VMD和奇异差分谱在齿轮早期故障诊断中的应用

针对齿轮故障振动信号的多分量、多频率调制特性且早期故障振动信号信噪比低,故障特征微弱难以提取的问题,提出了基于变分模态分解(Variational Mode Decomposition,VMD)和奇异值差分谱的故障诊断方法。首先对采集到的齿轮故障振动信号进行VMD分解,得到一系列窄带本征模态分量(band-limited intrinsic mode functions,BLIMFS),由于噪声的干扰,从各个模态分量的频谱中很难对故障做出正确的判断;然后根据相关系数准则,选取与原始信号相关系数较大的分量构建Hankel矩阵并进行奇异值分解,求取奇异值差分谱,从差分谱中确定重构信号的有效阶次对信号进行降噪处理;最后对降噪处理后的信号进行Hilbert包络谱分析,即可从中准确地识别出齿轮的故障特征频率。仿真信号和齿轮箱齿轮故障模拟实验结果表明,该方法能够有效地降低噪声的影响,准确地提取到齿轮微弱的故障特征信息。     

基于MVMD-FRFT的滚动轴承早期故障特征提取研究

滚动轴承的振动信号具有非平稳、非线性的特点,造成其早期故障信号的特征提取困难,针对这一问题,对滚动轴承状态监测中常用的特征提取方法进行了研究,提出了一种基于多元变分模态分解(MVMD)和分数阶傅里叶变换(FRFT)的特征提取方法,并将其应用于滚动轴承的故障诊断中。利用MVMD算法将多传感器同时采集的多通道振动信号进行了同步分解,有效地提高了多通道数据融合处理能力,同时得到了若干个固有模态函数(IMF)分量;依据相关系数法从分解后得到的IMF分量中选取了包含故障信息最多的分量作为最优分量,利用FRFT对最优分量进行了滤波,降低了噪声对微弱故障信号的干扰;对滤波后的信号进行了1.5维包络谱解调,通过分析滤波后信号的包络谱,提取了滚动轴承的故障特征。研究结果表明:应用MVMD和FRFT相结合的方法能够有效地避免模态混叠现象,充分地利用故障特征信息,削弱低频信号与噪声的干扰,从而有效地提取出了滚动轴承的故障特征信息。     

降速工况下滚动轴承微弱故障特征信号提取新方法

研究降转速工况下滚动轴承微弱故障特征信号的提取,提出了一种基于计算阶次分析、三次样条插值分析与包络谱分析相结合的新方法。基于滚动轴承微弱故障实验测得的降速工况下的转速信号和振动信号,首先对转速信号在时域内积分获得角位移-时间信号,再对该信号进行线性插值获得等角度间隔的角位移-时间信号,然后利用该时间序列对振动信号进行三次样条差值获得等角度间隔分布的重采样振动信号,最后对重采样振动信号进行包络分析及快速傅里叶变换获得阶次包络谱。通过对滚动轴承微弱故障实验信号分析,表明该方法能有效提取出滚动轴承微弱外圈故障和滚动体故障特征信息。该方法为轴承微弱故障特征信号提取提供了一种重要手段,具有广泛的应用前景。     

基于形态分量分析的变工况齿轮箱故障诊断研究

齿轮箱变工况运行时表现为转速和负载的变化,其振动信号是非线性的多分量信号,变工况齿轮箱故障诊断是研究难点。首先使用数字微分的阶次跟踪方法对原始振动信号按计算得到等角度重采样时刻插值,将非平稳的振动信号转化为角域平稳信号;然后使用形态分量分析(MCA)方法从角域信号中分离出冲击、简谐分量与噪声成分,提取齿轮箱非线性、多分量信号中的故障特征;再对冲击分量做角域平均突出故障特征,最后进行瞬时功率谱分析识别齿轮是否有故障。实验分析表明,使用此方法能根据瞬时功率谱分布的阶次和角度范围识别故障,适用于变工况下的故障齿轮检测。     

基于阶次双谱的齿轮箱升降速过程故障诊断研究

针对齿轮箱升降速过程中振动信号非平稳的特点，将常规的阶次分析与双谱分析技术相结合，提出了基于阶次双谱的齿轮箱故障诊断方法。首先对齿轮箱升降速瞬态信号进行时域采样，再对时域信号进行等角度重采样，转化为角域平稳信号，最后对角域重采样信号进行双谱分析，就可提取轴承的故障特征。通过对轴承内圈故障实验信号的分析表明，该方法能有效地识别轴承的故障。     

