Comparison of gait between young adults fitted with the space foot and nondisabled persons

Prosthetic feet having new keel configurations were specially designed to store deformation energy during early and midstance and release it at push-off. These prosthetic components display longitudinal symmetry favoring good energy storage/release capability in the sagittal plane. The need for inverters/everters either as independent components or within the foot structure has long been recognized. This article documents the walking and slow jogging performances of six young adults wearing below-knee prostheses fitted with the Space Foot, a flexible foot prosthesis that provides medio-lateral control at heel-strike and lateral and forward propulsion at push-off. Results indicate that the Space Foot behaves as a flexible keel foot prosthesis. Its gait performances are also good for fast walking; however, the Space Foot's actual design should be modified if used in sporting activities involving running.     

Testing the validity of the Euroqol and comparing it with the SF-36 health survey questionnaire

There is an interest in the consequences of deriving a single index measure of health for validity and sensitivity. This paper presents the results of testing a recent example of a general health measure designed to derive a single index, the Euroqol (EQ), and presents a comparison with a new, influential profile measure, the Short Form 36 (SF-36) Health Survey Instrument. The EQ and an anglicised version of the SF-36 health survey, both designed for self-completion, were included in a postal survey of a random sample of 1980 patients from two practice lists in Sheffield, UK. The response rate for the EQ questionnaire was 83%, and the rate of completion over 95%. Evidence was found for the construct validity of the EQ dimension responses and the derived total EQ health score in terms of distinguishing between groups with expected health differences. Considerable agreement was found between EQ responses and the total EQ score, and the UK SF-36 profile scores. There was substantial evidence of EQ being less sensitive at the ceiling (i.e. low levels of perceived ill-health) and throughout the range of health states. A recent restructuring of the EQ, may help overcome some of the problems with the physical dimensions by reducing their skewness.     

Ankle osteoarthritis scale

Although there is a wide array of outcome tools for assessing patients with symptomatic ankle arthritis, no disease-specific instrument for ankle arthritis has been shown to be reliable and valid. The purpose of this study was to develop a simple, reliable, and validated outcome measure for the clinical assessment of ankle osteoarthritis. We modified the Foot Function Index, a visual analog-based scale used to assess rheumatoid foot problems, to measure patient symptoms and functional limitations stemming from osteoarthritis of the ankle joint. Test-retest reliability and criterion and construct validity were determined for the overall Ankle Osteoarthritis Scale and its two subscales (pain and disability). Overall reliability (r=0.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.94-0.99), pain subscale reliability (r=0.95; 95% CI, 0.90-0.98), and disability subscale reliability (r=0.94; 95% CI, 0.88-0.97) were excellent. Criterion validity testing of the instrument with the WOMAC (a disease-specific scale for osteoarthritis) and the SF-36 (a general health survey) showed a high degree of concordance for related subscales. Construct validity using a physical measure of ankle function demonstrated sensitivity of the instrument to the degree of joint dysfunction. Normative data were obtained from 562 individuals who were not patients (264 men and 298 women). The responses were analyzed for trends in gender, body mass index, presence of arthritis, history of fracture in relation to the response levels, and age. A small but statistically significant main effect for gender was found, with women consistently reporting higher pain, disability, and total index scores. Body mass index and arthritis were also found to correlate with response answers across the subscale and total index scores; however, these factors only accounted for 12% of the variation. The Ankle Osteoarthritis Scale is a reliable and valid self-assessment instrument that specifically measures patient symptoms and disabilities related to ankle arthritis.     

Elaboration and validation of a tool to measure psychological well-being: WBMMS

Psychological well-being scales used in epidemiologic surveys usually show high construct validity. The content validation, however, is less convincing since these scales rest on lists of items that reflect the theoretical model of the authors. In this study we present results of the construct and criterion validation of a new Well-Being Manifestations Measure Scale (WBMMS) founded on an initial list of manifestations derived from an original content validation in a general population. It is concluded that national and public health epidemiologic surveys should include both measures of positive and negative mental health.     

Development and psychometric evaluation of the gambling treatment outcome monitoring system (GAMTOMS).

