Steady rotation of a sphere in a paramagnetic fluid

The steady rotation of a non-conducting sphere in an unbounded electrically non-conducting incompressible paramagnetic fluid was investigated. An external magnetic field acted parallel to the axis of rotation. The non-dimensional partial differential equations governing the magnetic field, magnetization and velocity were solved numerically. The magnetic field is comparatively weak in the radial direction and strong in the transverse direction over regions nearer the sphere. At points equidistant from the sphere the radial component of the magnetic field is maximum at an angle 14° from the axis. At points equidistant from the centre of the sphere the transverse component of the magnetic field is maximum at points near the equator and minimum at points near the axis. The magnetization increases with the applied magnetic field. At points near the equator and the axis the dipoles are oriented almost parallel to the applied magnetic field. In the remaining region they make an angle with the direction of the applied field which decreases with increasing applied magnetic field until at saturation magnetization they are oriented in the direction of the applied field. At points very near to the sphere the velocity is not affected by the magnetic field. Away from the sphere magnetization retards the flow.     

一种机载宽频带轻量化双偶极子测量天线设计

在小型旋翼无人机平台的天线测量系统中,测量发射天线要具有双极化、宽频带及轻量化的特点。为实现宽频带与双极化的电性能需求,设计了一种带反射腔的双偶极子天线,2 对偶极子十字交叉,采用同轴电缆馈电,共用一块反射底板;针对轻量化的要求,提出了“铜箔+PA6冶及结构件薄化的新型天线反射腔结构。通过电磁软件CST 建立模型,对偶极子天线进行了仿真。仿真表明,所设计天线在650 ~ 1 400 MHz 的测试频带内,阻抗带宽为73.2%(电压驻波比小于2.5),2 个激励端口的隔离度大于50 dB,增益大于7 dBi,方向图对称性好,天线总质量低于0.6 kg,故天线的综合性能满足该机载测量系统的要求。     

调磁式异步磁力联轴器三维气隙磁场研究

针对一台14对极21个调磁极片的调磁式异步磁力联轴器,为研究其气隙中永磁磁场与调制磁场的空间分布规律,利用有限元模拟的方法,得出静态与瞬态下三维气隙磁场的分布及周期性;基于等效面电流法,采用Matlab软件进行离散化编程求解,得到外气隙永磁磁场沿径向、周向及轴向的三维空间分布及周期性;采用多维高精度数字化测磁装置对联轴器的永磁磁场及调制磁场进行两种不同方案的三维测量。结果表明,永磁磁场与调制磁场均呈现周期性分布,其周期数分别为14、7;瞬态下气隙磁场的磁感应强度幅值大于静态时的幅值;气隙磁场存在端部效应,气隙磁场径向与周向分量的端部磁场小于中间磁场,轴向分量则相反;测量结果与模拟结果、解析结果具有很好的一致性。     

Repetitive sub-gigawatt rf source based on gyromagnetic nonlinear transmission line

We demonstrate a high power repetitive rf source using gyromagnetic nonlinear transmission line to produce rf oscillations. Saturated NiZn ferrites act as active nonlinear medium first sharpening the pumping high voltage nanosecond pulse and then radiating at central frequency of about 1 GHz: shock rise time excites gyromagnetic precession in ferrites forming damping rf oscillations. The optimal length of nonlinear transmission line was found to be of about 1 m. SINUS-200 high voltage driver with Tesla transformer incorporated into pulse forming line has been designed and fabricated to produce bursts of 1000 pulses with 200 Hz repetition rate. A band-pass filter and mode-converter have been designed to extract rf pulse from low-frequency component and to form TE(11) mode of circular waveguide with linear polarization. A wide-band horn antenna has been fabricated to form Gaussian distribution of radiation pattern. The peak value of electric field strength of a radiated pulse at the distance of 3.5 m away from antenna is measured to be 160 kV/m. The corresponding rf peak power of 260 MW was achieved.     

A new structure of superconducting magnetic system for 50 GHz operations (invited)

High field and high frequency have been leading the development of electron cyclotron resonance ion sources (ECRISs) in the past decade as demonstrated by the achieved great performance. The present superconducting magnet structures built with NbTi wires have reached an axial field of 3.5-4.0 T and a radial field of 2.0 T for operating frequency up to 28 GHz. Further increase of the magnetic field strength will require higher current superconductor, i.e., Nb(3)Sn wires. This paper will present the features of a new superconducting magnet structure and review of the existing structures. Using NbTi wires, the new magnet structure could be able to produce maximum fields of 7.0 T on axis and radial field of 3.7 T at a hexagonal plasma chamber wall for ECRIS operations up to 50 GHz. If this new magnet can be built with Nb(3)Sn wires, much higher fields can be expected.     