基于VMD阶比跟踪的变转速齿轮箱齿轮故障特征提取

针对变转速工况下齿轮箱齿轮阶比信号互相干扰故障特征难以提取的问题,提出了基于VMD(Variational Mode Decomposition)和阶比跟踪技术结合的齿轮箱齿轮故障特征提取方法。该方法通过计算阶比跟踪技术对振动信号进行角域重采样;获得重采样信号后,利用VMD按照中心阶比不同,自适应地将重采样信号分解,再利用峭度准则从IMF(Intrinsic Mode Function)分量中选取出故障信号;最后对故障信号进行快速谱峭图处理和滤波平方包络解调。通过变转速下齿轮箱的齿轮故障试验和对比分析,表明该方法能有效提取出变转速下齿轮箱的齿轮故障特征,且降噪效果明显,特征突出,适用于变转速齿轮箱的齿轮故障特征提取。     

基于VKF-OT和DFA的齿轮时变状态特征提取方法

针对齿轮在时变工况下的振动具有非线性、非平稳的特性,提出Vold-Kalman阶比跟踪(Vold-Kalman filter based order tracking,简称VKF-OT)和去趋势波动分析(detrended fluctuation analysis,简称DFA)相结合的一种特征提取方法。该方法以齿轮转频和啮频作为VKF-OT的提取频率,获取任意时变工况下的两类阶比信号,减弱或消除转速变化所引起的频率调制干扰,通过求解复包络得到两种频率分量的精确幅值和相位以保留齿轮状态的瞬变信息。在此基础上,引入去趋势波动法分别处理原信号、转频和啮频阶比信号,消除负载变化所产生的幅值调制干扰,对比3种信号的双对数波动函数图,选定齿轮振动信号的特征向量。通过对齿轮不同工作状态下的150组振动信号进行实验,结果表明该方法所提取的故障特征可有效地区分任意时变工况下的齿轮早期局部微弱故障。     

基于局部均值分解的阶次跟踪分析及其在齿轮故障诊断中的应用

针对齿轮升降速过程中故障振动信号为多分量的调制信号以及故障特征频率随转速变化的特点,将局部均值分解（LMD）与阶次跟踪分析相结合,提出了一种新的齿轮故障诊断方法。首先采用阶次重采样将齿轮的时域振动信号转换为角域平稳信号,然后对角域信号进行LMD分解,得到若干个乘积函数（PF）分量,最后对各个PF分量的瞬时幅值进行频谱分析来提取齿轮的故障特征。通过对齿轮齿根裂纹故障试验振动信号的分析可知,该方法能有效地提取齿轮故障特征。     

基于SWT与IEWT的齿轮无转速计阶次跟踪

针对变转速工况下,多级齿轮传动低速级齿轮故障信号易受背景噪声干扰,导致频谱特征模糊,微弱故障特征难以提取的问题,提出一种基于同步压缩小波变换(Synchrosqueezing Wavelet Transform, SWT)与改进经验小波变换(Improved Empirical Wavelet Transform, IEWT)相结合的齿轮无转速计阶次跟踪方法。首先为提高无转速计阶次跟踪瞬时频率估计精度,设计连续小波变换-椭圆时变滤波器(Continue Wavelet Transform-Elliptic Time-Varying Filtering, CWT-ETVF)对齿轮振动信号滤波降噪,依据滤波所得单分量的SWT时频分布进行峰值搜索,以实现高精度的瞬时频率估计,然后对时变故障信号等角度重采样获得角域平稳信号。针对EWT方法频谱分割不合理的问题,提出一种依据频谱包络趋势进行边界划分的改进经验小波变换方法对角域平稳信号自适应分解。最后选择合适分量自相关去噪,并通过阶次解调分析识别故障特征。仿真及实测局部断齿数据分析表明,该方法可以准确提取变转速齿轮时变微弱故障特征。     

基于CPW和SCD的行星轴承内圈故障特征提取

行星齿轮箱振动信号传递路径具有时变性,各振动分量间相互耦合和调制,拾取的信号往往比较复杂。此外,行星轴承早期故障对应的振动信号微弱,常湮没于背景噪声和较强的齿轮啮合振动信号中,使得行星轴承故障特征提取较为困难。为此,笔者提出一种基于倒谱预白化（cepstral pre?whitening,简称CPW）和谱相关密度（spectral correlation density,简称SCD）的行星轴承内圈故障特征提取方法。首先,采用CPW削弱具有严格周期特性振动分量的能量幅值,增强轴承故障分量的冲击幅值;其次,基于谱峭度算法获取与轴承故障冲击相关的谱峭度最大值时对应的解调频带参数,并获得带通滤波后复包络信号,进而消除解调频带外成分的干扰;最后,基于轴承故障的随机滑动特性,结合SCD提取行星轴承故障振动分量,进而包络谱分析提取出行星轴承故障特征。利用行星轴承内圈故障实测数据验证了方法的有效性。     