This article describes the development and initial reliability and validity estimates of the Gambling Treatment Outcome Monitoring System (GAMTOMS), a multi-instrument and multidimensional outcome assessment battery designed to measure gambling treatment outcomes. Reliability methods included both internal consistency of scales and a 1-week test-retest temporal stability procedure. Validity was examined with procedures to estimate content, convergent, discriminant, predictive, and construct validity. Data were collected from 2 separate studies, 1 on the questionnaire version and 1 on the interview version. The questionnaire study included 46 female and 41 male gambling treatment clients and 22 female and 2 male nonclinical participants. The interview study included 88 female and 62 male gambling treatment clients and 16 female and 9 male nonclinical participants. The GAMTOMS was found to yield satisfactory estimates of internal consistency, and 1-week test-retest reliability and was also found to demonstrate satisfactory content, convergent, discriminant, predictive, and construct validity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Conflict over emotional expression: Psychological and physical correlates.

This study addresses the construct of conflict or ambivalence over emotional expression. Ambivalence is seen as an important mediator in the link between emotional styles and psychological and physical well-being. Using the "personal striving" framework, a questionnaire measure of ambivalent emotional strivings (AEQ) was designed. In Study 1, 292 Ss completed this measure along with questionnaire measures of expressiveness, social desirability, and intense ambivalence. Women scored significantly higher than men on both the AEQ and expressiveness. In Study 2, scores on the AEQ were found to be negatively correlated with self-reported and peer-rated expressiveness. In Study 3, 48 Ss participated in a 21-day study of mood and health. Expressiveness was positively correlated with some measures of well-being and with daily negative affect. Ambivalence was positively correlated with several indices of psychological distress. Although the AEQ correlated with questionnaire measures of physical symptomatology, neither the AEQ nor the expressiveness measures correlated with daily symptom reports. Results support the contention that conflict over emotional expressiveness is a variable worthy of study in its own right, having implications for research on personality and health. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Assessing attachment following divorce: Development and psychometric evaluation of the Divorce Reaction Inventory.

Describes the development and initial cross-validation of a 46-item questionnaire measure of postseparation attachment: the Divorce Reaction Inventory (DRI). A 5-component definition of attachment was derived from the clinical and theoretical literature, and an initial 70-item questionnaire was administered to a sample of 52 separated and divorced persons. 46 items that discriminated between independently formed attached and unattached criterion groups were included in a revised questionnaire and cross-validated on another sample of 51 separated and divorced persons. Ss were also administered the Beck Depression Inventory and the Interpersonal Dependency Inventory. The results revealed that the DRI had excellent split-half and internal consistency reliabilities, demonstrated adequate concurrent and discriminant validity, and performed in a theoretically predicted manner in 2 construct validity analyses. (25 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy associated with migraine

The Foot Function Index is a validated and reliable instrument for measuring foot pain, disability, and activity restriction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. For the purposes of orthopaedic studies in which one foot serves as an internal control, we assessed the side-to-side reliability of the seven-question Foot Function Index pain subscale. Thirty patients with rheumatoid arthritis completed visual analog scale pain questionnaires for both feet on two occasions 8 days apart. Internal reliability of the scale was high, with Cronbach's alphas ranging from 0.94 to 0.96, suggesting good left versus right discriminatory abilities. Principal component factor analysis segregated the questions into two large clusters containing predominantly either left or right foot items. Intraclass correlation coefficients were examined for test-retest reliability (separated by side) and for side-to-side reliability (separated by the day of test). The resultant intraclass correlation coefficients were nearly equivalent, ranging from 0.79 to 0.89. Generalizability analysis yielded similar results. Intraclass correlation coefficients and generalizability analysis demonstrate that the majority of variation is best explained by the differences within subjects or between subjects rather than by test-retest or side-to-side differences. We recommend the Foot Function Index as a reliable measurement scale for use in orthopaedic interventional trials.     

Reliability and validity of the Memory Self-Efficacy Questionnaire.

The development and psychometric properties of the Memory Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (MSEQ), a self-report measure of memory ability (Self-Efficacy Level) and confidence (Self-Efficacy Strength), are described. The MSEQ was rationally constructed using 50 memory items with face and content validity. The MSEQ and its alternate versions were examined in three experiments with younger and older adult samples. Satisfactory estimates of internal consistency and test–retest stability were obtained. Canonical correlation analyses provided preliminary support for the MSEQ's criterion and construct validity. Although additional psychometric work is needed, this initial investigation of the MSEQ suggests that it may be a useful tool for research on memory self-evaluation in adult age groups. Reliability and validity are strong, the questionnaire shows expected adult age differences in self-evaluation, and the theoretical framework of self-efficacy provides useful hypotheses regarding developmental changes and individual differences in self-evaluation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Replicating the chronic disease score (CDS) from automated pharmacy data

