不同植物湿地系统对高盐再生水的除氮能力比较

以氮营养物为去除目标，研究了高盐再生水景观河道内的生态砾石床及4种水生植物湿地床的除氮效果。结果表明，单纯的砾石床对高盐再生水的除氮能力比水生植物湿地床的差，在水葱、美人蕉、三棱草和芦苇等4种水生植物湿地床中，以芦苇床的除氮效果最佳；4种植物湿地床对硝态氮的去除效果最好，其次是对总氮的去除效果，对氨氮的去除效果则较差；进水中总氮和氨氮负荷的变化对水生植物湿地床的除氮效果有一定的影响。     

组合型生态浮床中各生物单元对污染物去除的贡献及净化机理

对组合型生态浮床中水生植物单元(空心菜)、水生动物单元(滤食性贝类三角帆蚌)、微生物强化单元(人工介质)进行组合配置,分析不同生物单元的污染物去除贡献率,试验结果表明,组合型生态浮床中人工介质单元对TN、TP、CODMn去除的贡献率分别为48.5％、46.7％、49.9％,均高于水生植物和水生动物单元,人工介质富集的微生物是氮磷等污染物的净化主体,而水生动物单元对Chl-a的去除贡献率达到了79.1％,表明水生动物单元的污染物去除途径主要为三角帆蚌对藻类等颗粒性有机物的滤食.通过三角帆蚌的滤食及排氨作用促进了颗粒有机物的可溶化和无机化,为组合型生态浮床中人工介质上微生物增殖以及植物的吸收提供了有利的基质条件,从而促进了浮床的污染物净化效能.     

生态基泛氧化塘工艺对城市河道污水的净化效果

在长春市的永春河附近建设了处理规模为200 m3/d的泛氧化塘,其悬挂阿科蔓生态基填料,利用泛氧化塘生物膜系统实现对污水的净化.采用该系统处理城市污水厂一级B标准排水和永春河城市点源污水的混合水,考察了挂膜启动过程中生物相的变化及对COD、氨氮的去除效果.当生态基填料对COD的去除率稳定在60％左右、对氨氮的去除率稳定在90％左右时可认为系统挂膜成功,此过程历时约31 d.探讨了挂膜完成后处理河道混合水时,pH值、溶解氧、COD、氨氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮及总磷等沿水流方向的变化.结果表明,各指标在泛氧化塘中均得到了很好的去除,此研究成果为长春市河道生态环境治理提供了科学依据.     

稳定塘工艺深度处理污水厂二级出水的研究

采用CAST/稳定塘组合工艺以实现城镇污水处理的功能提升。分析了该组合工艺在冬、夏两季最大处理水量时的运行效果,结果表明:稳定塘系统可有效去除二级处理出水中的氮、磷和悬浮物,冬季(HRT=6.4 d)对TN、氨氮、TP、COD和SS的去除率分别为40%、70%、55%、50%、70%,夏季(HRT=5.4 d)对上述指标的去除率分别为56%、97%、76%、55%、68%,处理效果优于冬季。两种工况下稳定塘系统的出水水质均可达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918—2002)的一级A标准,可有效降低受纳水体的营养负荷。第一和第二单元去除了原水中大部分的污染物,其净化机理以微生物分解和物理化学作用为主,二者对去除污染物的总贡献率>70%;第三单元进水中的污染物浓度已经很低,主要作为系统出水水质的屏障。因此,CAST/稳定塘组合工艺用于提升城镇污水处理功能是可行的。     

水中藻类污染物去除方法研究进展

重点介绍了藻类污染物的去除方法,内容包括：物理法、化学法、生物膜处理法和组合工艺法,评价了各种除藻方法的优缺点和适用范围,探讨了除藻技术的发展方向;并指出预臭氧化、生物处理、活性炭吸附处理组合工艺对叶绿素α的去除率可达100％,对色度、浊度、氨氮、有机物的去除效果最佳。     