A multi-order FRFT self-adaptive filter based on segmental frequency fitting and early fault diagnosis in gears

To effectively diagnose gear failure at an early stage, a multi-order Fractional Fourier transform (FRFT) self-adaptive filter based on segmental frequency fitting (MFSFF) is proposed to separate the feature components with curved frequency from the gearbox’s transient conditions. First, a linear multi-scale segmentation method (LMSS) is developed to divide the signal with curved frequency into segments with nearly linear frequency; then, a method for determining the FRFT filter parameters by fitting the frequency curve (DFFPFF) is developed to calculate the FRFT filter parameters for each signal segment, and the signal in each segment is filtered by an FRFT filter using these parameters to determine the MFSFF. The vibration of the gearbox’s acceleration and deceleration process is analyzed using an MFSFF and the filtered signal is demodulated. The experimental results show that LMSS is able to divide any signal with curved frequency into minimal segments with nearly linear frequency; DFFPFF is exact, fast, not influenced by the vibration source or the number of components, and able to determine the FRFT filter parameters for each signal segment accurately; the feature component of the gearbox’s transient condition is accurately extracted by an MFSFF, and the other components and noise are removed simultaneously. Early gear failure is diagnosed exactly by demodulation of the extracted feature component, which is difficult to identify using the traditional method.     

Fault diagnosis of a gearbox based on the analysis of a fractional energy gathering band

To extract the weak fault feature of the accelerating process from a gearbox, a fractional energy gathering band time–frequency aggregated spectrum (FETFAS) is proposed to achieve a fast time–frequency analysis of a large signal and to highlight target components. The best order of the fractional Fourier transform (FRFT) is determined according to the rotating speed signal and transmission ratio. The vibration signal from the accelerating process of a gearbox is processed using the best order FRFT. The energy gathering band (EGB) is determined from the modulus spectrum of the FRFT. Then, the result of the FRFT within the EGB is analyzed using time–frequency analysis, and the energy from this result is aggregated to form the FETFAS. The experimental results show that the method to determine the best order of the FRFT from the rotating speed signal is fast and accurate. The time–frequency analysis of the FRFT’s results in the EGB requires less computation and has a high resolution. The FETFAS has the ability to focus and zoom and is able to highlight the target components and restrain noise. Therefore, the FETFAS is an effective method to extract weak fault feature from the signal of gearbox’s accelerating process.     

改进小波去噪Teager算子的齿轮微弱故障提取方法

针对齿轮箱在强噪声背景下齿轮微弱故障振动信号的特征不易被提取的问题,提出将改进小波去噪和Teager能量算子相结合的微弱故障特征提取方法。采用改进小波阈值函数对振动信号进行去噪处理,与形态学滤波和传统小波阈值函数相比能够有效地提高信号的信噪比。对去噪后的信号进行集合经验模态分解(ensemble empirical mode decomposition,简称EEMD)得到若干本征模式函数(intrinsic mode function,简称IMF),计算各IMF分量与原信号的相关系数并结合各IMF分量的频谱剔除虚假分量。对有效的IMF分量计算其Teager能量算子,并重构得到Teager能量谱,对重构信号进行时频分析并将其结果与原信号的希尔伯特黄变换(HilbertHuang transform,简称HHT)得到的边际谱进行对比。实验研究结果表明,本研究方法相比HHT能够对齿轮微弱故障特征进行更为有效地提取,验证了本研究方法在齿轮箱微弱故障诊断中的可行性。     

DETECTION OF INCIPIENT LOCALIZED GEAR FAULTS IN GEARBOX BY COMPLEX CONTINUOUS WAVELET TRANSFORM

As far as the vibration signal processing is concemed, composition of vibration signal re-sulting from incipient localized faults in gearbox is too weak to be detected by traditional detectingtechnology available now.The method, which includes two steps: vibraton signal from gearbox is firstprocessed by synchronous average sampling technique and then it is analyzed by complex continuouswavelet transform to diagnose gear fault, is introduced. Two different kinds of faults in the gearbox, i.e.shaft eccentricity and initial crack in tooth fillet, are detected and distinguished from each other suc-cessfully.     