磁场分布对多磨头磁流变抛光材料去除的影响

为研究磁场分布对材料去除的影响,设计轴向充磁异向排布、轴向充磁同向排布、径向充磁异向排布、径向充磁同向排布4种磁铁充磁和排布方式,利用有限元软件Maxwell仿真不同磁场的磁力线分布及抛光轮表面的磁感应强度分布,并采用数字特斯拉计测量实际磁感应强度。对单晶硅基片进行定点抛光试验,检测抛光斑沿抛光轮轴向的去除轮廓及峰值点的表面形貌。仿真和实际磁感应强度检测结果表明,不同磁场分布方式对抛光区的磁场分布有很大影响,磁铁轴向充磁同向排布与径向充磁异向排布时,具有较高的磁场强度和较好的多磨头效果。定点抛光试验表明,采用轴向充磁同向排布与径向充磁异向排布这两种方式时,能实现多点加工,其中轴向充磁同向排布时加工效率较高;但采用径向充磁同向排布时,由于抛光区磁感应强度较低,磁流变微磨头无法对工件进行有效地抛光。峰值点表面形貌检测结果表明,采用不同磁场分布方式时,对工件表面均是以塑性去除方式去除。研究表明,通过优化磁铁充磁和排布方式,可实现多磨头磁流变抛光的加工原理。     

High voltage ultrawide band pulse generator using Blumlein pulse forming line

A high voltage ultrawide band pulse generation system has been developed to radiate intense and ultrawide band electric fields for the examination of effects of the electric fields on the operation of electronic devices. As major components of the system, a helical strip∕wire type of air-cored pulse transformer and a triaxial type of Blumlein pulse forming line have been designed and fabricated to amplify and shape the output pulse, respectively. For the construction of a compact system, the pulse transformer and the Blumlein line are installed in a single cylindrical container. An ultrawide band TEM horn antenna has been fabricated to radiate the Blumlein output pulses to electronic devices. A number of experimental results demonstrate that the system is capable of providing an output pulse whose voltage is greater than 300 kV, pulse duration is ~5 ns, and rise time is ~500 ps with repetition rate of 10 Hz. The peak-to-peak value of electric field intensity of a radiated pulse is also measured to be approximately 42 kV/m at a distance of 10 m away from the antenna.     

一种浅地表探测收发天线的设计分析

通过对浅地表电磁探测系统的探测原理和收发天线的结构及参数研究,分析了频率域浅地表探测系统的工作原理。论证了利用磁场z分量间接探测浅地表地下介质电性结构的可行性。利用MATLAB对发射接收天线进行理论计算,分析了收发天线设计的关键问题;重新设计了探测系统所需的发射和接收天线,采用并联结构使发射天线效率有所提高,接收天线采用8字形结构,从结构上实现一次场的屏蔽,同时,避免了引入参考线圈使结构和计算复杂。通过实际测试,能够辨别出埋藏于土壤9 cm处的2 g电阻率异常体。最后,总结了埋藏深度、有无土壤对探测数据的影响。为浅地表探测天线系统的改进及近地表电磁成像系统研制提供依据及参考。     

A Directional Borehole Radar System

In this paper we present the simulation and design of a directional borehole radar. In addition we discuss an imaging method for the radar system. The antenna system contains an electric dipole which is in one direction shielded by a cylindrical perfectly conducting reflector. The radiation pattern of the reflected wavefield is computed by first solving the integral equation. This equation combines the unknown electric surface current density on the reflector and the known incident field from the electric dipole. Once the electric surface current density is known, the radiation pattern of the system is computed using the integral representation over the reflector and the dipole. The radiation patterns for various configurations have been computed in order to find an optimal configuration. A prototype of the antenna system based on an optimal configuration has been built, and the directional radiation pattern has been measured in the plane perpendicular to the antenna system. The measurements were in good agreement with the computations. Subsequently a three dimensional imaging method for the borehole radar is presented. Here a deconvolution is carried out in the angular direction, making use of the computed radiation pattern. Some imaging results will be shown.     

