焊层空洞对IGBT芯片温度的影响

焊层空洞是造成IGBT模块散热不良的主要因素,基于IGBT的七层结构,建立了IGBT模块封装结构的三维有限元模型并对其进行热分析,研究焊层空洞对IGBT芯片温度的影响。对比了有无焊层空洞时IGBT模块的整体温度分布,分析了空洞类型、空洞大小、空洞形状、空洞数量及空洞分布对IGBT芯片温度分布的影响。研究结果表明:芯片焊层空洞对芯片温度的影响较大,衬板焊层空洞对芯片温度的影响较小;贯穿型空洞对芯片温度的影响要大于非贯穿型空洞;单个空洞越大,IGBT芯片温度越高;相同形状的空洞,处于边角位置比处于焊层内部对芯片温度影响大;多个空洞分布越集中,芯片温度越高;焊层缝隙对芯片温度的影响要小于空洞对芯片温度的影响。因此,在封装过程中应避免出现芯片焊层空洞,以提高IGBT的可靠性。     

车用双面散热IGBT模块随机振动性能分析与应力预测

针对双面散热绝缘栅双极型晶体管(IGBT)模块在车载状态下由不同频率的振动载荷导致的焊料层失效问题,分别从材料和结构两个角度,以直接覆铜(DBC)板陶瓷层材料、陶瓷层厚度以及焊料层厚度为变量,以芯片底面焊料层应力为指标进行随机振动分析优化与应力预测,得到模块结构的最佳参数值组合。3个变量对芯片底面焊料层应力的影响由大到小为：陶瓷层厚度、焊料层厚度、陶瓷层材料。最后提出一种对芯片下焊料层应力的预测模型,相较仿真的准确率为95.61%。该研究结果对车载双面散热IGBT模块的振动性能分析提供参考,同时为模块结构的设计提供理论依据。     

基于ANSYS的IGBT模块的失效模式

功率循环(PC)试验和温度循环(TC)试验是对绝缘栅双极型晶体管(IGBT)模块进行可靠性考核的两个基本试验,可以有效暴露出器件封装所存在的问题。基于ANSYS有限元分析软件,分别研究了IGBT模块在功率循环和温度循环两种不同的试验情况下的温度分布与应力、应变分布的情况。研究表明在这两种情况下IGBT模块的失效模式是不同的。功率循环条件下器件的温差较小,但温度、应力往往集中分布在引线键合点及其下方,一般失效会发生在引线键合点处。而温度循环下温度分布均匀,但高低温温差较大,更能考察器件在严酷的环境条件下的可靠性,由于每层结构的边缘位置处剪切应力较大,失效常常由每层结构的边缘部位开始,一般会发生芯片和陶瓷基板的断裂和焊料层疲劳等失效现象。     

基于有限元仿真的IGBT混合模块的可靠性分析

集成化与微型化是当今电子信息产业发展的特点,其中电子元件的结温与热应力是影响其可靠性的重要因素。硅基IGBT和SiC基续流二极管组成的混合模块广泛应用于城市轨道交通等领域,其可靠性直接影响轨道交通车辆的运行性能。本文建立IGBT混合模块的仿真模型,随着各层材料厚度、焊料空洞大小和位置的变化,计算分析IGBT混合模块的温度与应变变化规律,对模块封装结构进行优化设计。将高热导率石墨烯应用在IGBT混合模块中,仿真分析应用位置不同对模块可靠性的影响,从而进一步优化混合模块的封装结构。通过仿真计算,优化后的IGBT混合模块可将最高结温降低近3℃,最大热应力下降超过30 MPa。     

IGBT模块超声检测缺陷判据研究

焊层缺陷是影响功率模块寿命和可靠性的主要因素之一,主要采用有限元仿真的研究方法,模拟了焊层缺陷位置、大小等因素对IGBT模块热性能的影响,得到不同的缺陷情况与模块热性能的对应关系并进行拟合,计算出焊层空洞大小临界值,提出了一种IGBT模块超声检测缺陷判据标准。芯片-基板焊层单个空洞率需≤2%,基板-底板焊层单个空洞率需≤2%,芯片-基板焊层整体空洞率与基板-底板焊层整体空洞率之和需≤10%。     

大功率半导体激光器贴片层空洞热效应影响

随着输出功率、转换效率、可靠性和制造工艺的提高以及成本的降低,大功率半导体激光器越来越广泛地应用于许多新的领域。大部分商业化销售的半导体激光器阵列/巴条是用铟作为焊料封装的。然而,在半导体激光器封装过程中不可避免地会在贴片层形成一些小空洞,这些小空洞在铟的电迁移和电热迁移作用下逐渐变大,这将导致芯片贴片层形成大量的空洞,造成芯片局部温度迅速上升。针对808 nm连续波40 W传导制冷单巴条半导体激光器阵列,系统地分析了半导体激光器贴片层空洞对发光点温度的影响以及贴片层内不同位置不同尺寸的空洞对发光点温升的影响,得到了发光点温升与空洞尺寸间的关系曲线。提出了利用空洞与发光点温度的关系及空间光谱来估算贴片层的空洞分布的方法,并将估算结果与实验测得的贴片层扫描声学显微图像进行了对比。     