淡水池塘养殖尾水处理系统对氮磷的净化效果

为开展池塘养殖尾水达标排放处理技术的研究，以湿地(芦苇、香蒲、菱角)、水生动物(梭鱼)净化塘、水生植物(凤眼莲、蕹菜)净化塘作为净化功能区，构建池塘养殖尾水处理系统，按照养殖池塘与尾水处理系统面积比为9.8∶1设置，在试验周期内，对13个养殖池塘(5 hm²)排放养殖尾水中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)进行尾水处理系统各级沿程监测。结果表明：2019—2020年，养殖尾水处理系统进水中TN、TP质量浓度分别为(2.025±1.031)、(0.627±0.734)mg/L,经处理后排放水中TN、TP质量浓度分别为(1.323±0.427)、(0.427±0.369)mg/L,两年间TN、TP平均去除率分别为34.67%、31.89%,系统整体对TN、TP的净化效果显著；系统各级沿程对TN、TP的去除均符合一级动力学，养殖尾水依次流经净化功能区，去除率逐级升高。研究表明：水生动物净化塘对TN的净化效果显著，多种水生植物组合的净化塘对TN、TP的净化效果均显著；随季节演变，养殖尾水处理系统对较高含量的TN、TP仍能保持良好的净化效果，水生植物净化塘在秋季对TN、TP净化发挥了关键作用。     

河道滞留塘对河水中有机污染物的去除特性

河道滞留塘系统是一项适用于中小型污染河流净化的生态技术,在我国中小型河流污染治理中有较好的应用前景。通过近1年的现场试验,考察了河道滞留塘系统对河水中有机污染物的净化效果。结果表明,温度和溶解氧对COD的去除效果无影响;颗粒态有机物的重力沉降是滞留塘去除COD的主要机理;其对COD的去除率可达30%,最高去除速率约2 g/(h.m2)。由于COD去除速率有75%的几率介于0.2~1.1倍的SS去除速率,因此可通过测定SS去除速率来预测对COD的去除速率。     

昆山市凌家浜黑臭水体生物治理与生态修复

以昆山市凌家浜黑臭水体治理为目标,应用生物治理与生态修复组合技术治理城市河道,通过设置生物膜自净设备、微纳米曝气增氧设备、种植水生植物、投放水生动物等措施对该水体进行治理修复。结果表明,经过6个多月的运行,该河道水质有了明显改善,主要水质指标COD、总磷、氨氮等达到了《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)的Ⅲ~Ⅴ类标准,水体透明度达到0.5 m左右,甚至接近1 m;恢复了河道中由挺水、沉水等多种水生植物和动物组成的水体和水陆交错带的生态系统,增加了河道中的生物多样性,强化了水体的自净能力;明显改善了河道的景观效果。实践证明,该组合技术能够有效去除水中有机物、氨氮、总磷等污染物,增加水体的溶解氧和透明度,在技术上是可行的,若同时加强环保监管与定期运行管理,则可从根本上恢复河流系统的生态。     

悬浮填料-沸石BAF处理低温高氨氮污染源水效能

饮用水水源地氨氮污染问题日益突出,低温期对氨氮的去除更是饮用水生产中的重大难题。目前去除氨氮最有效的方法是生物预处理工艺,但存在低温期处理效率低的问题,因此构建了以悬浮填料和沸石组合的曝气生物滤池。研究表明,悬浮填料-沸石曝气生物滤池通过悬浮填料、沸石生物降解和吸附的协同作用,在处理低温期源水时,对氨氮的去除效能较高。在低温期(3~10℃),BAF对氨氮的平均去除率为75.73%,亚硝酸盐氮没有积累;温度降低时,悬浮填料的去除效果下降,但沸石对去除氨氮的贡献增大。根据好氧硝化作用原理对氮的物料平衡进行计算,发现低温期部分氨氮是被沸石吸附。进一步对沸石的吸附性能进行研究,发现生物沸石对氨氮仍具有较高的吸附性能。     

模块化沉床对污染水体中CODcr去除效果的分析

模块化沉床主要由床体、基质、植物三部分构成，这些人为可控因素对污染水体中CODcr，的去除有着密切的关系。通过正交试验设计和数量化理论分析方法，分析显示自变量对因变量的影响均极显著，并得出沉床最佳组合形式为A2B2C2D1，即：控制水位是0．50m；陶粒床体；页岩基质；植物为金鱼藻、金鱼藻和狐尾藻的混合型水生植物组合，它对CODcr去除率可达到47％。经正交表L9（34）完全试验中81种组合形式的工程平均估计和数量化方程的预测，这两种统计方法所得结果是吻合的，其结果可作为实施污染水体生态修复时参考。     

