水力空化强化臭氧消毒技术的影响因素研究

采用水力空化强化臭氧消毒技术对饮用水进行消毒，考察了臭氧体积流量、多孔板的几何参数及其入口压力、pH值等对消毒效果的影响。试验结果表明：适宜的臭氧体积流量为0．04m^3／h；提高多孔板的入口压力有利于改善消毒效果；在入口压力一定的条件下，多孔板的孔径越小则消毒效果越好，而当总孔周长与总过流面积之比一定时，过流面积比越大则消毒效果越佳；当pH值为4～10时，提高pH值有利于改善灭菌效果；单独水力空化、臭氧氧化以及它们的联合工艺对细菌的杀灭均遵循表观一级动力学模型。     

高分子重金属絮凝剂PEX处理电镀废水研究

以电镀废水为处理对象，研究了高分子重金属絮凝剂PEX对废水中重金属离子、浊度及有机污染物的处理效果；同时考察了废水pH值对重金属离子去除效果的影响及重金属离子的回收率。结果表明，当废水pH≥6．0时，pH值的变化对重金属去除率的影响不大；在pH=6．5～7、PEX的投量为160mg／L时，对镍的去除率〉95％，对铜和铬的去除率〉99％，对有机物的去除率为64％；重金属离子的回收率随盐酸浓度的增大而提高，当盐酸浓度为15％时对镍离子的回收率为70％，对铜离子的回收率为24％左右。     

地表水净化工艺原水与滤后水消毒副产物的研究

通过原水与滤后水的静态试验来研究液氯消毒副产物三卤甲烷(THMs)形成的影响因素。研究结果表明:除了氨氮浓度对THMs的形成具有抑制作用外,有机物浓度、投氯量、溴化物浓度、氯化反应时间、温度、p H值都会促进THMs的形成;UV254更适于作为THMs前体有机物的替代参数;Cl2/TOC值1时,THMs生成量很少;Cl2/TOC值=1~4时,氯的衰减量与THMs呈线性关系;当Cl2/TOC值4时,THMs增加不很明显;随着溴离子浓度的增加,THMs中氯仿的生成量逐渐减少,另外3种溴代卤化烃的生成量增加,尤其是溴仿的生成量大幅度提高。试验结果可以有效地指导净化工艺,有针对性地提出相应措施以控制、减少三卤甲烷的产生,确保安全供水。     

短程硝化过程中有机物浓度检测校核方法研究

配置不同浓度的葡萄糖溶液、NaNO2溶液及混合溶液,考察了NO2-对有机物测定结果的影响,并在已实现短程硝化的SBR反应器中研究了有机物在亚硝酸盐积累过程中的降解情况及其对短程硝化的影响.结果表明,测定含NO2-废水中有机物浓度时需要采用公式COD校核＝COD实测-[NO2--N]COD计进行校核.在DO较低(0.8～...     

浅析锡对电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定镉的干扰

在不同的工作条件下,分析了不同Sn(锡)/Cd(镉)比值下Sn对电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定Cd的干扰程度,并将经过在线干扰校正和离线干扰校正后的Cd浓度与标准值比较,实验结果表明:当样品中Sn浓度与Cd浓度比值在2以下时,Sn对Cd的干扰很小,Cd的测定值不用经过任何方式校正也比较接近标准值;当Sn浓度与Cd浓度比值在2~30时,采用离线校正和在线校正后的Cd测定值与标准值均比较接近;当Sn浓度与Cd浓度比值大于30时,采用离线校正才能获得更满意的结果。     

厂网一体化视角下管网有机物降解规律的模拟研究

为了提高厂网一体化系统有机物的利用效率,构建“降解-沉积-冲刷”管网COD变化模型,考察了管网与污水厂对COD去除的贡献规律。结果表明在不受降雨影响时,管内COD呈整体下降趋势,管网对COD去除贡献率为15.91%,且ΔCOD与HRT呈正相关（相关系数0.865）。污水厂进水COD浓度越低,其去除单位COD耗电量越高（相关系数-0.862）。从合理利用COD强化污水厂脱氮除磷角度出发,建设分散式污水处理厂、选择分流制排水体制是缩短管内污水停留时间、提高污水厂进水碳源的有效方式。     