奇异值分解技术在齿轮箱故障诊断中的应用

首先利用伪相图确定齿轮箱振动信号的基本周期,并在此基础上对原始信号进行时域平均降噪处理。然后应用奇异值分解技术提取各齿轮轴的振支信号分量,再对此振动信号分量作进一步的时、频域分析,给出了描述齿轮轴振动信号分量变化的定量指标。最后结合实例说明这种方法对诊断齿轮箱故障是比较有效的。     

双矢时域齿轮早期微弱故障特征增强及应用

信噪比低和源信息的缺失是造成早期微弱故障难以准确判定的主要因素,针对以此问题,提出一种双矢时域变换(dual vector time-time domain transform,简称DVTD)的方法,用于完备和凸显齿轮早期微弱故障特征。方法借用全矢原理实现相互垂直的双通道振动信号的融合,保证双矢信号源信息的完整。在此基础上,结合双时域变换理论,提取二维时间序列的主对角元素用以构建完整的、故障特征增强的时域振动信号。以风电机组齿轮箱为实验对象,提取表征信号波动强度的小尺度指数作为状态特征,验证了双矢时域变换的微弱故障特征增强特性及其在齿轮早期微弱故障识别中应用的有效性。     

基于自适应时变滤波阶比跟踪的齿轮箱故障诊断

针对多输入多输出齿轮箱传动系统和齿轮箱集群的振动信号中各啮合频率阶次相互干扰,从而导致故障诊断困难的问题,研究提出一种基于自适应时变滤波阶比跟踪的齿轮箱故障诊断方法。该方法利用基于多尺度线调频基稀疏信号分解提取各对传动齿轮的啮合频率,以各啮合频率为中心频率,对应转频的倍频为滤波带宽分别设计自适应时变滤波器对信号进行滤波,逐个提取振动信号中的啮合频率调制分量,再分别对提取的啮合频率调制分量单独进行阶比分析,有效地抑制其他无关联轴上齿轮啮合振动信号和其他非阶比噪声信号对阶比谱的影响,较好地解决阶比信号相互干扰的问题,提高阶比谱的调制识别效果,为多输入多输出齿轮箱系统和齿轮箱集群的故障诊断提供一条有效途径。仿真算例和应用实例说明方法的有效性。     

基于改进阶次分析与自适应VMD的变转速齿轮箱故障诊断研究

变转速齿轮箱由于工况复杂导致转频不稳定,齿轮箱的微弱故障信号可能会被掩盖在强噪声中,不能直接应用传统的时频分析方法,为故障特征的提取增加一定的难度.针对变转速信号的处理,传统的计算阶次分析方式(COT)很好地解决了变转速齿轮箱的故障特征难以提取出来的问题,但由于传统COT中所使用的重采样方法是基于样条插值法的,无法根据...     

齿轮裂纹故障仿真计算与诊断

提出了一种利用仿真信号对齿轮裂纹故障进行诊断的方法。从齿轮的单自由度振动模型出发,将裂纹故障等效为模型中轮齿刚度的削减,运用差分算法对模型进行求解,得到齿轮的振动位移、速度以及加速度响应,利用傅立叶变换和双谱分析对仿真结果进行处理,成功地提取了齿轮裂纹的故障信息。     

Impact fault detection of gearbox based on variational mode decomposition and coupled underdamped stochastic resonance

In the gear fault diagnosis, the emergence of periodic impulse components in vibration signals is an important symptom of gear failure. However, heavy background noise makes it difficult to extract the weak periodic impulse features. Therefore, the paper presents an impact fault detection method of gearbox by combining variational mode decomposition (VMD) with coupled underdamped stochastic resonance (CUSR) to extract the periodic impulse features. First, the adaptive VMD is presented to decompose the vibration signal into several intrinsic mode functions (IMFs), which can automatically determine the appropriate mode number according to the correlation kurtosis (CK) of decomposition results and extract the sensitive IMF component containing the main fault information. Next, the adaptive CUSR method is developed to analyze the selected sensitive IMF component, and the optimal system parameters are obtained by the genetic algorithm using the CK index as optimization objective function. Finally, the periodic impulse features are extracted by the output signal of CUSR system accurately. Experiments and engineering application verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed adaptive VMD-CUSR method for extracting the periodic impulse features in gear fault diagnosis compared to other methods.