Calculation of phase changes of electron waves near excited nanoparticles

When a metallic nanoparticle is illuminated by electromagnetic radiation of the appropriate frequency, strong electric and magnetic fields are generated close to the surface of the particle by the valence electrons of the metal. The energy in these surface excitations can be transferred to external electrons passing near the particle (energy-gain spectral spectroscopy) and they change the phase of the zero-loss component of the electron wave. This paper provides an estimate of how the phase of the wave at the image plane of a 100-kV transmission electron microscope varies with position in the image plane. For a 16-nm radius gold sphere illuminated by the light of wavelength 500 nm and irradiance 10 MW/cm², the phase in the image plane changes by 0.002 rad/nm along a radial line outside the sphere. Changes of similar magnitude have been measured in previous studies.     

Measurements and analysis of the electromagnetic fields of mobile communication antennas

The owner of a mobile telephone is exposed to radiation from both the mobile telephone and base stations. They are often installed on the roofs of residential buildings. The article deals with electromagnetic fields generated by mobile communication antennas in the residential area. Measurements of electrical strength, magnetic strength and the electromagnetic field energy flux density were performed and compared to the established hygiene norms. Tests were conducted in the near and far zones of the antenna, in residential premises located directly in front of antenna, within the main radiation lobe of the antenna.     

First results of the resistive bolometers on KSTAR

The resistive bolometers have been successfully installed in the midplane of L-port in Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) device. The spatial and temporal resolutions, 4.5 cm and ～1?kHz, respectively, enable us to measure the radial profile of the total radiated power from magnetically confined plasma at a high temperature through radiation and neutral particles. The radiated power was measured at all shots. Even at low plasma current, the bolometer signal was detectable. The electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECH) has been used in tokamak for ECH assisted start-up and plasma control by local heating and current drive. The detectors of resistive bolometer, near the antenna of ECH, are affected by electron cyclotron wave. The tomographic reconstruction, using the Phillips-Tikhonov regularization method, will be carried out for a major radial profile of the radiation emissivity of the circular cross-section plasma.     

Magnetohydrodynamic flows in a dis-aligned duct system under a uniform magnetic field

In the present study, three-dimensional Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Liquid-metal (LM) flows in a dis-aligned duct system under a uniform magnetic field are investigated by numerical method. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are carried out to analyzed the characteristics of the MHD flows and to examine the inter-relationship of the LM velocity, current density, electric potential and pressure, using CFX. The duct system consists of two dis-aligned parallel channels (One inflow channel and one outflow channel) and one channel connecting the above channels. In the present study, cases with different lengths of the connecting channel are considered. Because of the inertial force therein, a velocity recirculation is found in the region just after the first turning, resulting in a region of peak value in electric potential together with complex distribution of the current. Also, another velocity recirculation is seen in the region just after the second turning, creating another region of peak value in electric potential. In a situation where the magnetic field is applied in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the main flow in a dis-aligned duct system, until the fluid reaches an edge, the velocity component parallel to the magnetic field converges, with an increasing in the peak value of the side layer velocity, and then, after the fluid passes the edge, the velocity component parallel to the magnetic field diverges, with a decrease in the peak value of the side layer velocity. Oppositely, until the fluid reaches a corner, the velocity component parallel to the magnetic field diverges, with a decrease in the peak value of the side layer velocity, and then, after the fluid passes the corner, the velocity component parallel to the magnetic field converges, with an increase in the peak value of the side layer velocity. It is found that this type of velocity pattern is closely associated with the current distribution in the region of right-angle segments in the sense that the magnitude of the electromotive component of electric current is proportional to the fluid velocity.     

Effect of Facet Displacement on Radiation Field and Its Application for Panel Adjustment of Large Reflector Antenna

Large reflector antennas are widely used in radars, satellite communication, radio astronomy, and so on. The rapid developments in these fields have created demands for development of better performance and higher surface accuracy. However, low accuracy and low efficiency are the common disadvantages for traditional panel alignment and adjustment. In order to improve the surface accuracy of large reflector antenna, a new method is presented to determinate panel adjustment values from far field pattern. Based on the method of Physical Optics (PO), the effect of panel facet displacement on radiation field value is derived. Then the linear system is constructed between panel adjustment vector and far field pattern. Using the method of Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), the adjustment value for all panel adjustors are obtained by solving the linear equations. An experiment is conducted on a 3.7 m reflector antenna with 12 segmented panels. The results of simulation and test are similar, which shows that the presented method is feasible. Moreover, the discussion about validation shows that the method can be used for many cases of reflector shape. The proposed research provides the instruction to adjust surface panels efficiently and accurately.     