混凝土搅拌机充盈率及拌筒型式对混凝土含气量的影响

对混凝土搅拌机充盈率和拌筒型式变化对混凝土含气量的影响进行了分析和试验研究。结果表明：随着充盈率的增加含气量呈缓慢下降趋势，当充盈率值增大到0．32时，含气量明显下降；对同一种搅拌机，搅拌筒的容量越大，含气量越大，搅拌筒内一次搅拌的混凝土装得越满，含气量越小。但混凝土量超过一定数量时，含气量反而增大；相同条件下，窄长型拌筒搅拌的混凝土含气量普遍高于宽短型拌筒。     

水合锰氧化物对水中溴酚的去除及脱溴效能

采用化学反应合成的水合锰氧化物模拟高锰酸钾氧化原位产生的锰氧化物,考察了平均粒径对水合锰氧化物活性的影响、水合锰氧化物对溴酚的去除效能以及脱溴能力。结果表明,水合锰氧化物的尺寸越小,对有机物的氧化活性越高;水合锰氧化物对溴酚有良好的去除能力,且伴随着溴离子的释放。脱溴指数随着p H值的升高而降低,表明高p H值更有利于溴离子的脱除;对于不同位置的溴取代基,脱溴由易到难排序为4-Br P2-Br P3-Br P。     

高铁酸盐处理制药废水的试验研究

将高铁酸钾用于制药废水的处理中,考察了其处理效果及影响因素,并与其他氧化剂进行比较。结果表明,当高铁酸钾直接处理制药废水时,对有机物的去除率可达30%左右,但此时其主要被易降解有机物所消耗,未充分发挥对难降解有机物的去除优势;当将高铁酸钾用于处理制药废水的生化处理出水时,对COD的去除率可达33%左右,且使BOD5浓度升高了30.9%、B/C值提高了104.2%,可生化性得到明显改善。另外,废水中氨氮的存在会降低高铁酸钾对COD的去除效果;高铁酸钾固体的处理效果优于高铁酸钠碱液及H2O2、高锰酸钾和次氯酸钠等常用氧化剂。     

污水水质对消毒产生急性毒性的影响

利用发光细菌法考察了氯化／脱氯消毒过程中污水水质对消毒产生急性毒性的影响。研究发现，为准确客观地作出评价，首先应将不同加氯方式分开考虑；作为有毒副产物前体有机物的表征指标，UV254优于DOC，而DOC又优于COD；UV254值与有毒副产物前体物数量具有较好的相关性；在温度为20℃、消毒时间为30min、pH值为7．0的标准消毒条件下，当有效氯投量为10和50mg／L时，可以预测出峰点前加氯消毒后污水急性毒性增量(以Zn^2 浓度表示)。     

Effect of inorganic constituents on chemical oxygen demand—II. Organic carbon to halogen ratios determine halogen interference

The dependency of free halogen ion oxidation in chemical oxygen demand (COD) assays on the organic content of the sample was investigated. Halogen interference was reduced at increasing glucose or potassium hydrogen phthalate concentration; in each case, a threshold ratio of organic matter to halogen existed, above which halogen oxidation was masked. This ratio depended upon the presence of mercuric sulfate in the case of chloride but not of bromide. It was also affected by the ease of oxidation of both the organic molecule and the halogen ion, as well as by their actual COD. Thus, bromide oxidation was more difficult to prevent than that of chloride, and phthalate exerted a stronger masking effect than glucose.     

