氧化铝的真空碳热还原—氯化—歧化反应(英文)

通过XRD物相分析和热力学分析研究氧化铝的真空碳热还原—氯化—歧化反应。以氧化铝和石墨为原料,在真空下、1643-1843K的温度范围内进行实验。结果表明,AlCl3(g)与氧化铝碳热还原产生的Al2O(g)或Al(g)反应生成AlCl(g),该AlCl(g)在较低温度下歧化分解为金属铝和AlCl3(g);当压力为100Pa、温度为980K时,AlCl(g)的歧化反应率达到90%。生成的金属铝可以吸附催化CO歧化为C和CO2,并可以与CO二次反应形成Al4C3、Al2O3、C和CO2,导致铝产物中含有C、Al4C3和Al2O3。产物铝中所含的这些杂质随着AlCl(g)歧化反应温度的降低而减少。AlCl3(g)在接近室温的温度下冷凝下来。     

氯化亚铝真空歧化反应研究

通过热力学分析和氯化亚铝歧化过程提取铝的实验研究了氯化亚铝真空歧化反应。热力学分析表明,反应体系总压越低、歧化反应越完全,所需反应温度越低。在总压为5~200Pa、氯化亚铝的歧化反应率为10%~90%的范围内,反应平衡温度在875~1182K之间。实验结果证实,随着温度的逐渐降低,氯化亚铝歧化反应连续进行,反应逐渐趋于完全;歧化温度高于933K时,形成的铝产品中含有Al4C3、C及Al2O3杂质,低于933K时,形成较纯的铝粉。     

氧化铝在碳热还原-氯化法炼铝过程中的行为

采用XRD、气相色谱仪、EDS及质量损失等手段与方法,在不同反应温度、系统压力、添加剂及反应时间对氧化铝在碳热及氯化过程进行研究。结果表明:碳热与氯化过程生成的气体主要是CO,含量达98.4%(质量分数)以上;碳热过程在50～100Pa、高于1693K时,Al4O4C与Al4C3开始生成,且含量随着温度的升高与保温时间的延长而增加;在1Pa及1773K时,Al4O4C碳热转化为Al4C3;分别添加10%Fe2O3与10%SiO2(质量分数),在40～100Pa、1803K、保温120～150min时,可使物料质量损失率达到26.70%与30.13%,促进碳热过程向生成Al4O4C与Al4C3方向进行;温度高于1853K不利于该反应的进行;碳热-氯化过程是Al2O3与Al4O4C、Al4C3及AlCl3共同反应生成低价氯化铝AlCl,气态AlCl进入低温区歧解得到金属铝。     

电热法生产铝硅合金的理论研究

从理论角度系统研究了Al2O3-C系、SiO2-C系、Al2O3-SiO2-C系热力学。结果表明,在Al2O3-C系中,碳热还原氧化铝过程的中间产物Al4C3,它与A12O3、A1之间有很大的溶解度,导致铝的提取率较低,给利用电热法直接制备金属纯铝带来了困难。在Al2O3-SiO2-C系中,硅在很大程度上改善了铝还原的热力学条件,其中间产物Al4C3、SiC等碳化物分别与SiO2、Al2O3反应进而生成铝-硅合金,使电热法生产铝-硅合金得以实现。动力学研究结果表明,在电热法生产铝-硅合金中,Fe的存在使铝-硅合金生成反应的起始温度大大降低,且Fe与Al、Si在熔融状态下可以无限互溶,Fe还有助于破坏碳热还原过程中容易生成的碳化物。     

真空AlCl歧化法生产铝的过程中C、Al4C3和Al2O3的形成热力学

通过热力学分析研究了真空Al Cl歧化法生产铝的过程中C、Al4C3和Al2O3的形成条件。结果表明,形成这些杂质的反应,即CO的歧化反应和金属铝与CO的反应,所需的反应温度随着压力的降低而降低。金属铝-CO体系的lg pCO-1/T图与实验结果相符,表明反应速率快,该体系在真空下接近平衡,该平衡图可以用来预测该体系在真空下可能的反应。     

铝灰中AlN的水解行为

通过测定反应后悬浊液pH值和剩余AlN量,考察了反应温度、反应时间等因素对铝灰中AlN水解程度的影响。结果表明:铝灰会与水反应放出氨气;在相同温度下,随着反应时间的延长,溶液pH值会逐渐升高直至达到最大值;温度越高,水解反应越充分;在298 K温度下,液固比对水解pH值有一定影响,搅拌在一定程度上能加速反应进程,而粒度对水解反应没有明显影响。与AlN粉末和AlN陶瓷块体相比较,铝灰中的AlN在水解反应活性及生成物等方面均存在差别。     

XD合成Al-TiO2-C系铝基复合材料研究

主要讨论了Al-TiO2-C系XD法制备铝基复合材料的合成工艺.结果表明,Al-TiO2-C系在真空炉中氩气气氛下预热至1 100 K左右时爆燃,反应生成颗粒状TiC、A12O3及棒状Al3Ti复相增强的铝基复合材料.α-Al2O3颗粒偏聚于基体的晶界,Al3Ti在基体中分布相对均匀.该反应系的主要工艺参数以球磨时间2 h、压块预紧实度63.8%左右、升温速率25 K/min左右为宜;保温时间对反应产物的组织影响甚小;棒状物Al3Ti随C/TiO2摩尔比的增加而减少,在C/TiO2摩尔比为l时,Al3Ti基本消失.     