Multichannel Langmuir probe for turbulence study in Heliotron J

New multichannel Langmuir probe system was developed and installed to Heliotron J. The objective of the new probe is to characterize basic turbulence property and the resulting transport in advanced helical configuration. The probe developed here consists of four sets of triple probe and one pin for floating potential measurement. Initial experiments in neutral beam heating plasma were conducted and fluctuation profile of radial and poloidal electric fields and Reynolds stress were estimated. For precise evaluation of the electric fields and Reynolds stress, a technique to compensate radial change of tilt angle between probe array and magnetic surface was proposed and applied to the initial results obtained in edge region of Heliotron J where the complicated magnetic structure exists.     

介质透镜操控光电导天线辐射太赫兹波的研究

飞秒激光驱动的太赫兹 (terahertz, THz) 光电导天线是THz时域谱系统中常用的THz源,受全向辐射模式的影响,该光电导天线的天线主瓣小,方向性差。对波束的有效操控将有助于提高光电导天线的发射效率。以低温生长的砷化镓 (LT-GaAs) 作为天线基底材料,通过电磁仿真软件CST对蝶形天线辐射THz波的电磁分布特性进行仿真,研究了介质透镜对蝶形天线辐射出的THz波的操控。通过对透镜扩展厚度的理论与数值分析,得出一定频率下的最佳透镜扩展厚度值。仿真结果表明：随着频率的提高,蝶形天线在加载更小扩展厚度的硅透镜时可获得更好的方向性。     

Generation, transport, and detection of linear accelerator based femtosecond-terahertz pulses

The generation and detection of intense terahertz (THz) radiation has drawn a great attention recently. The dramatically enhanced energy and peak electric field of the coherent THz radiation can be generated by coherent superposition of radiated fields emitted by ultrafast electron bunches. The femtosecond (fs)-THz beamline construction at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL) was completed in the end of 2009. The fs-THz beamline at PAL can supply ultrafast and intense fs-THz radiation from a 75 MeV linear accelerator. The radiation is expected to have frequency up to 3 THz (～100 cm(-1)) and the pulse width of <200 fs with pulse energy up to 10 μJ. This intense THz source has great potential for applications in nonlinear optical phenomena and fields such as material science, biomedical science, chemistry, and physics, etc.     

Electric field-induced changes of W(110) and W(111) tips

Using field emission and scanning electron microscopy we have studied the influence of strong electric fields on the thermally induced growth behaviour of field emission tips. For smaller fields (i.e. smaller than needed for a satisfactory field emission image) we observe an enlargement of low-index faces, which for higher fields develops into a building-up of micro-structures and roughening on the initially spherical part of the tip surface. In an intermediate state only the region near the (111) directions contributes to the field emission pattern. For the highest fields employed the results indicate the growth of local protrusions preferentially near (100) faces. Our results show that in scanning tunnelling microscopy W(111) tips should be superior to the commonly used W(110) tips.     

光纤陀螺在球面非均匀磁场中的磁敏感性研究

磁光法拉第效应是光纤陀螺中存在的非互易效应,会在陀螺输出零位附加一个固定偏置,从而影响光纤陀螺的精度。针对陀螺内部电路的辐射磁场为球面非均匀磁场的特点,建立了球面非均匀磁场的光纤陀螺磁敏感误差模型。采用数值模拟的方法分析了球面非均匀磁场对光纤陀螺磁敏感性的影响并进行了实验验证。实验证明,球面磁场源距离光纤环越近,光纤陀螺磁敏感误差越大;球面磁场源位于光纤环中心轴附近时,光纤陀螺磁敏感误差较小;球面磁场源在光纤环内部中心轴向移动时,光纤陀螺磁敏感误差基本不变。     

Probe Diagnostics of a Rotating Plasma

A technique for making probe measurements of the parameters of a plasma rotating in crossed radial electric and axial magnetic fields is described. Unlike the commonly used method, the processing of readings of the Langmuir triple probe was carried out using the results of measurements based on a Mach plasma probe. When using a magnetic field produced in a solenoid without end-to-end magnetic plugs, a positive potential with respect to the grounded anode and outer metal tube is observed in the plasma that arrives from the electric discharge source with the thermoemission cathode and the annular anode. It is shown that the speed of azimuthal electron drift in the crossed-fields system under investigation is much higher than the ion rotation speed.