Michael Von Korff and colleagues at the Center for Health Studies, Group Health Cooperative (GHC) of Puget Sound created a measure of chronic disease status (CDS) using automated outpatient pharmacy data. They reported the measure appeared to provide a stable and valid measure of health status. The availability of such a measure could become a new tool for a variety of applications, including screening, resource allocation, and quality assurance. The measure was replicated for its reliability and construct and predictive validity in the KPNW membership using automated pharmacy data. Reliability and validity were tested using correlation and regression techniques. The CDS showed test-retest reliability over time. It showed construct validity with the RAND-36 instrument and the BSI-8 depression screener. It showed predictive validity with health care visits and hospitalizations. The results were similar to those at GHC. The findings indicated that the CDS can serve, with certain precautions, as a readily accessible low cost measure of health status.     

Hand and foot infections in children

Hand and Foot anatomic and physiologic characteristics make the infections, located there, acquire specific aspects. Seventy seven in-patients admitted and/or with follow-up at the out-patient clinic of Dona Estef?nia Hospital with Hand (25) and Foot (52) infections, were reviewed during the period between January 1991 and January 1994. We treated, out-patients with paronychia (7 of the hand and 42 of the foot), one patient with hand pulpitis, and one with dorsum hand cellulitis. The remaining 16 with hand infection (64%) and 15 with foot infection (29%) were being treated with splint in the position of rest, elevation of the affected limb and endovenous antibiotic therapy. In all abscess cases, surgical drainage was conducted, 16 the of hand and 22 of the foot. There were no sequels in hand infection. In foot infection there was one osteitis of the first metatarsus and a cutaneous fistula.     

Evidence that self-affirmation reduces alcohol consumption: Randomized exploratory trial with a new, brief means of self-affirming.

Objective: To test the ability of a new, brief means of affirming the self (the “self-affirming implementation intention”) to decrease alcohol consumption against a standard means of self-affirmation (the self-affirming “kindness” questionnaire) and an active control condition; to test whether self-affirmation effects can be sustained beyond the experimental session; and to examine potential moderators of the effects. Method: Two hundred seventy-eight participants were randomly allocated to one of three conditions: control questionnaire, self-affirming questionnaire, and self-affirming implementation intention. All participants were exposed to a threatening health message, designed to inform them about the health risks associated with consuming alcohol. Main Outcome Measures: The main outcome measure was subsequent alcohol intake. Results: There were significant public health gains and statistically significant decreases (>1 unit/day) in alcohol consumption in the two experimental conditions but not in the control condition. At the end of the study, participants in the control condition were consuming 2.31 units of alcohol per day; people in the self-affirming questionnaire condition were consuming 1.52 units of alcohol per day; and people in the self-affirming implementation intention condition were consuming 1.53 units of alcohol per day. There were no significant differences between the self-affirming questionnaire and self-affirming implementation intention, and adherence did not moderate the effects. Self-affirmation also improved message processing, increased perceived threat, and led to lower message derogation. Conclusions: The findings support the efficacy of a new, brief self-affirmation manipulation to enhance the effectiveness of health risk information over time. Further research is needed to identify mediators of the effects of self-affirmation on health behavior change. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

The life attitudes schedule: a scale to assess adolescent life-enhancing and life-threatening behaviors

The purpose of this study was to develop a questionnaire to measure suicidal and other risk-taking behaviors, the Life Attitudes Schedule (LAS), and to test a theoretical model that postulates a single domain of behaviors to which all life-threatening and life-enhancing behaviors belong. The LAS was developed and piloted on 1539 high school students and young adults. The schedule measures four different content categories: death related, health related, injury related, and self-related. Each content category includes an equal number of items designed to assess actions, thoughts, and feelings. Consistent with the theoretical model, the LAS includes positive (life-enhancing) and negative (life-threatening) behaviors. In this paper we present psychometric information for the LAS. The results are interpreted as providing support for a broad, bipolar conceptualization of suicidal and other risk-taking behavior that encompasses life-threatening and life-enhancing behaviors.     

A note on the criterion.