STE工艺：再生铝盐渣的先进处理工艺

再生铝被投入熔炉里进行处理,同时加入卤化物作为助溶剂以避免液铝氧化,形成的含盐灰渣、金属铝和铝的化合物,这样的渣是不能够进行填埋的,因其含有高浸出污染物质,需做进一步处理.处理的原理非常简单,可以回收得到盐并将其重新加入熔炉作为助溶剂.渣中含有一些少量的金属铝、氧化铝、AIN、Al4C3、Al2S3,以及一些极少量的AIP和AlAs.这些残留的化合物可以与水反应产生一些不能直接排大气的气体.由意大利一家技术公司研发的STE工艺能够有效地用于处理铝盐渣,获得铝、盐和纯净的氧化物,并可将伴生的气体进行燃烧处理.     

碳纳米管在铝基复合材料中的热稳定性研究

将碳纳米管与铝合金粉末均匀混合,通过DSC、XRD、TEM和XPS试验研究碳纳米管在铝中的热稳定性。试验结果表明:当温度超过铝合金熔点时,碳纳米管在铝中是不稳定的,部分碳纳米管容易与铝发生反应生成Al4C3相;碳纳米管与铝反应生成的Al4C3相均匀分散在铝的晶界处,一部分也位于铝晶粒的内部,针状的Al4C3相平均直径在20nm~40nm。     

合成聚铝碳硅烷研究

采用低分子量聚硅碳硅烷(polysilacarbosnane,PSCS)与乙酰丙酮铝(aluminum acetylacetonate,Al(AcAc)3)在常压下反应来制备PACS.通过对不同阶段反应时间的调整,提高了数均分子量,得到了支化度低的Si-Al-C纤维的先驱体.研究表明,铝引入主要发生在第一阶段,延长第一阶段的反应时问有利于提高铝的保留率.Al(AcAc)3的用量对Si-H含量有重要影响,随着其用量的增加,Si-H含量呈线性减小.     

TLP bonding of alumina ceramic and 5A05 aluminum alloyusing Ag-Cu-Ti interlayer

In order to join alumina ceramic to 5A05 aluminum alloy and obtain the excellent airtightness of joints whose maximum service temperature is 623 K,transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding technique was investigated using Ag-Cu-Ti alloy as interlayer.The wetting experimental results confirm that Ti can react with alumina ceramic at 833 K by adding 2 wt.% Ti in Sn.But during bonding alumina ceramic and 5A05 aluminum alloy with Ag-Cu-Ti interlayer at 833 K,Ti preferentially reacts with Al and there is no reaction layer on alumina ceramic/Ag-Cu-Ti interface,which finally results in a poorly airtight joint.     

Al-Ga doped nanostructured carbon as a novel material for hydrogen production in water

Production of hydrogen using Al-Ga doped nanostructured carbon in pure water is studied. The XRD and BET techniques were used for sample analyses. Dehydrogenation data of aluminum on the ordered mesoporous carbon were collected at 353 K. In the present work the oxidation rate of activated aluminum and water is investigated depending on eutectic composition and reaction temperature. The H₂ generation rate increases with the rise of temperature. Incorporated Al-Ga-OMC nanocomposite had faster (hydrogen production rate was 112 ml H₂ min⁻¹ g⁻¹) and more efficient (hydrogen production yield was 100%) dehydrogenation kinetics than incorporated Al-OMC nanocomposite and ball-miled active aluminum.     

偏晶系Al-Bi合金的自生复合行为

在定向凝固条件下,研究了偏晶系Al-Bi合金的自生复合行为,考察了凝固速度和温度梯度对其自生复合行为的影响。试验结果表明偏晶反应可以生成两相有序排列的共生组织。在一定的温度梯度下,随着凝固速度的提高,组织由规则形态的纤维(或串状)组织向弥散分布的不规则组织转变。当G／V＞1．60×109K·s／2时,能得到规则的组织;反之,则得到不规则的弥散分布的组织,纤维间距与凝固速度的关系满足λ2V=C。     

Effect of Thermal Annealing on Tribological and Corrosion Properties of DLC Coatings

In this study, the mechanical, tribological, and corrosion properties of annealed diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings on M2 steel with various annealing temperatures were investigated. The results indicated that DLC coating on M2 steel annealed at 500 °C had the worst performance. Both corrosion polarization resistance and wear resistance against ceramic alumina counterface of DLC coatings decreased with increasing annealing temperature, which can be due to the decline of the coating hardness after the thermal treatment. When sliding against aluminum counterface material, the DLC annealed at 600 °C had the lowest coefficient of friction (cof) and wear resistance due to its high graphitic structure and low hardness. Compared with the original coating, cofs increased for coatings treated at below 300 °C; however, further increasing the annealing temperature led to the decrease of the cofs. Little material attachment occurred between DLC coatings (original and annealed) and counterface materials (both alumina and aluminum balls) except for the DLC annealed at 600 °C, in which coating material transferred to the surface of counterface ball.     