污泥调理废水的特性及其处理工艺

采用离子色谱法及化学分析法分析了污泥调理废水的水质特性,在氨吹脱及混凝试验的基础上开展了氨吹脱—厌氧—SBR工艺处理该废水的研究。结果表明,污泥调理废水是一种高浓度含氮有机废水,其中有机污染物主要以溶解态存在,不宜采用混凝处理。该废水具有较好的生物可降解性能,当HRT为24h、进水COD为8658.7~9650.3mg/L时,厌氧对COD的去除率可达62.1%,厌氧/好氧交替运行的SBR对COD、氨氮的去除率分别为92.1%、88.4%。动态运行结果显示,氨吹脱—厌氧—SBR工艺对该废水水质具有良好的适应性,处理出水水质能稳定地达到GB8978—1996的二级标准。     

Effect of inorganic constituents on chemical oxygen demand—I. Bromides are unneutralizable by mercuric sulfate complexation

Chemical oxygen demand (COD) assays are widely used for the estimation of the organic carbon content of water and wastewater. The procedure is subject to interference by free halogen ions, the oxidation of which creates artificially high COD values. As part of an investigation of the interferences involved in the COD determination of chemical industries wastewaters, we found that mercuric sulfate complexation, the standard procedure for neutralizing the halogen effects, is suitable for chlorides but is not applicable to bromides. This observation is true both in the presence or absence of chloride or ammonia. Care should therefore be exercised in the interpretation of COD data for bromide-containing samples.     

UASB/曝气沉淀/IC反应器处理高浓度硫酸盐有机废水

在赤霉素生产过程中产生的高浓度硫酸盐有机废水,处理难度较大。采用UASB／曝气沉影IC反应器工艺处理该废水,UASB中的硫酸盐还原菌将硫酸根还原为硫化物,曝气池中的脱硫杆菌则将硫化物氧化为单质硫,并在沉淀池中去除,IC反应器去除COD。系统稳定运行后,对硫酸盐的去除率〉90％,对COD的去除率〉80％。     

A novel sulfate reduction, autotrophic denitrification, nitrification integrated (SANI) process for saline wastewater treatment

This paper reports on a lab-scale evaluation of a novel and integrated biological nitrogen removal process: the sulfate reduction, autotrophic denitrification and nitrification integrated (SANI) process that was recently proposed for saline sewage treatment. The process consisted of an up-flow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) for sulfate reduction, an anoxic filter for autotrophic denitrification and an aerobic filter for nitrification. The experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the lab-scale SANI system with synthetic saline wastewater at various hydraulic retention times, nitrate concentrations, dissolved oxygen levels and recirculation ratios for over 500 days. The system successfully demonstrated 95% chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 74% nitrogen removal efficiency without excess sludge withdrawal throughout the 500 days of operation. The organic removal efficiency was dependent on the hydraulic retention time, up-flow velocity, and mixing conditions in the UASB. Maintaining a sufficient mixing condition in the UASB is important for achieving effective sulfate reduction. For a typical Hong Kong wastewater composition 80% of COD can be removed through sulfate reduction. A minimum sulfide sulfur to nitrate nitrogen ratio of 1.6 in the influent of the anoxic filter is necessary for achieving over 90% nitrate removal through autotrophic denitrifiers which forms the major contribution to the total nitrogen removal in the SANI system. Sulfur balance analyses confirmed that accumulation of elementary sulfur and loss of hydrogen sulfide in the system were negligible.     

A pilot-scale evaluation of magnetic ion exchange treatment for removal of natural organic material and inorganic anions

The objective of this research was to evaluate a magnetic ion exchange process (MIEX) for the removal of natural organic material (NOM) and bromide on a continuous-flow pilot-scale basis under different operating conditions and raw water characteristics. The most important operating variable was the effective resin dose (ERD), which is the product of the steady-state resin concentration in the contactor and the regeneration ratio. The raw water employed in this study had a moderate concentration of ultraviolet (UV)-absorbing substances and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and a low turbidity, alkalinity, and concentration of competing anionic species. Experiments were conducted using the ambient raw water and raw water spiked with bromide, chloride, and sulfate. Substantial removal of UV-absorbing substances and DOC was achieved at ERDs as low as 0.16mL/L. Moderate bromide removal was achieved, depending on the ERD. Increasing the sulfate concentration resulted in decreased removal of UV-absorbing substances, DOC, and bromide. Consistent results were observed between the continuous-flow pilot plant tests and batch equilibrium studies.     

