban streams had an intermediate tryptophan-like fluorescence intensity, and the upstream river samples of good water quality the lowest tryptophan-like fluorescence intensity. Replicate samples demonstrated that fluorescence intensity is reproducible to +/- 20% for low fluorescence, 'clean' river water samples and +/- 5% for urban water and waste waters. Correlations between fluorescence measured by the portable spectrophotometer with a conventional bench machine were 0.91; (Spearman's rho, n = 143), demonstrating that the portable spectrophotometer does correlate with tryptophan-like fluorescence intensity measured using the bench spectrophotometer.     

Delivery and cycling of phosphorus in rivers: a review

Phosphorus (P) supply (concentration and flux) is an important driver for biological activity in flowing waters and needs to be managed to avoid eutrophication impacts associated with urbanisation and agricultural intensification. This paper examines the role of in-stream retention and cycling in regulating river P concentrations in order to better understand the links between P sources and their ecological impacts. In terms of their composition (solubility and concentration), patterns of delivery (mode and timing) and therefore ecological relevance, P sources entering rivers are best grouped into wastewater discharges > runoff from impervious surfaces (roads, farmyards) > runoff from pervious surfaces (forestry, cultivated land and pasture). The localized impacts of soluble P discharges during ecologically sensitive periods can be distinguished from the downstream impacts associated with particulate P discharges under high flows due to the different processes by which these sources are retained, transformed and assimilated within the river channel. The range of physico-chemical processes involved in P cycling and the variable importance of these processes in different river environments according to stream size, stream geomorphology and anthropogenic pressures are summarised. It is concluded that the capacity to retain (process) P within the river channel, and hence regulate the downstream delivery of P without stressing the aquatic communities present, is considerable, especially in headwaters. To help achieve good water quality, there is scope to better manage this ecosystem service through regulation of P supply whilst optimising in-stream P retention according to subsidy-stress theory. Further research is needed to develop in-stream management options for maximising P subsidies and to demonstrate that regulation of downstream P delivery will reduce the incidence of eutrophication in connected waterbodies.     

Sewage-effluent phosphorus: a greater risk to river eutrophication than agricultural phosphorus?

Phosphorus (P) concentrations from water quality monitoring at 54 UK river sites across seven major lowland catchment systems are examined in relation to eutrophication risk and to the relative importance of point and diffuse sources. The over-riding evidence indicates that point (effluent) rather than diffuse (agricultural) sources of phosphorus provide the most significant risk for river eutrophication, even in rural areas with high agricultural phosphorus losses. Traditionally, the relative importance of point and diffuse sources has been assessed from annual P flux budgets, which are often dominated by diffuse inputs in storm runoff from intensively managed agricultural land. However, the ecological risk associated with nuisance algal growth in rivers is largely linked to soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations during times of ecological sensitivity (spring/summer low-flow periods), when biological activity is at its highest. The relationships between SRP and total phosphorus (TP; total dissolved P+suspended particulate P) concentrations within UK rivers are evaluated in relation to flow and boron (B; a tracer of sewage effluent). SRP is the dominant P fraction (average 67% of TP) in all of the rivers monitored, with higher percentages at low flows. In most of the rivers the highest SRP concentrations occur under low-flow conditions and SRP concentrations are diluted as flows increase, which is indicative of point, rather than diffuse, sources. Strong positive correlations between SRP and B (also TP and B) across all the 54 river monitoring sites also confirm the primary importance of point source controls of phosphorus concentrations in these rivers, particularly during spring and summer low flows, which are times of greatest eutrophication risk. Particulate phosphorus (PP) may form a significant proportion of the phosphorus load to rivers, particularly during winter storm events, but this is of questionable relevance for river eutrophication. Although some of the agriculturally derived PP is retained as sediment on the river bed, in most cases this bed sediment showed potential for removal of SRP from the overlying river water during spring and summer low flows. Thus, bed sediments may well be helping to reduce SRP concentrations within the river at times of eutrophication risk. These findings have important implications for targeting environmental management controls for phosphorus more efficiently, in relation to the European Union Water Framework Directive requirements to maintain/improve the ecological quality of impacted lowland rivers. For the UK rivers examined here, our results demonstrate that an important starting point for reducing phosphorus concentrations to the levels approaching those required for ecological improvement, is to obtain better control over point source inputs, particularly small point sources discharging to ecologically sensitive rural/agricultural tributaries.     

Carbon source utilization‐based metabolic activity of Salmonella Oranienburg and Salmonella Saintpaul in river water

The presence of introduced or non‐native bacteria in river water can create a selective pressure due to their ability to overcome fluctuations in physicochemical conditions and carbon source availability. The carbon source concentrations (monosaccharides and polysaccharides), physicochemical parameters (turbidity, total dissolved solids, biochemical oxygen demand, temperature and pH) and metabolic activity of Salmonella Oranienburg and Saintpaul were determined in water from the central Sinaloa state rivers. This study's results revealed that the carbohydrate availability and physicochemical conditions of river water make it a suitable niche for the establishment of Salmonella serotypes. Metabolic profiles showed that Salmonella Typhimurium could consume a wide variety of carbon sources but only at moderate levels; in contrast, Salmonella Oranienburg and Salmonella Saintpaul demonstrated intense carbon source utilization of a limited diversity of carbon sources. Carbohydrates, amino acids and carboxylic acids were the metabolites most utilized by the environmental Salmonella strains, demonstrating their superior ability to adapt to and survive in river water.