DAT-IAT改进工艺对生活污水中氨氮的去除

以需氧池-间歇曝气池（DAT-IAT）工艺为基础，在其后设置一生物接触氧化反应器，考察了该组合工艺对生活污水中氨氮的去除效果。结果表明，在IAT池以曝气2h、沉淀1h、出水1h的工况运行及生物接触氧化反应器的HRT为3h的条件下，系统对氨氮的平均去除率为81．1％，出水氨氮平均浓度为7．0mg／L，满足《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》（GB／T 18920-2002）的要求。系统对氨氮的去除率随着进水COD浓度的提高而下降，当进水COD为815．3mg／L时，出水氨氮浓度仍可满足GB／T 18920-2002的要求；随着进水氨氮浓度的提高，系统对氨氮的去除率先略有上升后明显下降，为保证出水氨氮浓度达到回用标准，应将进水氨氮浓度控制在50mg／L以下；系统适宜的pH值范围为7～8，pH值过高或过低都会造成系统对氨氮去除率的显著下降。     

Removal of ammonia from contaminated air in a biotrickling filter - denitrifying bioreactor combination system

The removal of gaseous ammonia in a system consisting of a biotrickling filter, a denitrification reactor and a polishing bioreactor for the trickling liquid was investigated. The system allowed sustained treatment of ammonia while preventing biological inhibition by accumulating nitrate and nitrite and avoiding generation of contaminated water. All bioreactors were packed with cattle bone composite ceramics, a porous support with a large interfacial area. Excellent removal of ammonia gas was obtained. The critical loading ranged from 60 to 120 gm(-3)h(-1) depending on the conditions, and loadings below 56 gm(-3)h(-1) resulted in essentially complete removal of ammonia. In addition, concentrations of ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and COD in the recycle liquid of the inlet and outlet of each reactor were measured to determine the fate of nitrogen in the reactor, close nitrogen balances and calculate nitrogen to COD ratios. Ammonia absorption and nitrification occurred in the biotrickling filter; nitrate and nitrite were biologically removed in the denitrification reactor and excess dissolved COD and ammonia were treated in the polishing bioreactor. Overall, ammonia gas was very successfully removed in the bioreactor system and steady state operation with respect to nitrogen species was achieved.     

异养硝化菌的分离及其强化活性污泥脱氮效果

为提高水处理过程中的脱氮率，实现好氧条件下对总氮的去除。通过试验分离出一株异养硝化菌，该菌株为白色革兰氏阴性球状菌。将该菌扩大培养后接种于活性污泥系统并进行了处理模拟废水的试验。结果表明：该菌能在好氧条件下分别代谢氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮，并通过好氧反硝化实现对总氮的去除。用该菌株强化的活性污泥系统对以氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮为惟一氮源的模拟废水进行处理，4h的总氮去除率分别为85％、60％、70％。     

有机复合脱氮剂/吹脱法与直接吹脱法的除氨对比

自制一种以乳酸乙酯为主体的有机复合脱氮剂,并对比了直接吹脱法和有机复合脱氮剂/吹脱法对氨氯的去除效果.结果表明,有机复合脱氮剂/吹脱法对氨氮的去除率可达99.99%以上,废水中剩余氨氮的浓度最低可达0.2 mg/L.有机复合脱氮剂/吹脱法的最佳pH比直接吹脱法的低,节省了加碱量;其最佳气液比是直接吹脱法的1/10,大大节约了能耗.有机复合脱氮剂/吹脱法前0.5 h的平均吹脱速率是直接吹脱法的2倍.在常温条件下,其吹脱1.5 h后对氨氮的去除率比直接吹脱6 h的高;而在加热条件下,其吹脱1 h后对氨氮的去除率就比直接吹脱6 h的高,从而大大缩短了吹脱时间.     