差减法测定高氯废水的COD值

用国标法测定高氯废水的COD时易产生较大误差,且误差随着Cl~-浓度的增加而增大,为此采用差减法分别测定了含高COD和低COD浓度的高氯废水的COD值,结果表明,含高COD和低COD浓度的高氯废水,分别在Cl~-<12 500 mg/L和<8 000 mg/L时,测定误差在5%以内,满足国标允许范围,而超出此值时则易产生较大误差.     

焦化废水优势菌的筛选及降解特性研究

焦化废水是一种氨氮和有机浓度较高的难生化降解有机废水,通过测定脱氢酶活性及COD和NH3-N的降解效果实验筛选优势菌．并对优势菌的降解性能和优势菌与活性污泥联合处理焦化废水进行了研究。     

ABR处理低浓度有机废水的启动方式研究

对ABR处理低浓度有机废水的启动方式进行了试验研究.结果表明:固定HRT、逐步提高进水COD浓度的启动方式,可使ABR反应器于90 d内完成启动,其对COD的去除率达到80%,系统运行较稳定,但污泥颗粒比较松散;而固定进水COD浓度、缩短HRT的启动方式,49 d就可使ABR对COD的去除率达到80%,且污泥颗粒化程度较高.     

Aerobic storage by activated sludge on real wastewater

Activated sludge processes are often operated under dynamic conditions, where the microbial response can include, besides of growth, several COD removal mechanisms, and particularly the storage in form of polymers. While abundant evidence of aerobic storage under dynamic conditions with synthetic substrates can be found (Majone et al., Water Sci. Technol. 39(1) (1999) 61), there is still little knowledge about COD removal mechanisms with real activated sludge and wastewater. The aim of the present paper is therefore to give a direct evidence of storage phenomena occurring when a real sludge is mixed with influent wastewater and of their influence onto OUR profiles in typical respirometric batch tests. For this purpose, respirometric batch tests were performed on the same sludge by using acetate, filtered wastewater and raw wastewater as carbon source along with determination of acetate uptake and storage polymer formation. Comparison of results obtained has shown that poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) storage gives always the main contribution to acetate removal and that in the case of wastewater PHB is also formed from other substrates. PHB formation clearly occurs during the high-rate RBCOD-phase, however for wastewater it accounts for only a fraction (18-22%) of overall RBCOD removal, so calling for other unidentified storage compounds or other non-storage phenomena. In the low-rate SBCOD phase of respirogram PHB is clearly utilised in tests with acetate as internal reserve material once the acetate is depleted. In tests with filtered and raw wastewater the PHB concentration decreases much slower, probably because more PHB is formed due to the availability of external SBCOD (soluble and not). Moreover, reported OUR in the SBCOD-phase from filtered or raw wastewater are quite higher than those reported in batch tests with acetate, so confirming a main contribution of external SBCOD. However, the respective contributions for utilisation of previously stored compounds and of external SBCOD cannot be easily separated by the comparison of tests on filtered and raw wastewater, because both substrates are simultaneously present also in tests with the filtered wastewater. As a side consequence, the chemical-physical method for evaluation of true soluble and biodegradable COD tends to overestimate the respirometry-based RBCOD, at least for the wastewater under observation. Even though modelling by ASM3 (Gujer et al., Water Sci. Technol. 39(1) (1999) 183) makes it possible to well describe the whole experimental behaviour, it requires that much more storage compounds are formed than the experimentally observed PHB. These compounds have still to be identified and quantified in order to confirm the conceptual structure of ASM3.