The concept of the criterion in much applied research has implied the possibility of identifying a single, ultimate measure against which predictors should be correlated. It is argued that the criterion has been overemphasized with the result that complexities of predicting the many facets of job success have been ignored in favor of overly simplified studies designed to relate predictors to single measures of job success. Applied psychologists should give more emphasis to construct validation and make an effort to learn more about the meaning of test scores and other predictors in terms of multiple dimensions of behavior. Information available on the Engineering Research Key of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank is presented in order to illustrate the pattern of validation research recommended. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The EORTC core quality of life questionnaire (QLQ-C30): validity and reliability when analysed with patients treated with palliative radiotherapy

The EORTC Core Quality of Life questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) is designed to measure cancer patients' physical, psychological and social functions. The questionnaire is composed of multi-item scales and single items. 247 patients completed the EORTC QLQ-C30 before palliative radiotherapy and 181 after palliative radiotherapy. The questionnaire was well accepted with a high completion rate in the present patient population consisting of advanced cancer patients with short life expectancy. In addition, the questionnaire was found to be useful to detect the effect of palliative radiotherapy over time. The scale reliability was excellent for all scales except the role functioning scale. Excellent criterion validity was found for the emotional functioning scale where it was correlated with GHQ-20. Performance of the questionnaire was improved after the second evaluation as compared with the first. The present study shows that the EORTC QLQ-C30 is found to be practical and valid in measuring quality of life in patients with advanced disease.     

Development and validation of a team attributional style questionnaire.

The purpose of the study was to develop a psychometrically sound team attributional style questionnaire. A four-phase questionnaire development protocol was employed. In the first phase, Rees, Ingledew, and Hardy's (2005) four-dimension attribution model (i.e., controllability, stability, globality, and universality) was adopted to guide item generation. Phase two consisted of the development of the questionnaire and the assessment of the content validity of the items. In phase three, the reliability and validity of the newly developed questionnaire was assessed using a multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) confirmatory factor analysis on a sample of 240 athletes. The results indicated an acceptable fit between the four-factor model and data. Phase four assessed the criterion validity of the measure using the partial least squares (PLS) structural modeling technique. A sample of 198 athletes completed the new questionnaire and the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ; Carron, Widmeyer, & Brawley, 1985). The four-factor attributional style model accounted for 19% of the variation for Group Integration–Task cohesion and 15% of the variance for Individual Attractions to Group–Task cohesion. Issues related to assessing team attributional style are discussed and future research directions are recommended. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Health, just world beliefs and coping style preferences in patients of complementary and orthodox medicine

This study was designed to compare health and Just World Beliefs, coping style preferences and the mental health of a group of patients that utilize complementary medicine (CM), a group that exclusively use orthodox medicine (OM) and a mixed group who use both. Each participant filled out a questionnaire consisting of four sections: a measure of health beliefs which attributed certain factors to the state of their current health and to their capacity to become healthier in the future; a measure of the extent of their Belief in a Just World; a measure of coping style preference when faced with a threatening situation; and a measure of mental health. The results, co-varying out demographic factors, showed differences between the group yielded significant differences on the beliefs about future health, with the CM group scoring higher than the OM group. There were no differences in coping styles, Just World Beliefs or mental health between the three groups. The results were discussed in relation to explanations for differences in illness behaviour, specifically the reasons for choosing complementary therapies against orthodox therapies for the treatment of illness.     

Differential dissection of the rat E16 ventral mesencephalon and survival and reinnervation of the 6-OHDA-lesioned striatum by a subset of aldehyde dehydrogenase-positive TH neurons

Proposed in this paper is an expansion of the concept of fear of fear to include fear of other emotions (anger, depression, and positive emotions). In Study 1, initial evidence of the reliability and validity of a questionnaire designed to measure this construct, the Affective Control Scale, is provided. In Study 2, an analogue experiment of susceptibility to panic disorder was conducted. The ability of fear of anger, depression, and positive emotions to predict fear of laboratory-induced bodily sensations in a population with no history of panic attacks was demonstrated.     

Foot surgery in the patient with diabetes

Foot surgery for the patient with diabetes does not need to have negative implications. Limb salvage is always a worthwhile goal. The surgeon needs to consider prophylactic surgery in the patient with diabetes to prevent subsequent infections from developing in pressure areas. The assessment of hypoxia, with the help of a vascular surgeon when necessary, is of obvious importance. The large number of misconceptions regarding foot surgery for patients with diabetes leads to considerable confusion regarding surgical care. Many patients with diabetes recover from infections, as well as elective and ablative surgery. This may enable years of foot function to be preserved and is a worthwhile goal in all foot surgery involving patients with diabetes.