半导体激光器模块散热特性影响因素分析

数值分析了大功率半导体激光器模块的散热特性及温度场,以及焊料、热沉、导热胶和冷水板温度等参数对芯片内部最高温度的影响.结果表明,焊料厚度小于24 μm时,其导热系数对芯片内部最高温度影响较弱,无高阻层形成;芯片内部最高温度随着热沉长或宽尺寸及导热系数的增大,呈指数形式下降,随着热沉厚度的增大呈对数形式升高;当导热胶导热系数大于20 W/(m·K)、厚度小于30μm时,芯片温度趋于稳定;冷水板温度与芯片内部最高温度呈比例系数为1的线性相关性.根据分析结果提出了激光器封装部件的尺寸、导热系数或材料的设计和选择原则.     

热-电耦合下倒装芯片封装焊点的电迁移失效研究

热电交互作用下产生的电迁移现象成为倒装芯片封装关键的可靠性问题。建立了FCBGA(倒装芯片球栅陈列封装)三维封装模型,研究了热-电交互作用下倒装芯片互连结构中的温度分布、电流密度分布以及焦耳热分布;发现焊料凸点中存在严重的焦耳热和电流聚集现象;分析了焊料凸点中热点出现的原因,并发现热点在焊料凸点空洞形成过程中起到了关键作用。     

大功率LED焊料层的可靠性研究

将功率循环方法应用于大功率LED焊料层的可靠性研究,对比分析了在650 mA,675 mA和700 mA电流条件下大功率LED焊料层的热阻退化情况。实验结果表明,循环达到一定次数,大功率LED热阻才开始退化,并呈线性增加,从而引起光通量下降;另外,失效循环次数与电流值之间呈线性关系,并外推出正常工作条件下焊料层寿命为90 968次。对样品进行了超声波检测(C-SAM),发现老化后LED焊料层有空洞形成,这说明空洞是引起热阻升高的主要原因。     

芯片的EOS失效分析及焊接工艺优化

为了研究电过应力对功率MOSFET可靠性的影响,分别对含有焊料空洞、栅极开路和芯片裂纹缺陷的器件进行失效分析与可靠性研究.利用有限元分析、电路模拟及町靠性加速实验,确定了器件发生EOS失效的根本原因,并通过优化芯片焊接温度.时间曲线和利用开式感应负载测试方法,比较了工艺优化前、后器件抗EOS的能力,结果表明优化后器件的焊料空洞含量显著减少,抗EOS能力得到明显提高.     

车载IGBT器件封装装片工艺中空洞的失效研究

IGBT芯片在TO-220封装装片时容易形成空洞,焊料层中空洞大小直接影响车载IGBT器件的热阻与散热性能,而这些性能的好坏将直接影响器件的可靠性。文章分析了IGBT器件在TO-220封装装片时所产生的空洞的形成机制,并就IGBT器件TO-220封装模型利用FEA方法建立其热学模型,模拟结果表明:在装片焊料层中空洞含量增加时,热阻会急剧增大而降低IGBT器件的散热性能,IGBT器件温度在单个空洞体积为10%时比没有空洞时高出28.6℃。同时借助工程样品失效分析结果,研究TO-220封装的IGBT器件在经过功率循环后空洞对于IGBT器件性能的影响,最后确立空洞体积单个小于2%,总数小于5%的装片工艺标准。     

Thermal lifetime estimation method of IGBT module considering solder fatigue damage feedback loop

The accurate thermal damage assessment and lifetime estimation are essential for ensuring the safety and reliability of semiconductor power devices. This study presents a thermal fatigue feedback loop method for evaluating the lifetime of an Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) module considering the accumulated effect of solder layer fatigue. First, a three-dimension (3D) finite element method (FEM) model for an IGBT module is established and, combined with the accelerated aging experiments resulting in that the accumulated thermal resistance increment could not be neglected when conducting thermal network modeling and lifetime consumption assessment. Then, the Cauer thermal network is improved for establishing the fatigue feedback loop model, which takes the influence of accumulated solder layer fatigue into account when estimating the power module lifetime. The effectively of this method is validated by experimental results and resisting models. Finally, the lifetime consumption of the IGBT module utilized in a practical wind energy conversion system, is investigated by using the multi-scale feedback loop method. It is found that the Miner model would exaggerate the lifetime of power modules and, the lifetime consumption under low frequency thermal loading is faster than that under a fundamental frequency condition.     

Static and dynamic finite element modelling of thermal fatigue effects in insulated gate bipolar transistor modules

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the use of finite element techniques for modelling thermal fatigue effects in solder layers of insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) – modules used in traction applications. The three-dimensional models presented predict how progressive solder fatigue, affects the static and dynamic thermal performance of such devices.Specifically, in this paper, the analysis of an 800 A–1800 V IGBT module is performed. In the first part, the static analysis is realised. The parameters assessed are thermal resistance, maximum junction temperature and heat flux distribution through the different layers comprising the module construction. In the second part of the paper, transient analyses are performed in order to study the dynamic thermal behaviour of the module. The constructed thermal impedance curves allow for calculation of the device temperature variations with time. Stress parameters, such as temperature excursion and maximal temperature at chip and solder interfaces, are determined. Calibration of all simulation models is achieved by comparison with alternative theoretical calculations and manufacturers’ measured values provided in the data sheet book.     

