Remembrance of places you passed: Social spatial working memory in rats.

Pairs of rats were tested in a radial-arm maze to determine whether the spatial choices made by one rat affect the subsequent spatial choices of the other rat. In a free-choice procedure, rats showed an increased tendency to choose the location that had most recently been chosen by a foraging partner but a decreased tendency to visit locations that the foraging partner had visited earlier. Forced-choice procedures were used to better control the social stimulus and the interactions between the rats. Under some conditions, locations were chosen later in the choice sequence of a subject rat if another rat had been observed choosing that location. Odor and other physical traces of the other rat's visits were ruled out as explanations for this effect. The results demonstrate the existence of working memory for locations visited by a familiar conspecific. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Labor force participation and family formation: a study of working mothers

Drawing upon a sample of 638 mothers aged 18 to 40, with at least some marital work experience, significant associations were found between the extent, kind, and timing of employment and a series of family formation variables. Generally lower fertility, longer first birth intervals, and earlier use of birth control were associated with the longest work durations, the highest status jobs, and work before the birth of the first child. The data failed, however, to differentiate desired family size.     

Labor force participation of working mothers and family formation: some further evidence

This paper offers additional insight and evidence on the well-documented inverse relationship between female employment and fertility. Interviews with 388 working mothers from a probability sample in Robeson County, North Carolina, provide the data for testing the hypothesized relationships. Generally, the results indicate that lower fertility, lower desires and expectations, and earlier use of birth control are associated with work before the first birth and with employment of the longest duration. The timing of the first birth was not differentiated by variations in work experience. The results are conditional in that the relationships hold more for whites than for blacks or Indians.     

Fifteen things you should know about new Maryland laws when making health care decisions

Recent dramatic changes to Maryland law regarding health care decision making for incapacitated patients will have significant impact on the role of physicians in making these decisions. On October 1, 1993, the newly passed Maryland Health Care Decision Act took effect, and revisions to state guardianship laws were implemented. The laws, which Governor Schaefer approved on May 11, 1993, modify existing statutory language pertaining to the four legal tools available for making health care decisions for a person when he or she becomes incapacitated: (1) living wills, (2) substituted consents for medical procedures, (3) health care power of attorney appointments, and (4) guardianship proceedings. This article summarizes 15 important points in these new or revised Maryland laws on health care decision making.     

General laws: What happened to development?

Comments on R. J. Herrnstein's (see record 1978-11330-001) article on behaviorism and general laws of behavior. The general laws help explain behavior in specific situations, even if individual and species differences are included as parameters that produce different predictions, but it should not be assumed that these differences are genetically determined. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Duty to protect: Update and Canadian perspective.

The Tarasoff decision in 1974 established a legal precedent for suits against psychologists who were aware that an outpatient in their care had threatened violence against a third party, but who failed to protect that person from danger. This report summarizes the current, somewhat confusing situation with regard to duty to protect, and suggests some steps that might be taken in Canada to make the boundaries of this duty more clear. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

解决污泥水沉积多用污水利环保

1　小组简介类别 :现场型组名 :烧结厂烧结工段维修二班ＱＣ小组课题 :解决污泥水沉积 ,多用污水利环保成立时间 :1997年 8月活动次数 :每周一次活动时间 :1997年～ 1998年小组成员 :由组长刘瑞华等 8人组成2　选题理由因为转炉的污泥水对烧结矿的生产有一定的益处 ,而且可以变废为宝 ,减少环境污染 ,所以选择了解决污泥水沉积 ,多用污水利环保为本ＱＣ小组活动课题 .3　选课题目标根据厂的要求 ,以及生产的需要 ,确定目标如下 :( 1)打破月用 5 0 0 0ｔ污水的记录 ,力争多用污水 ,要彻底解决夜班没有污水用的问题 .( 2 )延长设备寿命 .4　现…     

The need to protect patients' rights

This article addresses the need to protect patients' rights against the backdrop of the influence of institutions of health, the industry of diagnostic and therapeutic weapons, advances in science and the interests of third parties in the patient's state of health. What is required is setting up and sorting out a health care providers' network, regulating the relations concerning the economic activities of health care providers and determining the participation of health care providers in primary prevention and curative care.     