Solar Carboreduction of Alumina Under Vacuum

A preliminary study on carboreduction of alumina under vacuum, which was necessary before the solar reactor design, has been performed using an induction heater equipped with a graphite susceptor as the sample holder surrounded by a ceramic tube serving as the metal vapor deposit site. The primary objective was to study the forward and backward reactions as a function of temperature and CO partial pressure. It was concluded that at reaction temperatures above 1600°C and at an average CO partial pressure below 0.2 mbar, the amount of residual by-products in the graphite crucible was negligible, whereas tests with an average CO partial pressure of 2.6 mbar required temperatures above 1800°C to convert the stoichiometric reactants pellets fully. It was concluded that pure aluminum can be found only at deposit sites with temperatures below 600–700°C in tests with temperature and pressure suitable to prevent the volatile suboxide formation in the forward reaction. Based on these results, the solar reactor was designed with a sharp temperature drop from the hot to the cold area. The results of solar tests with different levels of CO partial pressure and temperature conditions reveal that the alumina to aluminum conversion is about 90% for reaction temperatures above the minimum temperature required for full conversion as predicted by the thermodynamic calculations at the appropriate pressure. However, at lower temperatures, a significant amount of solid Al₄C₃, Al₄CO₄, and volatile Al₂O can be formed in the forward reaction, leading to an increase of the residual by-product in the reactant holder as well as lower purity of the aluminum product and an increase of the alumina content in the deposits at the cold reactor’s zone. The observed nanocrystalline and amorphous morphology of the deposits caused by fast cooling in the cold zone will also be discussed.     

The aluminothermic reduction of boric acid

The effect of metallic aluminium powder on the production of boron carbide–alumina composite was studied. Boric acid, carbon and aluminium powders were mixed in stoichiometric ratio, ball milled and heat treated at temperatures between 1300 and 1650 °C for 1–5 h in the presence of argon flow. Depending on the ratio of boron oxide to carbon, the formation of boron carbide by the carbothermal reduction, was possible at a temperature of around 1500 °C, but with the addition of metallic aluminium to the mixture of boric acid and carbon, the carbide formation temperature was reduced at least 300 °C. At 1300 °C, B₄C was the major phase with alumina in the reaction products. The liquid–solid reaction mechanism, which occurred during the aluminothermic process, had a specific influence on the formation of boron carbide.     

The possible reduction of alumina to aluminum using hydrogen

Theoretical considerations based on published thermodynamic data show that condensed aluminum should not be formed by direct reaction between hydrogen and alumina. Nevertheless, laboratory experiments by the authors and observations reported by others in the literature have led to the hypothesis that hydrogen dissolved in molten aluminum can possibly reduce alumina to aluminum at high temperature (700–1,700°C). For more information, contact H. Kvande, Hydro Aluminium, N-0246 Oslo, Norway; telephone 47 22 73 9155; fax 47 22 73 7778; e-mail Halvor.Kvande@hydro.com.     

真空下碳热还原氧化铝的热力学

对真空条件下碳热还原氧化铝进行热力学研究.结果表明:在1 643～1 843 K的温度范围内,真空碳热还原氧化铝生成气体产物,该气体在温度降低时发生二次反应形成冷凝物,反应过程中体系压力保持在5～150 Pa.热力学分析表明:当体系压力为1～100 Pa时,在1 200～1 900 K的温度范围内,碳热还原氧化铝生成Al2O、Al和CO;生成Al2O的初始反应温度低于生成Al的初始反应温度,但反应温度高于一定值时,更易生成Al气体,该温度取决于体系的压力;当CO的分压分别为1、10和100 Pa时,Al2O稳定存在的温度分别高于1 462、1 560和1 674K,Al气体稳定存在的温度分别高于1 514、1635和1 777K.     

Effects of Etching Time and NaOH Concentration on the Production of Alumina Nanowires Using Porous Anodic Alumina Template

In this work, two-step anodizing of commercial aluminum foil in acid oxalic solution was applied for producing alumina film. Then the anodic alumina film was etched in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution resulting dense and aligned alumina nanowires. This procedure leads to splitting of alumina nanotubes. Subsequently nanowires are produced. The effects of NaOH solution concentration (0.2-1 mol/L) and etching time (60-300 s) at constant temperature on characteristic of nanotubes and produced nanowires were investigated using scanning electron microscopy. The results show that an increase in NaOH solution concentration increases the rate of nanowires production and in turn the manipulation process will be more specific.