Productivity and nitrogen balance in large scale phytoplankton cultures

Biomass production and nitrogen balance was studied in 35,000 gal (133,000 1) phytoplankton cultures comprising the first stage in a tertiary sewage treatment-mariculture system. The diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum persisted for most of the study. At secondary sewage effluent loadings sufficient to produce residual dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations above approximately 5 μg atoms l⁻¹, an N:C ratio (molar) of 0.17 was obtained and algal growth was not nutrient-limited. Biomass levels, and hence pond particulate carbon and nitrogen output, varied in response to solar irradiance and dilution rate, but not temperature. Mean winter and summer yields were approximately 1 and 5 g (83 and 417 mg atoms) C m⁻² d⁻¹ respectively. An inverse relationship existed between algal biomass concentration and dilution rate, such that in the late spring optimal pond yields occurred between 0.55 and 0.65 dilutions d⁻¹. Better than 95% dissolved total nitrogen removal was obtained. Net dissolved organic nitrogen production, that would offset dissolved inorganic nitrogen removal, did not occur. Pond particulate nitrogen output was usually less than dissolved total nitrogen removal. Probable explanations for this include (1) ammonia evolution to the atmosphere at high pond pH, (2) particulate nitrogen sedimentation, and (3) denitrification. Of these, the first is believed to be quantitatively the most significant.     

Removal of nitrogenous compounds from aqueous solution by ozonation and ion exchange

Experiments were conducted to investigate the ammonia, nitrite and nitrate removal from aqueous solution using ozonation and ion exchange. The operating variables of the combined ozonation and ion exchange processes include the pH, initial concentration of nitrogenous compounds and flow rate of aqueous solution. The effects of those variables on the removal efficiencies of the nitrogeneous compounds by ozonation, or ion exchange or both were explored. Ozonation was found able to completely convert nitrite to nitrate. However its capability of ammonia removal is much limited. The anionic and cationic ion exchange resins were able to efficiently remove nitrate and residual ammonia. An optimal operating range of OH for ammonia removal by the combined ozonation and ion exchange was obtained. However, removal of nitrite and/or nitrate by combined ozonation and ion exchange was found to be relatively insensitive to pH. It was observed that the combined process is capable of efficiently maintaining the nitrogeneous compounds in the aqueous solution at very low concentration levels.     

喷射环流反应器同步硝化反硝化机理的研究

喷射环流反应器在好氧条件下具有良好的脱氮性能,其对氨氮和总氮的去除率分别达到80%和70%以上,且两者的去除率成正比.试验测定了反应器出水中NOx^--N的含量,结果表明出水中的氮主要以氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的形式存在,证明该反应器在硝化过程中实现了对亚硝酸盐的积累.反应器的脱氮效果随进水C/N值的增加而提高,证明了异养硝化细菌的存在.对废水处理过程中产生的废气进行气相色谱分析,结果表明废气中氮气的含量比空气的增加了0.24%,证明反应器中发生了反硝化反应.综合试验结果表明,喷射环流反应器中的脱氮机理为亚硝酸盐型同步硝化反硝化.     

AERATED ROCK FILTERS FOR ENHANCED AMMONIA AND FAECAL COLIFORM REMOVAL FROM FACULTATIVE POND EFFLUENTS

Nitrogen removal from wastewater is rapidly becoming an essential but expensive upgrade for many small wastewater treatment works in the UK. Using a pilot-scale waste stabilization pond effluent, this paper highlights a low-cost upgrading unit, capable of removing BOD, SS, ammonia and faecal colliforms. Results are given for 12 months of operation and it is suggested that these units could be used by the water companies when ammonia removal is necessary to meet with current legislative demands and prevent eutrophication of receiving watercourses.     

ME/Fenton/AF/BAF工艺处理炼油废水研究

采用微电解/芬顿/厌氧/好氧生物滤池工艺(ME/Fenton/AF/BAF)处理炼油废水,探讨了各工段的工艺参数及工艺整体运行效果。试验得到最佳工艺参数如下:微电解单元的初始pH值为3,Na₂SO₄投加量为0. 05 mol/L;双氧水的投加量为1. 5 m L/L; AF/BAF工段的水力停留时间为(2+2) h。在上述工艺条件下,ME/Fenton/AF/BAF工艺连续运行处理炼油废水时对COD、氨氮、油的平均去除率分别为85. 2%、85. 0%、90. 1%。