Preschoolers' understanding of mental and bodily reactions to contamination: What you don't know can hurt you, but cannot sadden you.

Evidence of the operation of a biological theory might be found in children's distinction between mental (emotional) and bodily (illness) reactions to contamination. Study 1 explored whether children see emotions as voluntary but illness as outside of intentional control. Three- and 5-yr-olds judged that simple volitions were insufficient to alter either outcome. Study 2 suggested that children distinguish reactions mediated by representations from those mediated by physical interactions. Children indicated that knowledge determines mental reactions to contamination, but physical contact determines bodily reactions. Study 3 explored knowledge about particulars of emotional and illness reactions. Most preschoolers did not realize that illness takes time to develop. These data suggest that preschoolers do distinguish between physical and mental reactions to contamination but have a poor understanding of the actual bodily processes involved. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Information you need to succeed

METHODS: Sixty-eight patients underwent elective colon resection and intraperitoneal anastomosis with the biofragmentable anastomosis ring (BAR). RESULTS: Anastomotic dehiscence occurred in 3 patients (4.4%). Two of them had an end-to-end ileocolostomy using a 31 mm BAR. The anastomosis failure was due to ischaemic lesion of the small bowel close to the ileocolostomy, probably caused by a mismatch between the size of small bowel and that of the BAR. Another patient experienced anastomosis dehiscence probably due to a faecal impaction into the BAR. Forty-eight patients (70.5%) experienced troublesome constipation and evacuated after the sixth postoperative day. A bowel obstruction proximal to the BAR was documented in 4 cases who have been treated conservatively. CONCLUSIONS: The low rate of major complications justify the use of the BAR in elective colon surgery, but the surgeon must be aware of tedious postoperative obstructive episodes frequently encountered in this series.     

Strategies to protect crop plants against viruses: pathogen-derived resistance blossoms

Since 1986, the ability to confer resistance against an otherwise devastating virus by introducing a single pathogen-derived or virus-targeted sequence into the DNA of a potential host plant has had a marked influence on much of the research effort, focus, and short-term objectives of plant virologists throughout the world. The vast literature on coat protein-mediated protection, for example, attests to our fascination for unraveling fundamental molecular mechanism(s), our (vain) search for a unifying hypothesis, our pragmatic interest in commercially exploitable opportunities for crop protection, and our ingenuity in manipulating transgene constructions to broaden their utility and reduce real or perceived environmental risk issues. Other single dominant, pathogen-derived plant resistance genes have recently been discovered from a wide variety of viruses and are operative in an ever-increasing range of plant species. Additional candidates seem limited only by the effort invested in experimentation and by our ingenuity and imagination. This review attempts to consider, in a critical way, the current state of the art, some exceptions, and some proposed rules. The final impression, from all the case evidence considered, is that normal virus replication requires a subtle blend of host- and virus-coded proteins, present in critical relative concentrations and at specific times and places. Any unregulated superimposition of interfering protein or nucleic acid species can, therefore, result in an apparently virus-resistant plant phenotype.     

Salmonella: now you see it, now you don't

Diseases caused by Salmonella species are characterized by bacterial invasion of host cells. Salmonella invasion requires a genetic locus (inv) with homology to bacterial systems involved in specific protein export and organelle assembly. Until recently, the actual Salmonella invasion factors exported or assembled by the inv system remained unidentified. It now appears that Salmonella produces novel appendages upon contact with host cells. These appendages are transient, appearing and disappearing rapidly from the bacterial surface. Appendages are altered in strains unable to invade due to mutations within the inv/spa locus. Therefore, a role for the invasion locus has been identified, providing another example of bacterial pathogens responding to signals provided by the host cell surface.