在Fe-Al-C系统中合成优质Ⅱa型宝石级金刚石单晶

和优质Ib型宝石级金刚石单晶生长相比，作为当今高温高压晶体生长的一种高精尖技术，优质1／a型宝石级金刚石单晶对合成技术提出了更高更苛刻的要求：枢研究从晶体的生长速度出发，发现一开始阶段（大约几个小时）的晶体生长速度对优质宝石级金刚石单晶的后期生长争关重要。埘Fe-Al-C系统（Al含量不大于2．5wt％）来说，采用多品种法将晶体开始阶段的晶体生长速度由1．5mg／h降至0．5mg／h后，对生长过程中金属包裹体的进入有了明显的抑制作用，晶体的质量有了很大提高。从晶体中包裹体的存任形式来看，为了获得优质Ⅱa型宝石级金刚石单晶，在触媒中人为地添加除氮剂给晶体生长过程中的排杂过程带来了很大的难度：为了更好的实现排杂，必须很好的处理晶体表面的径向平铺生长速度和晶体轴向的堆积生长速度之间的火系。     

宝石级金刚石的生长速度与晶体品质的关系

高温高压温度梯度法是一种有效的合成宝石级金刚石单晶的方法。金刚石生长速度的控制非常关键。金刚石生长速度过快，得不到优质单晶；生长速度太慢又不利于商业化生产。在本文中我们在国产六面顶液压机上合成Ib型宝石级金刚石。对短时间（3小时）合成的晶体生长速度与金刚石品质之间的关系进行了研究。对于生长时间小于3小时的金刚石：当生长速度超过2mg／h时，晶体的品质较差；当生长速度小于2mg／h时，可以获得优质晶体。我们分析了实验中包裹体、熔坑、自发核和连晶的形成原因。并认为过快的生长速度是导致这些现象出现的主要因素。所以为获得优质晶体，在金刚石生长的初期（3小时内）生长速度应控制在2mg／h以下。     

优质Ⅱa型宝石级金刚石的合成技术

本文采用FeNiCo(KOV)触媒，在国产六面顶压机上，利用温度梯度法首次成功生长出尺寸约4mm的优质Ⅱa型无色透明的宝石级金刚石单晶。并通过对宝石级金刚石合成过程中除氮剂性质的研究，除氮剂添加量对生长晶体的影响，优质Ⅱa型宝石级金刚石单晶生长速度的控制等，介绍了在国产六面顶压机上生长Ⅱa型金刚石单晶的相关技术。实验结果表明，为了降低金刚石内部氮的含量，生长优质Ⅱa型金刚石单晶，需在合成腔体内部加入一定含量的除氮剂一钛。钛的含量在1wt％以上时的除氮效果较好，但钛添加过量(大于2wt％)又影响晶体生长的质量。     

铝对生长Ⅱa型宝石级金刚石的影响

对于高温高压温度梯度法合成金刚石来说,在触媒中添加除氮剂（Ti、Al等）,可以合成无色的Ⅱa型宝石级金刚石。实验使用国产六面顶压机和NiMnCo溶媒通过温度梯度法来合成Ⅱa型宝石级金刚石,主要研究了除氮剂铝对生长Ⅱa型宝石级金刚石的影响。由于铝的添加使得合成出的金刚石出现熔坑,并带有颜色等现象。大量实验表明：氮化铝的分解和过量铝的掺入是颜色和熔坑产生的原因。实验通过在约1210℃的低温区生长、降低生长速度至0．41mg／h,使金刚石的颜色和熔坑问题有了明显的改善。所以在用Al做除氮剂生长Ⅱa型宝石级金刚石时,为获得优质单晶,应以较低的生长速度在低温区生长晶体。     

在Fe-Al-C系统中合成优质IIa型宝石级金刚石单晶

和优质Ib型宝石级金刚石单晶生长相比,作为当今高温高压晶体生长的一种高精尖技术,优质Ⅱa型宝石级金刚石单晶对合成技术提出了更高更苛刻的要求。本研究从晶体的生长速度出发,发现一开始阶段(大约几个小时)的晶体生长速度对优质宝石级金刚石单晶的后期生长至关重要。对Fe-A l-C系统(A l含量不大于2.5wt%)来说,采用多晶种法将晶体开始阶段的晶体生长速度由1.5mg/h降至0.5mg/h后,对生长过程中金属包裹体的进入有了明显的抑制作用,晶体的质量有了很大提高。从晶体中包裹体的存在形式来看,为了获得优质Ⅱa型宝石级金刚石单晶,在触媒中人为地添加除氮剂给晶体生长过程中的排杂过程带来了很大的难度。为了更好的实现排杂,必须很好的处理晶体表面的径向平铺生长速度和晶体轴向的堆积生长速度之间的关系。     