Substrate-to-base solder joint reliability in high power IGBT modules

Acoustic microscope imaging proved to be an excellent tool to detect and quantify solder fatigue of the substrate to base interface of high power IGBT modules. This technique was used to establish the dependence of the thermal cycling capability on the temperature swing of the module base for a A1N/Cu system. Results from temperature cycling tests were combined with results from power cycling tests to predict the solder joint reliability over a wide range of temperature excursions.     

Boundary element analysis of thermal fatigue effects on high power IGBT modules

The technology of high power IGBT modules has been significantly improved these last years against thermal fatigue. The most frequently observed failure modes, due to thermal fatigue, are the solder cracks between the copper base plate and the direct copper bonding (DCB) substrate and bond wire lift-off. Specific simulation tools are needed to carry out reliability researches and to develop device lifetime models. In other respects, accurate temperature and flux distributions are essential when computing thermo-mechanical stresses in order to assess the lifetime of high power modules in real operating conditions. This study presents an analysis method based on the boundary element method (BEM) to investigate thermal behavior of high power semiconductor packages subjected to power cycling loads. The paper describes the boundary integral equation which has been solved using the BEM and applied to the case of a high power IGBT module package (3.3 kV–1.2 kA). A validation of the numerical tool is presented by comparison with experimental measurements. Finally, the paper points out the effect on the thermal stress of the IGBT chips position on the DCB substrate. In particular, a light shifting of the silicon chips may be sufficient to delay significantly the initiation and the propagation of the cracks, allowing a higher device lifetime of the studied module.     

Thermal fatigue effects on the temperature distribution inside IGBT modules for zone engine aeronautical applications

This work examines the thermal fatigue effects on the temperature distribution inside IGBT modules for aeronautical applications. Exactly, they are used in a very different application where temperature cycling due to the working environment is the most limiting fact. In this case, it is concluded that solder delamination does not present any restriction to module lifetime at short term (up to 60% of total delaminated area). In addition, it is proposed only determining the delaminated area behind devices, which is the main responsible of the thermal temperature increase.     

热循环加载片式元器件带空洞无铅焊点的可靠性

建立了片式元器件带空洞无铅焊点有限元分析模型,研究了热循环加载条件下空洞位置和空洞面积对焊点热疲劳寿命的影响.结果表明:热循环加载条件下空洞位置和空洞面积显著影响焊点热疲劳寿命.空洞位置固定于焊点中部且面积分别为7.065×10-4,1.256×10-3,1.963×10-3和2.826×10-3mm2时,焊点热疲劳寿...     

Solder void position and size effects on electro thermal behaviour of MOSFET transistors in forward bias conditions

This research aims to enhance the understanding on position and size effects on the electro thermal behaviour of low voltage power MOSFET transistors in forward bias condition. The numerical simulations are based on a fractional design of experiments (DoE). The performance of a finite elements model is discussed by comparing thermal and electrical measurements to results of finite elements simulation on a module of free void and voided solder. The void in the model is afterwards parameterized on position and size, according to the fractional DoE of the study. The combined functions issued from the parametric simulations and the DoE show the main impact of void size on temperature of the device and on the surface temperature of the bonding wires. From the numerical viewpoint, the most impacting position of void depends highly on the void size. The redistribution of current density and temperature on MOSFET chip and bonding wires due to solder void is also observed. A future experimental study in respect to the same DoE is expected in prospect, in order to fulfil the complementarity for this approach.     

IGBT junction and coolant temperature estimation by thermal model

The capability of IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) to handle heat is one of its main limitations of high power application. This paper aims to study an IGBT thermal model under flow cooling condition and estimate the IGBT module junction and coolant temperature. Firstly, this paper studies the IGBT module internal sandwich structure and calculates the thermal resistance and thermal capacitor for each layer using a 1D physical model. Then a Cauer electric model is built for the IGBT module to evaluate the thermal constant time of the model. The liquid cooling method is applied in this project for fast cooling and the thermal parameters are studied and measured since this cooling method involves both solid and liquid. In order to estimate the junction temperature, the sensing temperature from NTC (Negative temperature coefficient) resistor inside the module is used as reference temperature. The equivalent thermal models, also named Foster model, from both junction to NTC and NTC to coolant are built, respectively. With these thermal models, the junction and coolant temperature estimation methods are derived. For the purpose of making the estimation accurate, the thermal coupling effect is carefully studied. Finally, the thermal model is verified by inverter application with current steps sweeping; the estimated temperature is compared with thermal camera measurement result which demonstrates good accuracy of the thermal model. The estimated coolant temperature is also well matched with thermocouple measurement result.