宝石级金刚石单晶生长机制的研究---低速生长条件下的晶体生长特性

高温高压温差法生长优质宝石级金刚石单晶要求严格控制晶体的生长速度,因为晶体生长速度过快会导致熔体金属来不及扩散从而在晶体中产生包裹体,影响晶体的质量。本文考察了低速生长条件下宝石级金刚石单晶的生长情况,结果发现,在以{100}面作为晶种的生长面的情况下,无论合成温度高低,低速生长(本文中为0．40mg/h)出的晶体中均不存在金属包裹体,这与日本住友公司早期的结果有所不同。     

在FeNiCo-C系统中生长板状Ⅰb型宝石级金刚石

FeNiCo触媒作为一种合成金刚石的新型触媒材料,在金刚石制造业中有着广泛的应用。而板状宝石级金刚石大单晶由于具有诸多优异性能,在各个领域具有很重要的应用价值。本研究在高温高压条件下,利用温度梯度法在FeNiCo触媒中生长板状的Ⅰb型宝石级金刚石。实验表明,调整晶床高度使金刚石具有适宜的生长速度0.34 mg/h;沿﹛100﹜面生长优质板状Ⅰb型宝石级金刚石的最佳温度区间为1 209～1 216℃;在此基础上合成出尺寸达3 mm的优质板状Ⅰb型宝石级金刚石大单晶。     

优质六面体金刚石大单晶的合成及应用

利用高温高压温度梯度法,在合理调整组装方式、生产工艺的基础上,分别采用片状和环状碳源对合成优质六面体金刚石大单晶的尺寸、重量和生长速度进行了对比和分析。采用环状碳源33 h内合成晶体的尺寸可高达5.4 mm,生长速度高达12.6mg/h,重量高达2.08 carat,如此快的生长速度足可以满足六面体金刚石大单晶的产业化生产,进一步推动了国内人工合成金刚石的进程和发展。同时,六面体金刚石大单晶可作为CVD法合成单晶金刚石的基板和单晶金刚石刀具的首选材料。     

用NiMnCo触媒合成优质Ⅱa型金刚石大单晶

用N iMnCo触媒利用温度梯度法在高温高压下合成优质Ⅱa型宝石级金刚石。研究发现在约5.5GPa和1230℃的条件下,除氮剂Ti(Cu)的加入使合成金刚石的温度区间下限抬高而变窄,因而在设备控制精度符合要求的条件下实验解决了组装的稳定性问题;与此同时Ti(Cu)的加入也使金刚石晶体生长过程中更易俘获包裹体而出现熔坑,从而影响晶体的生长速度。本文分析了Ti(Cu)掺入量对晶体生长速度的影响。实验表明合成无色Ⅱa型宝石级金刚石合适的Ti(Cu)掺入量为1.8 wt%。降低生长速度使包裹体和熔坑问题得到解决。实验获得了~4mm的优质Ⅱa型金刚石大单晶。红外测试分析表明该金刚石含氮量小于1×10-6。     

我国宝石级金刚石单晶的发展现状

金刚石是一种用途广泛的极限性功能材料。宝石级金刚石单晶可广泛地用于高硬度材料的高精密机械加工,半导体激光器和高功率激光武器等的散热片,航空航天领域的窗口材料、光学材料和宽禁带半导体材料等,在现代高技术领域和国防工业中扮演着越来越重要的角色。本文系统地阐述了我国宝石级金刚石单晶的发展现状。本课题组经过多年的不懈努力,在国产六面顶高温高压设备上实现了不同类型宝石级金刚石单晶的可重复生长。我们合成出了尺寸达8mm的优质Ⅰb型金刚石单晶,4mm级的无色透明的高纯Ⅱa型和蓝黑色Ⅱb型宝石级金刚石单晶,5mm的绿色氮重掺杂金刚石单晶,使我国成为继美国、日本、英国等国之后能够合成多种类型宝石级金刚石单晶的少数国家之一。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。